動詞不定式理論復(fù)習I定義：II不定式的基本結(jié)構(gòu)形式:m否定：w不定式短語:to+VV不定式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu):W不定式在句中可作的句子成分：（）Toseeistobelieve.百聞不如一見。（眼見為實）>a-er.任意：eg.Ittakesme10hourstofinishthework..eg.MydutyistoteachEnglish.Theimportantthingistosavelives.救人要緊TheonlythingIcoulddowastoleave.Heseemedtoknowtheway.他好象認識這條路。⑴不定式在句中可用作；其邏輯主語同時也是全句的主語（謂語動詞是及物動詞Vt）Shelikestoplaywiththechild.Hewantstogohome.有時將真正的放在賓補（形容詞做賓補）之后，用形式賓語it放在賓補之前:Shefounditdifficulttoanswerthequestion.SheconsidersiL（tobe）hisdutytohelpothers.⑵形容詞后接不定式也叫:這些形容詞多是表有不少形容詞（包括已變成形容詞的分詞）可后接不定式，這種不定式也叫做:思想感情的。這些形容詞多是表Iamverygladtoseeyou.（I’mgladthatyouhavecomehere.賓語從句）wearesorrytoleave.Hewasluckytopasstheexam.Hewasalwayseagertowin.Youarefreetogohome.另外一些形容詞后的不定式與全句的主語是什么關(guān)系？Volleyballisveryinterestingtowatch.She’sverynicetotalkto.Thisproblemisdifficulttosolve.Isitfittoeat?哪能吃？注意：有些語法學家認為形容詞后接的動詞不定式是狀語，表原因、方式等。4:通常都放在動詞不定式（短語）所修飾的名詞或代詞之后⑴邏輯上關(guān)系：eg.ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.Alldead.Iwastheonlyonetogrowup.都死了，我是唯一長大成人的。Hewasalwaysthefirsttocomeandlasttoleavetheoffice.⑵邏輯上關(guān)系：動詞不定式里的動詞是及物動詞VtItwasagametoremember.那是一場令人難忘的球賽。Hehasmanythingstodo.Ihavenothingtosayonthisquestion.有時不定式可以是“”結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞一般不可省略。Ineedapentowritewith.Givemesomepapertowriteon.⑶下面句中用作的"”結(jié)構(gòu)（實際上是動詞不定式的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)）eg.Shehasalotofpeoplefromwhomtoselect.Anotebookisabookinwhichtowritenotes筆記本用來記筆記。Imustbuyahammerwithwhichtonaildownthebox.我必須買一把錘子釘箱子。:eg.Hegavetheordertostarttheattack.（tostarttheattack是theorder的同位語）HefollowedtheinstructiontowalkalongacertainstreetwhereIpickedhimup.他照吩咐沿著一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。注意：不定式用作的不尋常位置：Theenemycameclosetothetownandtheordercametoevacuatethepeople.敵人離城市近了于是出現(xiàn)了疏散市民的命令。（toevacuatethepeople是theorder的同位語，并進行了隔離，toevacuatethepeople放在動詞came之后，這是要使句子平衡的原因）。淤如何區(qū)分不定式（短語）做還是定語：:通常目的，結(jié)果，原因，表方面或方向，讓步，條件表目的的情況較多，邏輯主語是全句的主語eg.Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.Hewillgototheclinictomorrowtobeexaminedbythedoctor.淤1在強調(diào)這種目的狀語時，不定式前可加inorder/soas.eg.Manyfamersfertilizethecropsinordertomakethemgrowmorequickly.I’llwritedownhistelephonenumbersoasnottoforgetit.2在強調(diào)這種目的狀語時，也可將inorder加不定式置于句首。（soasto+V不可放于句首）eg.Inordertomakeastudyofthekangaroo,hecametoAustralia.Tocovermyemotion」buriedmyfaceinmyhands.表結(jié)果，邏輯主語通常也是全句的主語。eg.Helivedtobeaveryoldman./他,活得彳艮長。In1935，helefthomenevertoreturn.WhathaveIdonetooffendyou?我干什么惹你生氣了？