IntroductionofMaterialsScienceIntroductionofMaterialsScie1IntroductionofMaterialsScienceChapter1Introduction§1.1HistoricalPerspectiveMaterialsaremoredeep-seatedinourculturethanmostofusrealize.Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation,andfoodproduction-virtuallyeverysegmentofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranotherbymaterials.IntroductionofMaterialsScie2Chapter1IntroductionHistorically,thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimatelytiedtothemembers’abilitytoproduceandmanipulatematerialstofilltheirneeds.Earlycivilizationshavebeendesignatedbytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment(StoneAge,BronzeAge,etal.,)Chapter1IntroductionH3Chapter1IntroductionFirstly,theearliesthumanhadaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials,thosethatoccurnaturally:stone,wood,clay,skins,andsoon.Secondly,thehumandiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones,thesenewmaterialsincludedpotteryandvariousmetals.Chapter1IntroductionFi4Chapter1Introduction

Furthermore,itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialscouldbealteredbyheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances.

Nowthescientistscometounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.Chapter1IntroductionFu5Chapter1IntroductionThus,tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolvedwithratherspecializedcharacteristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety;theseincludemetals,plastics,glasses,andfibers.Thedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibilityofsuitablematerials.Chapter1IntroductionTh6Chapter1IntroductionAnadvancementintheunderstandingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunnertothestepwiseprogressionofatechnology.Inourcontemporaryera,sophisticatedelectronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemiconductingmaterials.Chapter1IntroductionAn7Chapter1Introduction1.2MaterialsScienceandEngineeringThedisciplineofmaterialsscienceinvolvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.Materialsengineeringis,onthebasisofthesestructure-propertytoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties.Chapter1Introduction18Chapter1Introduction

“Structure”isanebuloustermthatdeservessomeexplanation.Inbrief,thestructureofamaterialusuallyrelatestothearrangementofitsinternalcomponents.

Subatomicstructureinvolveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnuclei.(ElectronicStructure)Chapter1Introduction“St9Chapter1IntroductionOnanatomiclevel,structureencompassestheorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother.(AtomicStructure)Thenextlargerstructuralrealm,whichcontainslargegroupsofatomsthatarenormallyagglomeratedtogether,istermed“microscopic”.(MicroscopicStructure)Chapter1IntroductionO10Chapter1Introduction

Finally,structuralelementsthatmaybeviewedwiththenakedeyearetermed“macroscopic.”(Macroscopicstructure)Thenotionof“property”deserveselaboration.

Whileinserviceuse,allmaterialsareexposedtoexternalstimulithatevokesometypeofresponse.Chapter1IntroductionFina11Chapter1IntroductionApropertyisamaterialtraitintermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecialimposedstimulus.Generally,definitionsofpropertiesaremadeindependentofmaterialshapeandsize.Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories:Chapter1IntroductionA12Chapter1Introduction1.Mechanicalproperties2.Electricalproperties3.Thermalproperties4.Magneticproperties5.Opticalproperties6.Deteriorativeproperties

Chapter1Introduction1.13Chapter1IntroductionForeachthereisacharacteristictypeofstimuluscapableofprovokingdifferentresponses.Mechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforce(includingelasticmodulusandstrength).Chapter1IntroductionFo14Chapter1IntroductionForelectricalproperties,suchaselectricalconductivityanddielectricconstant,thestimulusisanelectricfield.Thethermalpropertiesofsolidscanberepresentedintermsofheatcapacityandthermalconductivity.Magneticpropertiesdemonstratetheresponseofamaterialtotheapplicationofmagneticfield.Chapter1IntroductionF15Chapter1IntroductionForopticalproperties,thestimulusiselectro-magneticorlightradiation.(indexofrefractionandreflectivity)Deteriorativecharacteristicsindicatethechemicalreactivityofmaterials.

