其次章中文閱讀材料：國(guó)際貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同的構(gòu)造與內(nèi)容國(guó)際貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同的概念還是國(guó)內(nèi)買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同時(shí)，其推斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是雙方當(dāng)事人所在地的營(yíng)業(yè)地，而不是國(guó)籍。國(guó)際貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同的構(gòu)造合同的根本內(nèi)容和構(gòu)造包括約首、約尾和根本條款三個(gè)局部。約首局部電報(bào)掛號(hào)、電傳號(hào)碼等項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。合同的根本條款保險(xiǎn)、檢驗(yàn)、索賠、不行抗力和仲裁等項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。商定合同，主要是就這些根本條款如何規(guī)定進(jìn)展磋商，達(dá)成全都意見(jiàn)。約尾局部一般包括合同的訂約日期、訂約地點(diǎn)和雙方當(dāng)事人簽字等項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。合同條款買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同中的主要條款有以下幾種。品名條款〔Commodity〕品名條款是規(guī)定商品名稱的條款，如“品名：大米Commodity:Ric〕品質(zhì)條款〔Quality〕品質(zhì)條款是規(guī)定商品的品質(zhì)內(nèi)容，如2023(BrazlianSoybean,F.A.Q.2023Crop)有時(shí)品質(zhì)條款中還包括貨號(hào)Articlen〕x，憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)”〔Toys,Art.No...,Qualitybysample.〕主要的品質(zhì)表示方法有：①憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebysample〕樣品通常是指從一批商品中抽出來(lái)的或生產(chǎn)、使用部門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)、加工出來(lái)的，足以反映品買(mǎi)賣(mài)。②憑規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebyspecification〕商品規(guī)格〔specificationofGoods〕是指一些足以反映商品質(zhì)量的主要指標(biāo)，如化學(xué)成分、含量、純度、性能、容量、長(zhǎng)短、粗細(xì)等。在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方洽談交易時(shí)，對(duì)于適于憑規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebyspecification〕的商品，應(yīng)供給具體規(guī)格來(lái)說(shuō)明商品的根本品質(zhì)狀況，并在合同中訂明。③憑等級(jí)買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebyGradeofGoods〕商品等級(jí)〔GradeofGoods〕是指同一類商品按其規(guī)格上的差異分為品質(zhì)優(yōu)劣各不一樣的作用。④憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebystandard〕商品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是指將商品的規(guī)格和等級(jí)予以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，一般是由國(guó)家或有關(guān)部門(mén)規(guī)定并公布實(shí)施的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化品質(zhì)指標(biāo)。依據(jù)此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)展交易稱為憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買(mǎi)賣(mài)。⑤憑文字說(shuō)明書(shū)和圖樣買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebydescriptionandIllustrations〕對(duì)于商品得品質(zhì)，以說(shuō)明書(shū)并附以圖樣、照片、設(shè)計(jì)、圖紙、分析表等各種數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)說(shuō)明其具體性能和構(gòu)造特點(diǎn)。按此方式進(jìn)展交易，稱為憑文字說(shuō)明書(shū)和圖樣買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebydescriptionandIllustration。這種主要涉及到有些機(jī)器、電器和儀表等技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品。⑥憑商標(biāo)或品牌買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebyTradeMarkorBrand〕商標(biāo)〔TradeMark〕是指生產(chǎn)者或商號(hào)用來(lái)說(shuō)明其所生產(chǎn)或出售的商品的標(biāo)志，它可以由一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具有特色的單詞、字母、數(shù)字、圖形、或圖片等組成。品牌〔BrandName〕是指工商企業(yè)給其制造或銷售的商品所冠的名稱，以便與其它的企業(yè)的同類產(chǎn)品區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。憑商標(biāo)或品牌的買(mǎi)賣(mài)，一般只適用于一些品質(zhì)穩(wěn)定的工業(yè)制成品或經(jīng)過(guò)科學(xué)加工的初譽(yù)放在首位。⑦憑產(chǎn)地買(mǎi)賣(mài)〔salebyOrigin〕具有其他產(chǎn)區(qū)的產(chǎn)品所不具有的獨(dú)特風(fēng)格和特色〔NameofOrigin〕來(lái)表示其品質(zhì)。數(shù)量條款(Quantity)數(shù)量條款包括計(jì)量單位、計(jì)量方法和具體數(shù)量三局部。如“數(shù)量：1000打〔Quantity:1000doz.”,“數(shù)量:180(Quantity:280MetricTon,GrossforNet”。