Boudouard’sCarbon 2COCO2+Hotmetal

BasicOxygenFurnace(BOF)(堿性氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐BOFDolomite:白云BOFBOFDirectreductionElectricArcFurnaceOxidationrefining:de-C,de-P,de-HReductionrefining:de-S,de-OSecondaryde-S:CaO,Na2CO3,CaF2,de-O:Si,

FeS+Ca2+CaS+de-Nandde-H:vacuumorreducedSecondary“LF爐精煉渣低氟化的研究ContinuousContinuousContinuouscasterPyrometallurgicalHearthHearthReverberatory(反射BRotary(回轉(zhuǎn)

Electric(床式焙燒爐)

Flash/suspension(懸浮焙燒爐FluidFluidbed(流化床焙燒爐SteelIntegratedsteelmillandelectric-arcfurnaceComparisonbetweenpigironandPigUpto?2003Brooks/Cole,adivisionofThomsonLearning,IncThomsonLearningisatrademarkusedhereinunder?2003Brooks/Cole,adivisionofThomsonLearning,IncThomsonLearningisatrademarkusedhereinunder(a)TheeutectoidportionoftheFe-Fe3Cphasediagram.(b)AnexpandedversionoftheFe-Cdiagram,adaptedfromseveralT-T-TElectronmicrographsof(a)pearlite,(b)bainite,(c)temperedmartensite,illustratingthedifferencesincementitesizeandshapeamongthesethreemicroconstituents(7500).FlamesurfaceHeatthesurfaceofasteelpartrapidlytoatemperatureabovethecriticalpointofthesteel→formausteniticgrainstructure(austenitized)→quicklyquench(waterorforceair)totransformaustenitetomartensite→formahardcase(thecoreofthepartinitsoriginalstate:ferriteandpearlite);Requirements:hardenablecarbonsteels(wroughtorcast,0.37-0.55%C)andcastirons(0.35-0.80%C),martensiticstainlesssteels,toolsteels,steelswithadequatecarbonandotheralloyelementRelationshipofcarboncontenttominimumRelationshipofcarboncontenttominimumsurfacehardnessattainablebyflameheatingandwaterquenchingFlamesurfaceSpinningmethodsofflamehardening.Inmethodsshownatleftandatcenter,thepartrotates.Inmethodatright,theflameheadrotates.Combinationprogressive-spinningflameApuzzleforthousandsofAnexampleofasmithinthelast3000NobelprizesrelatedtoPyrometallurgyofPrimarycopperd=8.92B.P.=Globallocationsofcopper常見的銅(Copper

孔雀石(Cu2(OH)2CO3 毛赤銅礦(Cu2O)