Chapter1IntroductionFor16Chapter1IntroductionInadditiontostructureandproperties,twootherimportantcomponentsareinvolvedinthescienceandengineeringofmaterials—namely“processing”and“performance.”Withregardtotherelationshipsofthesefourcomponents,thestructureofamaterialwilldependonhowitisprocessed.Chapter1IntroductionI17Chapter1IntroductionFurthermore,amaterial’sperformancewillbeafunctionofitsproperties.Theinterrelationshipbetweenprocessing,structure,properties,andperformanceisshownasFigure1.1Chapter1IntroductionFu18Chapter1Introduction

StructureProcessingPropertiesPerformanceFigure1.1Therelationshipsofstructure,properties,precessingandperformanceChapter1IntroductionStru19Chapter1IntroductionWenowpresentanexampleoftheseprocessing-structure-properties-performanceprinciples.Allofthesespecimensareofthesamematerials:aluminumoxide(Al2O3)

Chapter1IntroductionWe20Chapter1IntroductionAsinglecrystal-thatis,itishighlyperfect-whichgivesrisetoitstransparency,soitistransparent;Theotheroneiscomposedofnumerousandverysmallsinglecrystalsthatareallconnected(polycrystals);Chapter1Introduction21Chapter1Introductiontheboundarybetweenthesesmallcrystalsscatteraportionofthelightreflectedfromtheprintedpage,whichmakesthismaterialsopticallytranslucent.Finally,thethirdspecimeniscomposednotonlyofmanysmall,interconnectedcrystals,butalsoofalargenumberofverysmallporesorvoidspaces.(Ceramics)

Chapter1Introductionth22Chapter1IntroductionTheseporesalsoeffectivelyscatterthereflectedlightandrenderthismaterialopaque.

Thus,thestructuresofthesethreespecimensaredifferentintermsofcrystalboundariesandpores,whichaffecttheopticaltransmittanceproperties.

Chapter1IntroductionT23Chapter1IntroductionFurthermore,eachmaterialwasproducedusingadifferentprocessingtechniques.Andofcause,ifopticaltransmittanceisanimportantparameterrelativetotheultimatein-serviceapplication,theperformanceofeachmaterialwillbedifferent.Chapter1IntroductionFurt24Chapter1Introduction1.3WhystudyMaterialsScienceandEngineering?Manyanappliedscientistorengineer,whethermechanical,civil,chemical,orelectrical,willatonetimeoranotherbeexposedtoadesignprobleminvolvingmaterials.

Chapter1Introduction1.325Chapter1IntroductionOfcourse,materialsscientistsandengineersarespecialistswhoaretotallyinvolvedininvestigationanddesignofmaterials.Manytimes,amaterialsproblemisoneofselectingtherightmaterialfromthemanythousandsthatareavailable.Thereareseveralcriteriaonwhichthefinaldecisionisnormallybased.

Chapter1IntroductionOf26Chapter1IntroductionFirstofall,thein-serviceconditionsmustbecharacterized,forthesewilldictatethepropertiesrequiredofthematerial.Ononlyrareoccasionsdoesamaterialpossessthemaximumoridealcombinationofproperties.

Chapter1IntroductionFi27Chapter1IntroductionThus,itmaybenecessarytotradeoffonecharacteristictoanother.

Chapter1IntroductionThus,28Chapter1Introduction

Theclassicexampleinvolvesstrengthandductility;normally,amaterialhavingahighstrengthwillhaveonlyalimitedductility.

Asecondselectionconsiderationisanydeteriorationofmaterialpropertiesthatmayoccurduringserviceoperation.Chapter1Introduction

The29Chapter1IntroductionForexample,significantreductionsinmechanicalstrengthmayresultfromexposuretoelevatedtemperaturesorcorrosiveenvironments.Finally,theoverridingconsiderationisthatofeconomics:whatwillthefinishproductcost?