包裝條款〔PackingClause〕包裝條款〔PackingClause〕主要包括商品包裝的方式、材料、包裝費(fèi)用和運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志等表示方法。比方以下描述：customarypacking;seaworthypacking;packingsuitableforlongdistance;3040Tobepackedinwoodencases,30piecespercaseof40ydeach.25Inirondrumof25kgneteach.③用聚丙烯編制包裝袋，每包重50裝袋上用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)上品名、重量、原產(chǎn)國(guó)別和包裝日期。Tobepackedinpolypropylenewovenbags,50kgeach,grossfornet.Thebagsshouldbefairygoodinqualityandsuitableforoceantransportation,onwhichthenameofthegoods,weight,countryoforiginandpackagedateshouldbewritten/markedinEnglish.(4)價(jià)格條款價(jià)格條款中要包括計(jì)價(jià)單位、貨幣名稱、單位價(jià)格金額和價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)。如：USD100CIFLondoneachdozen運(yùn)輸條款裝運(yùn)條款主要包括裝運(yùn)港和目的港、裝運(yùn)期、是否允許分批裝運(yùn)與轉(zhuǎn)船、裝運(yùn)通知、裝卸時(shí)間、裝卸率、滯期和速遣等多個(gè)單項(xiàng)條款①裝運(yùn)港〔Portofshipmen〕和目的港條款〔PortofDestination〕例如：裝運(yùn)港：天津〔Portofshipment:tianjin〕目的港：鹿特丹〔PortofDestination:Rotterdan〕②裝運(yùn)期〔TimeofShipment〕1：規(guī)定具體的裝運(yùn)月份20233〔shipmentduringMarch,2023〕2：規(guī)定一段裝運(yùn)時(shí)間20233520〔shipmentfromMarch5-20,2023〕③分批裝運(yùn)〔Partialshipment〕與轉(zhuǎn)船(Transshipment)1：允許分批裝運(yùn)。允許轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)〔Partialshipment&Transshipment〕2：4/5/6〔shipmentinApr/May/Junein3equalmonthlylots〕④裝運(yùn)通知〔shippingAdvice〕例如：貨物全部裝船后，賣(mài)方應(yīng)馬上將合同編號(hào)、商品名稱、數(shù)量、毛重、發(fā)票金額、生的一切損失由賣(mài)方擔(dān)當(dāng)。(Immediatelythegoodsarecompletelyloaded,thesellersshallcabletonotifytheBuyersofthecontractnumber;nameofcommodity、quantity、grossweight,invoicevalue、nameofthecarryingvesselandthedateofsailing.incasethegoodsarenotinsuredintimeowingtothesellrshavingfailedtogivetimelyadvice,anyandconsequentlossshallbebornbythesellers)⑤裝卸時(shí)間(timeofshipment)、裝卸率(loadingrare)、滯期和速遣(Demurage&FastDespatch)例如：賣(mài)方須于買(mǎi)方所租的載貨船只到達(dá)裝運(yùn)港的當(dāng)日開(kāi)頭裝船。裝貨率為每個(gè)晴天10064000一天者按比例計(jì)算；速遣費(fèi)是滯期費(fèi)的一半，缺乏一天者按比例計(jì)算〔Thesellersshouldstartloadingattheverydaythecarringvesselcharteredbythebuyerarrivestheportofshipment.theaverageloadingrateis100metrictonsperWeatherWorkingDays.Theloadingofallgoodsshouldfinishin6WeatherWorkingDays.DemurageisattherateofUS$4000peraWeatherWorkingDay.DespatchrateishalfthedemuragerateorprorateforanypartofaWeatherWorkingDy.保險(xiǎn)條款投保人theinsure、保險(xiǎn)人(theinsurer投保險(xiǎn)別(coverage(insuranceamount)。110198111(Insurancetobeeffectedbythesellersfor110%oftheinvoicevalueagainstW.AandTPNDasperOceanMarineCargoClauseofthepeopesInsuranceCompanyofChinadatedJan1.1981)〔6〕支付條款支付條款用于規(guī)定支付方式、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、信用、單據(jù)等問(wèn)題。1：1215100%的貨款用電匯預(yù)付至賣(mài)方。TheBuyershouldpay100%ofthesaleamounttotheSellerinadvancebytelegraphictransfernotlaterthanDec.15th.例2：買(mǎi)方通過(guò)賣(mài)方可承受的銀行在裝運(yùn)前一個(gè)月開(kāi)立以賣(mài)方為抬頭的保兌的不行15TheBuyershallopenaconfirmationirrevocableL/CinfavoroftheSellerwith/throughthebankacceptabletotheSeller,onemonthbeforetheshipment(7)檢驗(yàn)條款檢驗(yàn)條款的主要內(nèi)容包括：檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)、檢驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容、檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)、檢驗(yàn)時(shí)間。例1：雙方同意以裝運(yùn)港中國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)局簽發(fā)的品質(zhì)及數(shù)量檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)為最終依據(jù)對(duì)雙方具有約束力。