Chapter2InternationalTradeTermsExplainthefollowingtermsshipmentcontractShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.symbolicdeliverySymbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer.arrivalcontractArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.actualdeliveryActualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.ShortquestionsWhopaysforloadingforshipmentunderFOBTheseller.WhopaysforunloadingunderCIF?Thebuyer.CompareandcontrastFOB,CFRandCIF?Similarities:a.Theseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsareloadedonboard,b.Thesellerisresponsibleforexportcustomsformalitieswhilethebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities,c.Thebuyerisresponsible1/33forunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination,d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.Differences:a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermstheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermsthesellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarriveatthedestination.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation,c.Thesellermustobtaininsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforseawayorinlandwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarrier2/33nominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncotermswithoutanydoubt?Whatshouldyoudo?No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyintheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.FOB,CFR&CIF.WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?Theseller.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilethebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.IfaChinesetradersignsanFOBcontract,isheexportingorimporting?Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwithaamedportofshipment,ifistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader'sperspective,heisimporting.V.Casestudies1.AnFOBcontractstipulatedTheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2011.Whenthegoodswerereadyon10March,thesellercontactedthebuyerforshipmentdetails.ThebuyerfaxedPleasesendthegoodstotheportforloadingon21March.Thevesselwilldeparton22March.Thesellersentthegoodstotheportaccordingly.Howeverthenominatedvesseldidnotturnupandthegoodshadtobestoredinthewarehouseattheport.Onthenightof21Marchafirehappenedinthewarehouseareaandpartofthegoodswasdamaged.Whenthevesselarrivedtwodayslaterthesellerandthebuyerhadanargumentaboutthesettlementoftheloss.Thesellerrequiredthebuyertobearthelosscausedbythefire,butthebuyerbelievedthatthevesselarrivedwithintheshipmentperiodandthelossoccurred3/33beforethesellerdeliveredthegoodsthereforethesellershouldbeartheloss.Pleaseprovideyoursolution.析： 1）首先案例中提到貨物發(fā)生了損失是由于貨物存放在碼頭倉庫期間發(fā)生火災(zāi)造成的。 2）賣方之所以會把貨物存放在碼頭倉庫是因為買方指定的船只在約定時間沒有出現(xiàn)。 3）Incoterms2010有規(guī)定，買方有向賣方提供準(zhǔn)確、 及時的裝船通知的義務(wù)， 如果買方?jīng)]有履行該義務(wù)而導(dǎo)致了貨物受損， 即使雙方?jīng)]有完成交貨， 買方也要承擔(dān)相關(guān)損失。答案：買方應(yīng)該承擔(dān)損失。答題切入點：1）分析貨物受損原因。2）根據(jù)《20xx年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》買方在提供裝運通知方面的義務(wù)。 3）解釋提供裝運通知與完成交貨風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移之間的關(guān)系。析：1）貨物在裝運港已經(jīng)“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne"，這就說明貨物的質(zhì)量是合格的，而且是經(jīng)官方確認(rèn)的。2）文中提到甥？抄畤？潴氟潟？溪超鼓這說明貨物變質(zhì)的原因是由于運輸時間長。答案： No。答題切入點：a.貨物變質(zhì)的原因.b.CFR＜語下風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移的情況。UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockandsank.Thenextdaytheseller'sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.Knowingthathewillnotreceivethegoods,shouldthebuyerpay?Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?