藍銅礦(Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2CopperPyrometallurgical(AssumingafeedcontainsnosulfidesotherthanchalcopyriteRoasting:(500-CuFeS2+4O2==>CuSO4+L2CuFeS2(s)+13/2O2(g)==>2CuO(s)+Fe2O3(s)LSmelting:FeS+6CuO==>3CuO+FeO+ FeS+Cu2O==>FeO+Cu2S+FeS==>Cu2S?FeSCovertingreactions:toconvertmatteto(silicaorlimestoneisaddedasa2Cu2S?FeS+3O2+SiO2==>2FeO?SiO2(l)+2SO2+Cu2SCu2S(l)+O2==>2Cu(l)+SO2(g)Blister2Cu2O(l)+Cu2S(l)=BlisterFire-refinning4CuO+CH4==>Cu+CO2+Pierce-SmithcopperDuringtheprocess,airisthroughthetuyeres（andoff-gasesarecollectedbyaremovablehoodthatcoversthechargingport.Thetuyeresareequippedwith “punchers”tobreakanyslagorothersolidsthatmaysolidifyoverthetuyereopening.OutokumpuflashsmeltingSulfideconcentrateisinjectedthroughaburneralongwithpreheatedair,andpartiallyburnedasitfallsthroughaflash-roastingzone.Theheatproducedbyroastingthesulfidehelpstomelttheconcentrate,withsupplementalfuelinjectedintotheflash-roastingareatoprovidetheremainingheat.Integratedflashsmelting/flashconverting production HydrometallurgyofProducingProducinglittleSavingTreatmentiscarriedoutatalowtemperatureLiquideffluentconsistsofchemicalcompoundsthatareeasytoreprocessandmetalfromlow-gradeHydrometallurgyofcopper:LeachingLeachingreagents=acids,complexingagents,oxidizers,A.DumpB.HeapLeachingNon-oxidativeCuSO4(s)+H2O(l)===>Cu+2(aq)+SO4-Cu2(OH)2?CO3(s)+2H2SO4(aq)===>2CuSO4(aq)+CO2+OxidativeCuS(s)+2O2(g)===>4H2O+CuS(s)+4Fe2(SO4)3(aq)===>CuSO4(aq)+8FeSO4(aq)+BacterialThiobacillusferrooxidans(硫桿菌tooxidizepyrite(FeS2)toleaching4FeS2(s)+15O2+2H2O======>2Fe2(SO4)3(aq)+SolutionIon-exchangeMetalCementation(置換沉淀法DissolvedcopperwillplateoutonanironsurfacedueCu+2(aq)+Fe(s)===>Fe+2(aq)+Electrowinning:electrochemicallyprecipitatemetalsfromsolution.Cu+2(aq)+2e-===>Cu(s)Electrorefinning:fromimpurecopper(generallyfromthefire-refiningstageinapyrometallurgicaloperation)iscastintocopperanodes.A.Electrowinning B.ElectrorefinningElectrorefinningofAttheanode: Cu(s)→Cu2+(aq)+2e–Atthecathode:Cu2+(aq)+2e–→ ayoutofthehydrometallurgyofHydrometallurgyofzinc(Zn),gold(Au)andsilverHydrometallurgyofzinc(Zn),gold(Au)andsilverHydrometallurgyoftitaniumdd=2.7g/cm3B.P.=Theprimaryoreofaluminum:bauxite鋁礬土amixtureofhydratedaluminumGibbsite-Al(OH)3(mostextractableBoehmite–γ-AlO?OH(lessextractablethanDiaspore–α-AlO?OH(difficultto常見的鋁(Aluminium 水鋁石(α-AlO?OH(γ-AlO?OH)Bayerprocessforalumina(Al2O3)Dissolution:(inAl(OH)3+NaOH(aq)==>NaAlO2+2H2O(Gibbsitedissolution)(150-255g/LNa2CO3,100-150C,3.8-5atm)AlO?OH+NaOH(aq)==>NaAlO2+H2O(Boehmitedissolution)(205-445g/LNa2CO3,200-315C,19-100atm)Precipitation:(roomtemp.,withAl(OH)3NaAlO2+2H2O==>Al(OH)3+Calcination:(1300-2Al(OH)3==>Al2O3+Bayerprocess -The"BayerProcess"usedat 消解Hall-HeroultprocessforaluminumproductionDissolution:(935-DissolvingAl2O3inmoltencryoliteNa3AlF6冰晶石m.p.=1000oCElectrolysis:(4-5Vvs.1.15V2Al2O3+3C==>4Al+Hall-HeroultprocessforaluminumproductionElectrometallurgyofother2H2H2O(l)+2e-H2(g)+ E°red=-2H+(aq)+2e- E°red=-Cu2+(aq)+2e-Cu(s) E°red=+0.34VNi2+(aq)+2e-Ni(s) E°red=-0.28V CaSO4·0.5HCaO,NaCl,citricacid,Productionof常見的鋰礦石(Lithium鋰輝石透鋰長石

鋰云母(lepidoliteK{Li2-xAl1+x[Al2xSi4-2xO10](F,OH)2} 4.6.2鋰礦的提取 硫酸 硫酸鹽分解法在很長一段時間是工業(yè)鋰的 鋰礦的提取 石灰法提取流程 鋰礦的提取 Leute，此方法適用于β-鋰輝石和ii 硫酸法提取流程 4.6.3金屬鋰以石墨為陽極，以低碳鋼為陰極，電解6.0-6.5V，可以得到純度為99%Lithiumchloride 金屬鋰熱還a)2Li2O+Si=4Li+ =+298 =+320kJ)∴Hightemp.+ Productionof冷PowderMN(825ton)mechanicalPowderDistributionofP/MpartsinaAdvantagesAdvantagesofMetalpowdersarehigh-purityClosedimensionaltolerancescanbeHigh-volumeprocesswithexcellentQualitycontrolisinherentintheLowlaborMachiningiseliminatedorScraplossesareeliminatedorSegregationisControllableporosityanddensitycanbepreciselyCombinesimmiscibleComplexshapescanbeDisadvantagesofcostsofpowderlimitationsontheshapesandfeatures,e.g.re-reentrantanglesbyfixeddiepressingorradialholesinverticallypressedcylindersthesizewillalwayschangePowderP/MManufacuringManufacuringSteps

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