注意：①so...asto...,②such...asto...，③enoughto...，④onlyto...以及⑤too...to等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式都表結(jié)果。eg.Thehouseissohightandnarrowastoresembleatower.Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespair.他如此冷漠，令人感到絕望。Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.（表示出乎意料的結(jié)果）Hehasenoughmoneytobuythebigbuilding.Theteaistoohottodrink.茶太熱，不能喝。注意：動詞不定式做結(jié)果狀語時，往往表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，常和only在一起使用；而現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示自然的結(jié)果；如：Mary’sfatherandmotherbothdied,leavingheranorphan.（自然的結(jié)果）淤1并不是所有的too...to...表“太......而不能......”eg.I’monlytoo（adv.）gladtostayathome/是賓語）我太想留在家里啦。（too修飾glad）I’mjusttooanxioustohelpyou.我正想幫助你哩。（too修飾anxious）2下面兩句中的不定式是定語：Ihadtoomuchtodrink（作定語，動賓關(guān)系）.我喝多了。Youhavetoomuchtosay（同上）.你真多嘴。表原因，邏輯主語一般是全句的主語：Itrembledtothinkofthesnake.&—想到蛇就不寒而栗。（可看作時間狀語）Shecriedtoseehermotherdying.表方面或方向eg.Ihesitatetospendsomuchmoneyonclothes.（表方面）Don’tbothertocome.（可看作時間狀語）不必費神來了。（表方面）Don’ttroubletomeetmeatthestation.（表方面）不必麻煩來車站接我。Hetendstothrowtheballtoohigh.他總是把球投得過高。（表方向）偶爾表讓步：eg.Youcouldn’tdothattosaveyourlife.你即使為了救自己的生命也不能那樣做。（讓步，也可看作目的狀語）偶爾表條件：eg.Tolookather,youcouldhardlyhelpthinkingofmarryingher.Youdoanhonestmanwrongtocallhimaliarorathief.你如果把一個誠實的人喚作說謊者或盜賊，那就冤枉他了。（條件）7:帶to的不定式⑴:（復(fù)合賓語）eg.Iwantyoutobehappy.Whatdecidedhimtogiveuphisjob?I7llleaveyoutoattendthematter.我將托你照管此事。WewouldlikeyoutohaveanopportunitytoappreciateChineseart（做后置定語）洪1有一些動詞后面的賓補常是tobe（可省略），這樣的動詞有believe,consider,declare,find,imagine,know,prove,suppose,feel,think,understand等。eg.Iknowthistobeafact.我知道這是事實。Theyallfelttheplantobeunwise.他們都覺得那個計劃不明智。Webelievehertobeinnocent我們相信她無罪。Iconsiderhimtobetoolazy.我看他太懶了。以上tobe可以省略eg.Webelieveherinnocent.Iconsiderhimtoolazy.2被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，后面的tobe仍可省去。eg.Shewasbelievedinnocent.Hewasconsideredtoolazy.注意：有一些動詞后用作賓語補語的不定式不帶to兩類動詞eg.Isawhimcome.兩類動詞Ihearedhimsing.Wefeltthehouseshake.Lethimdoit.wouldhaveyouknowthatIamill.Theymadetheboygotobedearly.淤1eg.Hewasseentocome.(byme)Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.(bythem)在動詞find與help之后，eg.Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceatthisseason.Helpme(to)gethimtobed.⑵主補：復(fù)合主語。eg.Hewasseentoenterthehall.Thematterisreportedtobetrue.Theroomwasfoundtobeempty.Hewasnotallowedtodoit.HeissaidtobefromNewZealand.淤下面句子中的不定式亦可看作主補：Itseemstobeallright.它似乎沒有錯。Idon’thappentoknow.我正巧不知。