2015 英 —閱讀理解精講（理工類B級第27Drivento【分散注意力駕interstate州際公 workload工作負(fù)擔(dān)，工作 n.擁 n.交替使用；交替；換 v. v.假裝充上去 n.行人，步行 adj.徒步的，通俗Theemptystretchofinterstategiveswaytourbancongestion…:路體系;givewayto:讓位于。OldDominionUniverssity:OldDominion 弗吉尼亞州的別稱 Offset:意為“tocounterbalanceorcompensatefor”（平衡或補(bǔ)償mentalworkload：精神負(fù)amapkindofdisplay:有點(diǎn)像地圖那樣的顯示 。kindof:是一種非正式表達(dá)，儀式是“rather;somewhat”(相當(dāng)；有一些），如：Iamkindofhot.我有點(diǎn)熱。使Whetheranydistractionsareoffsetbythebenefitsdriversgefromhavinghelpfindingtheirway(audibleorwrittendirections)中聽得到的Whichstatementistrueofthedescriptioninthefirsttwoparagraphs?IfCoynehadstoppedthecarintime,hewouldn’thavetheThewomanwouldhavebeenknockedover,ifCoynefollowedthetrafficCoyneisnotreallydrivingsoitisimpossibleforhimhavehitthewoman.Ifthewomanhadnotcrossedthestreetsuddenly,wouldnothavehitJoeCoyneslidesintothedriver’seat,startsupthecarandheadstotown.Theemptystretchofinterstategiveswaytourbancongestion,andCoynehitsthebrakesasapedestriansuddenlycrossesthestreetinfrontofhim. Butevenifhehadn’tstoppedintime,thewomanwouldhavebeensafe.Sheisn’treal.Neitheristhetown.AndCoyneisn’treallydriving.CoyneisdemonstratingacomputerizeddrivingsimulatorthatishelresearchersatOldDominion Whatdoresearcherswanttofindout,accordingtothethirdandfourthparagraphs? howlongitwilltakethedrivertorespondtoauditoryvisualHowthedriverperformundercertainmetalAlloftheTheresearcherswanttoknowifsuchsystems,whichgiveaudibleorwrittendirections,aretoodistracting—orwhetheranydistractionsareoffsetbythebenefitsdriversgetfromhavinghelpfindingtheirwayinunfamiliarlocations.“We’relookingattheperformanceandmentalworkloadofdrivers,”saidCarylBaldwin,theassistantpsychologyprofessorleadingtheresearch,whichinvolvesmeasuringdrivers’reactiontimeandbrainactivityastheyrespondtoauditoryandvisualWhatarethepreliminaryresultsgiveninthefifthDriversareafraidofgettingintochallengingdrivingInchallengingdrivingsituations,driversstillhaveextratohandleotherInchallengingdrivingsituations,driversdonothaveadditionalmentalenergytodealwith somethingelse.D.Drivers’mentalloadremainsunchangedunderdifferentTheresearchersjustcompletedastudyofthementalworkloadinvolvedindrivingthroughdifferentkindsofenvironmentsandheavyvs.lighttraffic.Preliminaryresultsshowthataspeople“getintomorechallengingdrivingsituations,theydon’thaveanyextramentalenergytorespondtosomethingelseintheenvironment,”Baldwinsaid. isdesigningavisualnavigationalinformationisdesigninganaudionavigationalinformation designinganaudio‐visualnavigationalinformationwanttodeterminethebestwaysofgivinginformationButthetradeoffscouldbeworthit,shesaid.Thisnextstepistotestdifferentwaysofgivingdriversnavigationalinformationandhowthosemethodschangethedrivers’mentalworkload.WhatkindofdirectionsdomenandwomenWomenprefermoregeneraldirectionsandmenpreferrouteMenprefermoregeneraldirectionsandwomenpreferroutedirection.routedirections，generaldirections.BothmenandwomenprefergeneralBothmenandwomenpreferroute“Isitbestiftheyseeapicture…thatshowstheirposition,amapkindofdisplay?”Baldwinsaid.“Isitbestiftheyhearit?” nowonthemarketgivepoint‐by‐pointdirectionsthatfollowaprescribedroute.“They’reveryunforgiving,”Baldwinsaid.“Ifyoumissaturn,theycanalmostseemtogetangry.”Thatstyleofdirectionsalsocanbefrustratingforpeoplewhoprefermoregeneralinstructions.Butsuchbroaddirectionscanconfusedriverswhopreferroutedirections,Baldwinsaid.Perhapsmanufacturersshouldallowdriverstochoosethestyleofdirectionstheywant,ormodifysystemstopresentsomeinformationinawaythatmakessenseforpeoplewhopreferthesurveystyle,shesaid.Interestingly,otherresearchhasshownthatabout60percentofmenpreferthesurveystyle,while60percentwomenprefertheroutestyle,Baldwinsaid.Thisexplainstheclassitlethingofwhymendon’tliketostopandaskfordirectionsandwomendo,Baldwinadded.C級第12SleepLetsBrainFile【睡眠促 歸 n.