Chapter1Introduction30Chapter1IntroductionAmaterialmaybefoundhastheidealsetofpropertiesbutisprohibitivelyexpensive.Hearagain,somecompromiseisinevitable.Thecostofafinishedpiecealsoincludesanyexpenseincurredduringfabricationtoproducethedesiredshape.Chapter1IntroductionA31Chapter1Introduction1.4ClassificationofMaterialsSolidmaterialshavebeenconvenientlygroupedintothreebasicclassifications:metals,ceramicsandpolymers.Thisschemeisbasedprimarilyonchemicalmakeupandatomicstructure.Chapter1Introduction1.32Chapter1IntroductionInaddition,therearethreeothergroupsofimportantengineeringmaterials-composites,semiconductorsandbiomaterials.METALSMetallicmaterialsarenormallycombinationsofmetallicelements.Theyhavelargenumbersofnonlocatedelectrons:thatis,theseelectronsarenotboundtoparticularatoms.Chapter1IntroductionIn33Chapter1IntroductionManypropertiesofmetalsaredirectlyattributabletotheseelectrons.Metalsareextremelygoodconductorsofelectricityandheatandarenottransparenttovisitlight;apolishedmetalsurfacehasalustrousappearance.Metalsarequitestrong,yetdeformable,whichaccountsfortheirextensiveuseinstructureapplicationsChapter1IntroductionMa34Chapter1IntroductionCERAMICSCeramicsarecompoundsbetweenmetallicandnonmetallicelements;theyaremostfrequentlyoxides,nitrides,andcarbides.Thewiderangeofmaterialsthatfallwithinthisclassificationincludesceramicsarecomposedofclayminerals,cement,andglass.

Chapter1IntroductionCE35Chapter1IntroductionCeramicsaretypicallyinsulativetothepassageofelectricityandheat,andaremoreresistanttohightemperaturesandharshenvironmentsthanmetalsandpolymers.Withregardtomechanicalbehavior,ceramicsarehardbutverybrittle.Chapter1Introduction36Chapter1IntroductionPOLYMERSPolymersincludethefamiliarplasticandrubbermaterials.

Manyofthemareorganiccompoundsthatarechemicallybasedoncarbon,hydrogen,andothernonmetallicelements;theyhaveverylargemolecularstructures.Thesematerialstypicallyhavelowdensitiesandmaybeextremelyflexible.Chapter1IntroductionPOLYM37Chapter1IntroductionCOMPOSITESAnumberofcompositematerialshavebeenengineeredthatconsistofmorethanonematerialtype.Acompositeisdesignedtodisplayacombinationofthebestcharacteristicsofeachofthecomponentmaterial.Chapter1Introduction38Chapter1IntroductionFiberglassisafamiliarexample,inwhichglassfibersareembeddedwithinapolymericmaterial.Fiberglassacquiresstrengthfromtheglassandflexibilityfromthepolymer.Chapter1Introduction39Chapter1IntroductionSEMICONDUCTORSemiconductorshaveelectricalpropertiesthatareintermediatebetweentheelectricalconductorsandinsulators.Furthermore,theelectricalcharacteristicsofthesematerialsareextremelysensitivetothepresenceofminuteconcentrationsofimpurityatoms;theseconcentrationsmaybecontrolledoververysmallspatialregions.Chapter1Introduction40Chapter1IntroductionBIOMATERIALSBiomaterialsareemployedincomponentsimplantedintothehumanbodyforreplacementofdiseasedordamagedbodyparts.Thesematerialsmustnotproducetoxicsubstancesandmustbecompatiblewithbodytissues.Chapter1IntroductionBIO41Chapter1IntroductionAlloftheabovematerials-metals,ceramics,polymers,composites,andsemiconductors-maybeusedasbiomaterials.1.5AdvancedMaterialsMaterialsthatareutilizedinhigh-technology(orhigh-tech)applicationaresometimestermedadvancedmaterials.Chapter1IntroductionAllo42Chapter1IntroductionByhightechnologywemeanadeviceorproductthatoperatesorfunctionsusingrelativelyintricateandsophisticatedprinciples;examplesincludeelectronicequipment(VCRs,CDplayers,etc.),computers,fiberopticalsystems,spacecraft,aircraft,andmilitaryrocketry.Chapter1IntroductionByhi43Chapter1IntroductionTheseadvancedmaterialsaretypicallyeithertraditionalmaterialswhosepropertieshavebeenenhancedornewlydeveloped,high-performancematerials.Chapter1IntroductionThese44Chapter1IntroductionFurthermore,theymaybeofallmaterialtypes(e.g.,metals,ceramics,polymers)andarenormallyrelativelyexpensive.Forexample,advancedmaterialsarematerialsthatusedforlasers,integratedcircuits,magneticinformationstorage,liquidcrystaldisplays(LCDs),fiberopticsandthethermalprotectionsystemfortheSpaceShutterOrbiter.