8:⑴Tobeginwith,Idonotlikeitscolour.Totellyouthetruth,thefilmwasagreatdisappointmenttome.Tomakealongstoryshort.weagreedtodisagree.長話短說，我們同意各自保留不同的看法。⑷Howtimeflies.tobetrue!時間真是過得快??！(5)Thedog.sotospeak.isamemberofthefamiliy.那狗可以說是家庭的一員了。另外有:tobebrief(簡言之).tobeexact(精確的說).tobefrankwithyou(老實對你說吧).tosaynothingof...(暫且不講)，toconclude(總而言之)等W不定式的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：1eg.Wedividethework,hetocleanthewindowandMarrytosweepthefloor.（he...windowandMary...floor者K為不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu)）Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle.andsoon.許多官員尾隨皇帝之后，有的拎著皇帝的衣袍，有的給他整腰帶，等等（some...robe和others.hisgirdle都為不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu)）。:⑴作主語：eg.Forachildtodothatjobisjustunbelievable.讓一個孩子那項工作真是不可思議。Forthegoodstobepackedinstrongboxesisnecessary.把貨物包裝在結(jié)實的箱子里是必要的。淤以上常用形式主語it；變?yōu)镮t’sjustunbelievableforachildtodothatjob.Itisnecessaryforgoodstobeparkedinstrongboxes.⑵作表語：Thatisforyoutodecide.那由你決定。Asolutionwouldbeforshopstoopenatnoonandcloseabout9p.m.辦法是商店中午開門，晚9點關(guān)門。（兩個不定式并列時，第二個不定式一定不要帶to）⑶作動詞的賓語Imeanforyoutoeat.son.我的意思是要你吃，孩子。Scienceandnewtechnologyhavemadejtpossibleforfarmerstoproducemorefoodonthesameamountofland.注意：更多是做某些形容詞的賓語。eg.Hewasanxiousforhisbrothertomeetyou.Hewasquitewillingforeveryoneelsetocome./他,彳艮愿意讓別人來。⑷作定語：It’stimeforyoutogotoschool.你該去學校了。Thatwouldbeamatterforthepeopletodecide.那是由人民決定的事。⑸目的狀語：eg.Hestoodasideforhertopass./他,靠邊站讓她過去。Foravotetobevalid,thedeputymustbepresentandvoteinperson.為了使每一套都有效，代表必須出席并親自投票。:這種結(jié)構(gòu)只做主語，在句子中用形式主語it代替，真正的主語放到句子后面。It’skindofyoutohelpme.ItwascruelofTomtolaughtatthatlittleboy.It’spoliteofthatmantogiveuphisseattotheelderlywoman.It’sverygoodofyoutocome.Howsilly（itis）ofyoutodothat!這種形容詞還有honest,bad,stupid,foolish,bold,clever,nice,rude,thoughtfulwise,wrong等。who，what,which,when,where，whether和how后加不定式構(gòu)成特殊的不定式短語在句子中作⑴主語Wheretogohasnotbeendecided?Howtoearnalotofmoneybymypenwasthentheproblem.如何靠我的筆維持生計，在當時是個難題。⑵賓語Idon’tknowwhattodo.Hedidn’tknowwhethertogothereornot.⑶表語Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver.Thequestionwaswhentogothere.⑷用于雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)中作直接賓語Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.IaskedhimhowtolearnEnglish.5：eg.Shehasalotofpeoplefromwhomtoselect.Anotebookisabookinwhichtowritenotes.筆記本用來記筆記。Imustbuyahammerwithwhichtonaildownthebox.我必須買一把錘子釘箱子。W在什么情況下用動詞不定式的一般式，進行式和完成式1一般式：eg.Isawhimgoout.（saw和goout是同時發(fā)生的）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（tosee發(fā)生在hope之后）Itisagreathonourtobeinvitedtoth