09二輪專題1:閱讀理解體裁專項突破之四主旨大意畫川高級中學(xué)王文華【命題特點】主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題?！境Ｒ娍挤ā?標(biāo)題類常見的標(biāo)題型題干：1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe.2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled .3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2大意類常見的主題型題干：5)Thispassagechieflydealswith.6)What'sthetopicofthearticle?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?3目的主旨大意題Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageis.Thepassageismeantto Thepurposeofthisarticleis【答題技巧】這類題通常圍繞一個中心思想展開，不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是內(nèi)容的梗概，同時又表達了中心思想，但是不少文章的中心思想貫穿全文，并沒有用一句話明確表達出來，這就要求學(xué)生學(xué)會歸納概括。每個段落往往也由一個主題句或幾個陳述句構(gòu)成，它們在句中的位置不同，有時在開頭 ，首先點明本段大意；有時在結(jié)尾，總結(jié)本段大意。做這類題，首先要找出文章的主題句。找出文章的主題句，也就明確了文章要講什么，再通過速讀全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外在許多文段中，沒有可以概括全段意義的主題句，必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實細(xì)節(jié)， 進行全面分析，然后歸納成一般概念。但必須注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。一、主題句呈現(xiàn)的形式.文首開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想.最常見的演繹法寫作方式.例I.Thepandaisapopularanimal.StoriesaboutthepandaintheWashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportantfeaturesontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthemostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealwaysindemandinzoogiftshops.例2.Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive..文尾，在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點，印象，結(jié)論建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題.這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式例3.Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Man'sgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Thereforemanhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim..文中，通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進一步的解釋，支撐或發(fā)展.例4.Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightinadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhandacamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout..首尾呼應(yīng)，為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見.但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往有進一步的引中或發(fā)展的意味。例5.（首段）ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer. "shesaid…（尾段）“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes."Shusaid..無主題句，即主題句隱含在全文中，沒有明確的主題句.必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實細(xì)節(jié)，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。例6.JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer. B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.分析：此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個細(xì)節(jié) (detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看，個個都對。讀者只能將所有的 details綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個沒有言明的主題思想 (unstatedmainidea)。由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是： JoshuaBingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 C除了以上主題句呈現(xiàn)的常見形式外還要注意標(biāo)志詞文章或段落的主題句常常會出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后。如：onthewhole,asaresult,inshort,therefore,thus???..Iagreewiththeopinionthat….;Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat….；Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer二、實例說明例1(文章請看推理判斷例2,2020年全國高考)I.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ComputersandPrinters B.E-mailandtheBusinessWorldC.InternetRevolutionandEnvironment D.ModernTechnologyandNewMarkets分析：本題考查對于全文主旨大意的把握并要求考生據(jù)此選擇最佳標(biāo)題.全文的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是Internet和Environment,因此答案為C.其余選項中的computers,printers,e-mail,businessworld,technology,market都在文中提到了，但其作用只是為了闡明主題所需，答題時不可以點代面.例2：Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the”do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend(趨勢)intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfurniture(家具)forourlivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfieldhasthreeboysandhiswifedied.Hshasafull-timejobathomeaswellasinashoemakingfactory.Lastmonth,hereceivedacarrepairbillfor$420."Iwasdeeplyupsetaboutit.NowI'vefinishedacarrepaircourse,Ishouldbeabletofixthecarbymyself."JohnandJimarenotunusualpeople.Mostfamiliesinthecountryaredoingeverythingtheycantosavemoneysothecanfightthehighcostofliving.Ifyouwanttobecomea"do-it-yourselfer",youcangotoDIYcalsses.Andforthosewhodon'thavetimetotakeacourse,therearebooksthattellyouhowyoucandothingsyourself.（1998NMET.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.theJoyofDIY B.YouCanDoItToo!C.WelcometoOurDIYCourse! D.RossandHatfield:BelieversinDIY.分析：根據(jù)首句Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself"（DIY）trend （趨勢）intheU.S.continuestogrow.和尾句Andforthosewhodon'thavetimetotakeacourse,therearebooksthattellyouhowyoucandothingsyourself. 