Chapter1IntroductionFurth45Chapter1Introduction1.6METRIALSOFTHEFUTURESMARTMATERIALSSmart(orintelligent)materialsareagroupofnewandstate-of-the-artmaterialsnowbeingdevelopedthatwillhaveasignificantinfluenceonmanyofourtechnologies.

Chapter1Introduction1.646Chapter1IntroductionTheadjective“smart”impliesthatthesematerialsareabletosensechangesintheirenvironmentsandthenrespondtothesechangesinpredeterminedmanners-traitsthatarealsofoundinlivingorganisms.Chapter1IntroductionThea47Chapter1IntroductionInaddition,this“smart”conceptisbeingextendedtorathersophisticatedsystemsthatconsistofbothsmartandtraditionalmaterials.Componentsofasmartmaterial(orsystem)includesometypeofsensor(thatdetectsaninputsignal),andanactuator(thatperformsaresponsiveandadaptivefunction).Chapter1IntroductionInad48Chapter1IntroductionActuatorsmaybecalledupontochangeshape,position,naturalfrequency,ormechanicalcharacteristicsinresponsetochangeintemperature,electricfields,and/ormagneticfields.Fourtypesofmaterialsarecommonlyusedforactuators:shapememoryalloys,piezo-electricceramics,magnetostrictivematerials,Chapter1IntroductionAct49Chapter1Introductionandelectrorheological/magnetorheologicalfluids.Shapememoryalloysaremetalsthat,afterhavingbeendeformedrevertbacktotheiroriginalshapeswhentemperatureischanged.Piezoelectricceramicsexpandandcontractinresponsetoanappliedelectricfield(orvoltage);conversely,theyalsogenerateanChapter1Introductionande50Chapter1Introduction

electricfieldwhentheirdimensionsarealtered.Thebehaviorofmagnetostrictivematerialsisanalogoustothatofthepiezoelectricceramics,exceptthattheyareresponsivetomagneticfields.

Chapter1Introductionel51Chapter1IntroductionAlso,electrorheologicalandmagneto-rheologicalfluidsareliquidsthatexperiencedramaticchangesinviscosityupontheapplicationofelectricandmagneticfield,respectively.Forexample,onetypeofsmartsystemisusedinhelicopterstoreduceaerodynamiccockpitnoisethatiscreatedbytherotatingrotorblades.Chapter1IntroductionA52Chapter1Introduction

Piezoelectricsensorsinsertedintotheblades,monitorbladestressanddeformations;feedbacksignalsfromthesesensorsarefedintoacomputer-controlledadaptivedevice,whichgeneratesnoise-cancelingantinoise.Chapter1IntroductionPie53Chapter1IntroductionNANOTECHNOLOGYUntilveryrecenttimesthegeneralprocedureutilizedbyscientiststounderstandthechemistryandphysicsofmaterialshasbeentobeginbystudyinglargeandcomplexstructures,andthentoinvestigatethefundamentalbuildingblocksofthesestructuresthataresmallerandsimpler.

Chapter1IntroductionNANOT54Chapter1IntroductionThisapproachissometimestermed“top-down”science.However,withtheadventofscanningprobemicroscopes,whichpermitobservationofindividualatomsandmolecules,ithasbecomepossibletomanipulatesandmoveatomsandmoleculestoformnewstructuresand,thus,designnewmaterialsthatarebuiltfromsimpleatomicleveltoconstituents(i.e.,”materialsbydesign”).