析：本題的關(guān)鍵疑問在于買方明知貨物已全部損失， 不可能再收到貨物，是否還應(yīng)支付貨款。這是考察對“symbolicdelivery”這個概念的理解。在CIF術(shù)語下，賣方交貨時買方并沒有真正收到貨物，賣方的交貨是通過貨交承運人并獲得相關(guān)單據(jù) (尤其是物權(quán)憑證 )來實現(xiàn)的。而相應(yīng)的， 買方必須接受交貨， 也就是買方必須接受賣方提供的相應(yīng)單據(jù)并履行相關(guān)支付的義務(wù)。4/33(1)答案： Yes．答題切入點：1)賣方履行其義務(wù)的情況；2)CIF術(shù)語對雙方交貨、領(lǐng)受貨物的規(guī)定；3)解釋“symbolicdelivery”在這里的應(yīng)用。(2)答案： Thebuyer．答題切入點：CIF術(shù)語下風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移的情況。由于本章主要討論貿(mào)易術(shù)語的應(yīng)用，關(guān)注的主要是買、賣雙方。如果答案是保險公司，則要求說明損失的風(fēng)險首先是由買方承擔(dān)的， 在風(fēng)險屬于保險公司承保范圍內(nèi)的情況下，保險公司會對買方進(jìn)行部分或全部的賠償。析：賣方受損的原因是貨物達(dá)到目的港的時間晚于合同規(guī)定的時間，因此買方拒收貨物。從表面上看，似乎問題就是出在賣方違約上，但如果仔細(xì)分析就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，該合同本身的內(nèi)容就存在自相矛盾的問題。合同用的是CIF術(shù)語，賣方在貨裝上船時風(fēng)險就轉(zhuǎn)移。賣方既不承擔(dān)運輸途中的風(fēng)險，也不保證貨物是否能抵達(dá)目的港。 CIF合同本質(zhì)上是一個"shipmentcontract”。但加上一條保證到岸時間的條款后，合同的性質(zhì)發(fā)生了變化：它變成了一個"arrivalcontract”。也就是說，在貨物按時抵達(dá)目的港之前的一切風(fēng)險都由賣方承擔(dān)， 否則賣方就是違約。答題切入點：1）CIF術(shù)語對雙方風(fēng)險及義務(wù)的劃分，點出“shipmentcontract”這一概念；2）解釋“arrivaldate”clause對合同性質(zhì)的改變。析： 1）賣方按照合同規(guī)定履行了各項義務(wù)，造成貨物到港延誤的原因是船公司擅自改變運輸安排，賣方對此并不知情。 2）賣方把CIF理解成“到岸價格”存在錯誤，混淆了承擔(dān)風(fēng)險與承擔(dān)費用的區(qū)別。如果把CIF理解成“到岸價格"，那么CIF就變成了一個到岸合同術(shù)語（arrivalcontractterm）了，而實際上它應(yīng)該是個裝運合同術(shù)語（shipmentcontractterm）。3）因此，賣方在此情況下不應(yīng)進(jìn)行賠償，而是應(yīng)該協(xié)助買方向船方進(jìn)行索賠。答題切入點： 1）分析買方受損的真正原因及責(zé)任方： 2）解釋賣方錯誤賠償?shù)脑颍?3）給出本案例正確的處理方法，尤其是賣方應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對買方的要求。Chapter3ExportPrice5/33III.ExplainthefollowingtermsinquiryofferAnofferisasufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.counterofferAcounterofferisareplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodifications.acceptanceAnacceptanceisastatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanoffer.IV.ShortquestionsAcodeofcurrency,anumber,aunitandatradeterm.2.Whilemakingpricingdecision,whatmajorfactorsshouldbeconsidered?Differences:a.Commissionpaymentisanad-dupontopoftheoriginalprice,whilediscountareduction;b.Commissionmainlyappliestotransactionswhichinvolvemiddlepersonoragent.Discountcanbeusedwithoutparticularprerequisites.Whenwillanofferbeterminated?Anofferwillbeterminatedwhen:a.itislegallyterminated(beingwithdrawnorrevoked);b.itisnotacceptedbytheoffereewithinthevalidityperiodorareasonableperiodoftime;c.itisrejectedbytheofferee;andd.someuncontrollableeventshappen,preventingtheofferorfromfulfillinghisobligations.Whatarethepossiblemodificationsacounteroffermaymaketoanoffer?6/33Ifareplytoanoffermakesmodificationsinthefollowingaspects,thereplywillbeconsideredasacounteroffer:~_priceandpayment;b.qualityandquantityofgoods;c.placeandtimeofdelivery;d.extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheother;e.settlementofdispute.V.Casestudies1.UnderthepriceofUSD25.5/dozenCFRRotterdamBBCompanysignedacontracttosell1000dozensofT-shirt.TheT-shirtwaspurchasedfromfactorybyRMB135/dozen.BBCompanycalculated3%ofitsproductpurchasingpriceasitsoverheadcosts.ThelocaltransportandcustomsformalitiestookRMB2500andthecontaineroceanfreightwasUSD1500.Ifthebankexchangeratewas1USD/6.5RMB,whatwouldbetheexportprofitmarginforthisdeal?Andwhataboutitsexportcostforforeignexchange?exportprofitmargin:9.26%;exportcostforforeignexchange:5.897Exportprofitmargin=[Exportrevenue(FOB)-Exportcost(FOB)]/Exportrevenue(FOB)ExportCostforForeignExchange=[ExportCostinLocalCurrency]/[ExportRevenueinForeignCurrency]FOBC2%USD1020.41/M/TFOBC%=FOB/(-1Commission)ACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsatUSD100percaseCIFNewYork.