可以知道答案為B例3：Auniversitygraduatedescribedasa “respectableandintelligent”womanisseekingprofessionalhelpafterbeingconvictedof （證明有罪）shopliftingforthesecondtimeinsixmonths.AnaLuz,recentlystudyingforherPhD,hasbeentoldshecouldendupbehindbarsunlessshecancontrolthedesiretostealfromshops.Luz,wholiveswithherpartnerinFitzwilliamRoadCambridge‘a(chǎn)dmittedstealingclothesworth￡9.95fromJohnLewisinOxfordStreet,London,onMarch9.PhillipLemoyne,prosecuting （起訴）,saidLuzselectedsomeclothesfromadisplayandtookthemtotheladies'toiletinthestore.Whenshecameoutagainshewaswearingoneoftheskirtsshehadselected,havingtakenofftheanti-theftsecurityalarms （防盜警報裝置）.Shewasstoppedandcaughtafterleavingthestorewithoutpaying,MrLemoynesaid.Headdedthatshewasupsetonherarrestandapologizedforheractions.Luz,28,wassaidtohavebeenconvictedofshopliftingbyCambridgejudgeslastOctober,butMoragDuff,defending,saidshehadneverbeenintroublewiththepolicebeforethat.“Sheisashamedandembarrassedbutdoesn'treallyhaveanyexplanationwhyshedidthis,“MissDuffsaid."Shedidn'tintendtostealwhenshewentintothestore.Sheisatalosstoexplainit.Sheisotherwiseaveryrespectableandintelligentyounglady.Shewenttoherdoctorandaskedforadvicebecauseshewantstoknowifthereisanythinginparticularthatcausedhertodothis.”JudgeDavidAzanfinedLuz￡50,andwarned: “You'vegotacriminalrecord.Ifyoucarryonlikethis,youwillendupinprison,whichwillruinyourbrightfutureyoumayhave.”LuzachievedadegreeindesignatuniversityinhernativeSpain,wentontoafamousuniversityinBerlin,Germanyforhermaster 'sdegreeandisnowstudyingforaPhDatCambridgeUniversity,UK. （2020福建）.WhatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassageShopliftingShameofaPhDStudent B。ApologizingfortheActionsinShopsC.SeekingProfessionalHelpfromExpertsD。ControllingtheDesiretoStealfromShops分析：文章主要講的是一個女博士生盜竊的事，唯有 A答案（女博士的偷竊丑聞）點出了主題，其他答案均為細(xì)節(jié)的描述，不能成為正確答案例4：Sincemanyofyouareplanningtostudyatacollegeoruniversityinthiscountry,youmaybecurioustoknowwhatyouusuallydoinatypicalweek,howyoucangetalongwithyourfellowstudents,andsoon.ThesearethequestionsIwanttodiscusswithyoutoday.First,let'stalkaboutwhatyourweeklyschedulewilllooklike.Nomatterwhatyourmajormaybe,youcanexpecttospendbetweenfourandsixhoursaweekforeachclassattendinglectures.Lecturesareusuallyinverylargeroomsbecausesomecoursessuchasintroductiontosociologyoreconomicsoftenhaveasmanyastwoorthreehundredstudents,especiallyatlargeuniversities.Inlectures,it'sveryimportantforyoutotakenotesonwhattheprofessorsaysbecausetheinformationalectureisoftendifferentfromtheinformationinyourtextbooks.Also,youcanexpecttohaveexamquestionsbasedonthelectures.Soitisn 'tenoughtojustreadyourtextbooks;youhavetoattendlecturesaswell.Inatypicalweekyouwillalsohaveacoupleofhoursofdiscussionforeveryclassyoutake.Thediscussionsectionisasmallgroupmeetingusuallywithfewerthanthirtystudentswhereyoucanaskquestionsaboutthelectures,thereading,andthehomework.Inlargeuniversities,graduatestudents,calledteachingassistants,usuallydirectdiscussionsections.Ifyourmajorischemistry,orphysics,oranotherscience,youllalsohavetospendseveralhoursaweekinthelab,orlaboratory,doingexperiments.Thismeansthatsciencemajorsspendmoretimeintheclassroomthannonsciencemajorsdo.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhomajorinsubjectslikeliteratureorhistoryusuallyhavetoreadandwritemorethansciencemajorsdo. （2020重慶卷）4.Themainpurposeofthistextis .A.tohelpthestudentstolearnaboutuniversitylifetopersuadethestudentstoattendlecturesC.toencouragethesudentstotakepartindiscussionsD.toadvisethestudentstochoosepropermajors分析：答案AB、C為細(xì)節(jié)，無論對錯不能成為此類題型的答案.D.沒有涉及到如何選擇專業(yè)的問題Youmaybecurioustoknowwhatyouusuallydoinatypicalweek,howyoucangetalongwithyourfellowstudents,andsoon.ThesearethequestionsIwanttodiscusswithyoutoday.例5:Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed（無武器的）handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother 'shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother. "Let'sshake（hands）onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimor-her.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,justtouchitslightly-Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding（誤解）amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved（保守的）inmanner.ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesmorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou.（2020年安徽卷）5.Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus.A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpracticed B.howhandshakingcameaboutabouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeaboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina分析：第一段主要講述了握手的起源。答案B6.Themainpurposeofthetextis.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWesttoofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshakingC.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWestD.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad分析：本篇講述了在什么情況下握手比較得體，給我們提供了有關(guān)握手的事實。答案BEveryone'satit,evenmyneighbors.IthoughtImightbe theonlypersonleftintheworldwhohadn'tdoneaneBaydeal.So,Idecidedtotrymyhandatonlineauction（ 網(wǎng)上拍賣）.Buyingforbeginners:Signuponwww.ebay.co.uk.Mostitems（e.g.tables,computers,andbooks）readyforauctionwillcomewithapictureandashartdescription;othersmaybemarkedwith“BuyItNow”andhaveafixedpri