Chapter1IntroductionThis55Chapter1IntroductionThisabilitytocarefullyarrangeatomsprovidesopportunitiestodevelopmechanical,electrical,magnetic,andotherpropertiesthatarenototherwisepossible.Wecallthisthe“bottom-up”approach,andthestudyofthepropertiesofthesematerialsistermed“nanotechnology”;the“nano”prefixdenotesthatarethedimensionsofthesestructuralentitiesareontheorderofanano-meter(10-9m)-asarule,lessthan100nano-meters(equivalenttoapproximately500atomdiameters).Chapter1IntroductionThis56Chapter1IntroductionOneexampleofamaterialofthistypeisthecarbonnanotube.Inthefuture,weundoubtedlyfindthatincreasinglymoreofourtechnologicaladvanceswillutilizethesenano-engineeredmaterials.Chapter1IntroductionOnee57Chapter1Introduction1.7MODERNMATERIALS”NEEDS

Inspiteofthetremendousprogressthathasbeenmadeinthedisciplineofmaterialsscienceandengineeringwithinthepastfewyears,therestillremaintechnologicalchallenges,includingthedevelopmentofevenmoresophisticatedandspecializedmaterials,aswellasconsiderationoftheenvironmentalimpactofmaterialsproduction.Chapter1Introduction1.7M58Chapter1Introduction

Nuclearenergyholdssomepromise,butthesolutionstothemanyproblemsthatremainwillnecessarilyinvolvematerials,fromfuelstocontainmentstructurestofacilitiesforthedisposalofradioactivewaste.Significantquantitiesofenergyareinvolvedintransportation.Chapter1IntroductionN59Chapter1IntroductionReducingtheweightoftransportationvehicles(automobiles,aircraft,trains,etc.),aswellasincreasingengineoperatingtemperatures,willenhancedfuelefficiency.Newhigh-strength,low-densitystructurematerialsremaintobedeveloped,aswellasmaterialsthathavehigher-temperaturecapabilities,foruseinenginecomponents.

Chapter1Introduction60Chapter1Introduction

Furthermore,thereisarecognizedneedtofindnew,economicalsourcesofenergyandtousepresentresourcemoreefficiently.Materialswillundoubtedlyplayasignificantroleinthesedevelopments.Forexample,thedirectconversionofsolarintoelectricalenergyhasbeendemonstrated.Chapter1Introduction61Chapter1IntroductionSolarcellsemploysomerathercomplexandexpensivematerials.Toensureaviabletechnology,materialsthatarehighlyefficientinthisconversionprocessyetlesscostlymustbedeveloped.Furthermore,environmentalqualitydependsonourabilitytocontrolairandwaterpollution.Chapter1Introduction62Chapter1IntroductionPollutioncontroltechniquesemployvariousmaterials.Inaddition,materialsprocessingandrefinementmethodsneedtobeimprovedsothattheyproducelessenvironmentaldegradation-thatis,lesspollutionandlessdespoilageofthelandscapefromminingofrawmaterials.(degradation-changingfromahighertoalowerkindoflivingmatter)Chapter1IntroductionP63Chapter1IntroductionAlso,insomematerialsmanufacturingprocesses,toxicsubstancesareproduced,andtheecologicalimpactoftheirdisposalmustbeconsidered.Manymaterialsthatweusearederivedfromresourcethatarenonrenewable-thatisnotcapableofbeingregenerated.Chapter1Introduction64Chapter1Introduction

Theseincludepolymers,forwhichtheprimerawmaterialsisoil,andsomemetals.Thesenonrenewableresourcearegraduallybecomingdepleted,whichnecessitate:(1)thediscoveryofadditionalreserves,(deplete-tolessengreatlyinamount,contents)Chapter1Introduction65Chapter1Introduction(2)thedevelopmentofnewmaterialshavingcomparablepropertieswithlessadverseenvironmentalimpact,and/or(3)increasedrecyclingeffortsandthedevelopmentofnewrecyclingtechnologies.