ItismutuallyagreedthatthegoodsaresubjecttotheInspectionCertificateofQualityandInspectionCertificateofQuantityissuedbyChinaImportandExportattheportofshipment.TheCertificateshallbebindingonbothparties例2：在交貨前制造商應(yīng)就訂貨的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、數(shù)量、性能作出準(zhǔn)確全面的檢驗(yàn)，并出為貨物質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、數(shù)量、性能的最終依據(jù)，制造商應(yīng)將記載檢驗(yàn)細(xì)節(jié)的書(shū)面報(bào)告附在品質(zhì)檢驗(yàn)書(shū)內(nèi)。Beforedeliverythemanufacturershouldmakeapreciseandoverallinspectionofthegoodsregardingquality,quantity,specificationandperformanceandissuethecertificateindicatingthegoodsinconformitywiththestipulationofthecontract.Thecertificatesareonepartofthedocumentspresentedtothebankfornegotiationofthepaymentandshouldnotbeconsideredasfinalregardingquality,quantity,specificationandperformance.ThemanufacturershouldincludetheinspectionwrittenreportintheInspectionCertificateofQuality,statingtheinspectionparticulars.〔8〕索賠條款索賠條款的主要內(nèi)容包括：索賠權(quán)的規(guī)定、索賠時(shí)間、索賠依據(jù)和賠付方法。例130并須供給經(jīng)賣(mài)方同意的公正機(jī)關(guān)出具的檢驗(yàn)報(bào)告屬于保險(xiǎn)公司或輪船公司責(zé)任范圍的索賠，賣(mài)方不予受理。Anydiscrepancyontheshippedgoodsshouldbeputforwardwithin30daysafterthearrivalofthevesselcarryingthegoodsattheportofdestinationandtheBuyershouldpresenttheSurveyReportissuedbytheSurveyoragreedbytheSeller.IfthegoodshavebeenprocessedtheBuyerwilllosstherighttoclaim.TheSellershallnotsettletheclaimwithintheresponsibilityoftheInsuranceCompanyorShipCompany.2：品質(zhì)異議須于貨物到達(dá)目的港3015天提出，但均須供給相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)的證明，如屬賣(mài)方責(zé)任，賣(mài)方應(yīng)予以收到異議20天內(nèi)答復(fù)，并提出處理意見(jiàn)。Anydiscrepancyaboutqualityshouldbepresentedwithin30daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination;anydiscrepancyaboutquantityshouldbepresentedwithin15daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,bothofwhichcasesshouldbeonthestrengthofthecertificatesissuedbytherelatedsurveyor.IftheSellerisliableheshouldsendthereplytogetherwiththeproposalforsettlementwithin20daysafterreceivingthesaiddiscrepancy(9)不行抗力條款〔ForceMajeure〕買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同中的不行抗力條款的根本內(nèi)容包括不行抗力事故的范圍，事故發(fā)生后通知對(duì)的中心。例1：假設(shè)患病無(wú)法把握的時(shí)間或狀況應(yīng)視為不行抗力，但不限于火災(zāi)、風(fēng)災(zāi)、水災(zāi)、地震、爆炸、叛亂、傳染、檢疫、隔離。如不行抗力一方不能履行合同規(guī)定下義務(wù)，另一方AnyeventorcircumstancebeyondcontrolshallberegardedasForceMajeurebutnotrestrictedtofire,wind,flood,earthquake,explosion,rebellion,epidemic,quarantineandsegregation.IncaseeitherpartythatencountersForceMajeurefailstofulfilltheobligationunderthecontract,theotherpartyshouldextendtheperformancetimebyperiodequaltothetimethatForeMajeurewilllast.2：6個(gè)月以上，合同雙方應(yīng)盡快通過(guò)友好協(xié)商的方式調(diào)整連續(xù)履行合同事宜。假設(shè)雙方不能達(dá)成協(xié)議，則依據(jù)合同中第12IftheForceMajeurelastover6months,thetwopartiesofthecontractshouldsettlethecaseofcontinuingthecontractbyfriendlynegotiationassoonaspossible.ShouldthetwopartiesfailtoreachanagreementwillbesettledbyarbitrationaccordingtoClause12ofthecontractthereof.延期交貨和懲罰條款〔latedeliveryandpenalty〕在延期交貨的狀況下，懲罰條款一般承受違約金補(bǔ)救方式。延期交貨和懲罰條款主要規(guī)定一方未按合同規(guī)定時(shí)間而延遲交貨，應(yīng)當(dāng)向?qū)Ψ揭罁?jù)商定支付肯定數(shù)額的違約金，以補(bǔ)償對(duì)方的損失。例1：假設(shè)乙方因自身緣由而未準(zhǔn)時(shí)完工，乙方應(yīng)付違約罰款，每天按總價(jià)的千分之一計(jì)算，即一千二百六十美元整。IfpartyBfailstofinishtheworkonscheduleduetoitsownreason,heshallpaytotheotherpartythepenaltyat1‰ofthetotalvalueoftheworkperday,thatisUSDonethousandtwohundredandsixtydollars.例2：假設(shè)合資一方未能按本合同第5條規(guī)定按期付款，違約方應(yīng)在逾期后一個(gè)月付10353定有權(quán)終止合同并向違約方索賠損失。Shouldeitherjoint-venturerfailstopaythecontributiononscheduleaccordingtoClause5,thedefaultpartyshouldpaytheother10%oftheinterestonemonthafterthedeadline.Theotherpart