紡錘 v. n adj.(耳、目、口等以外的） n.收縮 n （或好奇心 v.(使）纏結(jié)，（使） n.認(rèn)知；認(rèn)識的結(jié)file 歸檔 。file:意為“toputor 筆下哈姆雷特的獨(dú)白中的名“Tosleep:perchancetodream.”改編而ThePeroceeding(科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)、會議文獻(xiàn)）匯編，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式thekitchen.TherumoremanatedfromtheirThe 大腦側(cè)面腦室壁上的在泛記過程中起主要Tensofmilliseconds:數(shù)十毫 相關(guān)administer:實(shí) MemoryKeepglucoselevelsincheck:限制葡萄糖水平Incheck控制中，被阻Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnearestinmeaningtosentence“Tosleep.PerchancetoDoesbrainarrangememoriesinusefulorderduringDoesbrainhavememorieswhenoneis DoesbrainrememberfilesafteronefallsDoesbrainworkonfilesinTosleep.Perchancetofile?FindingspublishedonlinethisweekbytheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesfurthersupportthetheorythatthebrainorganizesandstowsmemoriesformedduringthedaywhiletherestofthebodyiscatchingzzz’s.WhatistheresultoftheexperimentwithratsandmiceoutatRutgers Oscillationsinbrainwavesarefromhippocampus.C.Somatosensoryneocortexandhippocampusworktogethertin primaryroleinmemoryconsolidation.GyorgyBuzsakiofRutgersuniversityandhiscolleaguesyzedthebrainwavesofsleeratsandmice.Specifically,theyexaminedtheelectricalactivityemanatingfromthesomatosensoryneocortex(anareathatprocessessensoryinformation.andthehippocampus,whichisacenterforlearningandmemory.Thescientistsfoundthatoscillationinbrainwavesfromthetworegionsappeartobeintertwined.So‐calledsleepspindles(burstsofactivityfromtheneocortex.werefollowedtensofmillisecondslaterbybeatsinthehippocampusknownasripples.Theteampositsthatthisinterplaybetweenthetwobrainregionsisakeystepinmemory istherelationofmemorytoglucosetolerance,asindicatedbya entionedinparagraphPeoplewithpoormemoryhavehighglucosePeoplewithgoodmemoryhavelowglucoseMemorylevelhasnothingtodowithglucoseThepoorerthememory,thepoorerglucosePreviousresearchhadshownthatindividualswithdiabetessufferfromincreasedmemoryproblems.Inthenewwork,AntonioConvitofNewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicineandhiscollaboratorsstudied3peoplewhoseaverageagewas69toinvestigatewhethersugarlevels,whichtendtoincreasewithage,affectmemoryinhealthypeopleaswell.Thescientistsadministeredrecalltests,brainscansandglucosetolerancetests,whieasurehowquicklysugarisabsorbedfromthebloodbythebody’stissues.Subjectswiththepoorestmemoryrecollection,theteamdiscovered,alsodisplayedthepoorestglucosetolerance.Inaddition,theirbrainscansshowedmorehippocampusshrinkagethanthoseofsubjectsbetterabletoabsorbbloodsugar.InwhatwayismemoryrelatedtohippocampusThereisnorelationbetweenmemoryandhippocampusThemorehippocampusshrinks,thepoorerone’sThemorehippocampusshrinks,thebetterone’sThelesshippocampusshrinks,thepoorerone’sPreviousresearchhadshownthatindividualswithdiabetessufferfromincreasedmemoryproblems.Inthenewwork,AntonioConvitofNewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicineandhiscollaboratorsstudied3peoplewhoseaverageagewas69toinvestigatewhethersugarlevels,whichtendtoincreasewithage,affectmemoryinhealthypeopleaswell.Thescientistsadministeredrecalltests,brainscansandglucosetolerancetests,whieasurehowquicklysugarisabsorbedfromthebloodbythebody’stissues.Subjectswith