Chapter1Introduction(2)t66Chapter1IntroductionAsaconsequenceoftheeconomicsofnotonlyproductionbutalsoenvironmentalimpactandecologicalfactors,itisbecomingincreasinglyimportanttoconsiderthe“cradle–to–grave”lifecycleofmaterialsrelativetotheoverallmanufacturingprocess.Chapter1Introduction67謝謝騎封篙尊慈榷灶琴村店矣墾桂乖新壓胚奠倘擅寞僥蝕麗鑒晰溶廷籮侶郎蟲林森-消化系統(tǒng)疾病的癥狀體征與檢查林森-消化系統(tǒng)疾病的癥狀體征與檢查謝謝騎封篙尊慈榷灶琴村店矣墾桂乖新壓胚奠倘擅寞僥蝕麗鑒晰溶廷68IntroductionofMaterialsScienceIntroductionofMaterialsScie69IntroductionofMaterialsScienceChapter1Introduction§1.1HistoricalPerspectiveMaterialsaremoredeep-seatedinourculturethanmostofusrealize.Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation,andfoodproduction-virtuallyeverysegmentofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranotherbymaterials.IntroductionofMaterialsScie70Chapter1IntroductionHistorically,thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimatelytiedtothemembers’abilitytoproduceandmanipulatematerialstofilltheirneeds.Earlycivilizationshavebeendesignatedbytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment(StoneAge,BronzeAge,etal.,)Chapter1IntroductionH71Chapter1IntroductionFirstly,theearliesthumanhadaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials,thosethatoccurnaturally:stone,wood,clay,skins,andsoon.Secondly,thehumandiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones,thesenewmaterialsincludedpotteryandvariousmetals.Chapter1IntroductionFi72Chapter1Introduction

Furthermore,itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialscouldbealteredbyheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances.

Nowthescientistscometounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.Chapter1IntroductionFu73Chapter1IntroductionThus,tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolvedwithratherspecializedcharacteristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety;theseincludemetals,plastics,glasses,andfibers.Thedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibilityofsuitablematerials.Chapter1IntroductionTh74Chapter1IntroductionAnadvancementintheunderstandingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunnertothestepwiseprogressionofatechnology.Inourcontemporaryera,sophisticatedelectronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemiconductingmaterials.Chapter1IntroductionAn75Chapter1Introduction1.2MaterialsScienceandEngineeringThedisciplineofmaterialsscienceinvolvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.Materialsengineeringis,onthebasisofthesestructure-propertytoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties.Chapter1Introduction176Chapter1Introduction

“Structure”isanebuloustermthatdeservessomeexplanation.Inbrief,thestructureofamaterialusuallyrelatestothearrangementofitsinternalcomponents.

Subatomicstructureinvolveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnuclei.(ElectronicStructure)Chapter1Introduction“St77Chapter1IntroductionOnanatomiclevel,structureencompassestheorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother.(AtomicStructure)Thenextlargerstructuralrealm,whichcontainslargegroupsofatomsthatarenormallyagglomeratedtogether,istermed“microscopic”.(MicroscopicStructure)Chapter1IntroductionO78Chapter1Introduction

Finally,structuralelementsthatmaybeviewedwiththenakedeyearetermed“macroscopic.”(Macroscopicstructure)Thenotionof“property”deserveselaboration.

Whileinserviceuse,allmaterialsareexposedtoexternalstimulithatevokesometypeofresponse.Chapter1IntroductionFina79Chapter1IntroductionApropertyisamaterialtraitintermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecialimposedstimulus.Generally,definitionsofpropertiesaremadeindependentofmaterialshapeandsize.Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories:Chapter1IntroductionA80Chapter1Introduction1.Mechanicalproperties2.Electricalproperties3.Thermalproperties4.Magneticproperties5.Opticalproperties6.Deteriorativeproperties

Chapter1Introduction1.81Chapter1IntroductionForeachthereisacharacteristictypeofstimuluscapableofprovokingdifferentresponses.Mechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforce(includingelasticmodulusandstrength).Chapter1IntroductionFo82Chapter1IntroductionForelectricalproperties,suchas