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldAC'snewofferbe?CFRC5%USD104.5/caseI=CIFx110%xRCFRC%=CFR/(-1Commission)7/33DDCompanyofferedtosellgoodsatUSD2000perM/TCWTorontowith'allrisks'and'warrisk'for110%ofthevalue.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforFOB.ThefreightforGuangzho-uTorontowasUSD50perM/T,andthepremiumratesforallrisksandwarriskwere1%and0.2%respectively.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatFOBpriceshouldtheexporteroffer?FOBUSD1923.6/M/TI=CIFx110%xRCIF=FOB+Freight+InsuranceThepricequotedbyanexporterwasUSD450percaseFOB.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCIFAuckland.IfthefreightwasUSD50percase,110%ofthevaluewastobeinsured,andthepremiumrateforinsurancewas0.8%,whatwouldthenewpricebe?CIFUSD504.44/caseCIF=CFR/(1-110%xR)CFR=FOB+FreightXCompanysignedacontracttoexporttwomachinesataninitialprice(P0)ofUSD5millioneach.AtthetimeofsettingP0,thematerialpriceindex(M0)was110,thewageindex(W0)was120.Thecontractcontainedapricerevisionclausethatallowedthefinalpricetobesetondelivery.Atthetimeofdelivery,thematerialpriceindex(M)was112,andthewageindex(W)became125.Ifthefollowingratiosremainedconstant:A(themanagementfeeandprofitasapercentageoftheprice)=15%B(thematerialcostasapercentageoftheprice)=30%C(thewagecostasapercentageoftheprice)=55%Whatisthefinalprice(P)?USD5.14million8/33P=P0.(A+B.M/M0+C.W/W0)OnNov.20th,LeeCo.offeredtosellgoodstoDeeInc.atUSD500percaseCIFLondon,Offervalidifreplyhere11/27.OnNov.22ndcabledback,OfferacceptedifUSD480percase.AsLeewasconsideringthebid,themarketpricewentoverUSD500.OnNov.25th,cabledanunconditionalacceptanceofLee'sinitialoffer.CouldLeereject'sacceptance?析：1)DeeInc.的回復(fù)對價格進(jìn)行了更改，因此這是一個還盤。當(dāng)DeeInc．對報盤進(jìn)行還盤， 原來的報盤就自動中止了。 在這個前提下， LeeCo．可以采取任何行動而不須顧慮先前的報價。 2)盡管 DeeInc．在原9/339/33報盤的有效期內(nèi)又發(fā)出了一個無條件接受報盤的回復(fù)， 但由于之前他們已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了還盤，所以此時的接受無效。答案： Yes．答題切入點： 1）還盤的定義； 2）報盤中止的因素。XofferedtosellgoodstoY,Shipmentwithin2monthsafterreceiptofL/C,offervalidifreplyhere5days.Twodayslater,Ycabledback,Acceptyouroffershipmentimmediately.Xdidn'treply.Twomoredayslater,XreceivedY'sL/Crequiringimmediateshipment.Atthistime,themarketpriceofthegoodswentupby20%.WhatoptionsdidXhavetodealwithY?析：1）Y在兩天后的回復(fù)中雖然聲明接受報盤， 但同時要求“shipmentimmediately"，這是對原報盤的船期“shipmentwithin2months”進(jìn)行了修改， 因此構(gòu)成了一個還盤， 原報盤則被中止。 2）在這個前提下，再來考慮x都有哪些選擇以及哪個是最可能或最好的。答題切入點：1）還盤的定義；2）報盤中止的因素；3）X可能有的各項選擇；4）X最可能選擇的做法及原因。Chapter4TermsofCommodityIII.CalculationCompanyChasacontracttoexport10metrictonsofSeafood,tobepackedincartonseachof.(lib=0.45),witha5%moreorlessallowedbothinquantityandinamount.HowmanycartonsofSeafoodcanCompanyCdeliveratmost?HowmanycartonsofSeafoodshouldCompanyCdeliveratleast?lib=0.453,so=18.Maximum:[10xlx(1+5%)]/18.144=578.7(Attention:0.7shouldbedeletedhere)=578cartonsMinimum:[10xlx(1-5%)]/18.144=523.6(Attention:0,6shouldbeaddedhere)=524cartonsAnswer:1)Atmost,CompanyCcandeliver578cartonsofSeafood.)Atleast,CompanyCshoulddeliver524cartons.ExplainthefollowingtermsqualitylatitudeQualitylatitudemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.qualitytoleranceQualitytolerancereferstothequalitydeviationrecognized(e.g.bysomeindustry),whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.salebycountersamplegrossfornetstandardregain10/33Standardregain(rate)referstotheratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoodswhichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreeduponbythesellerandthebuyer.conditionedweightmoreorlessclauseAmoreorlessclauseusuallyconcernsthreeissues:1)howmuchmoreorlessshouldbeallowed;2)whichpartyisentitledtomakethedecision;and3)howshouldthemoreorlessportionofthegoodsbepriced.shippingmarksShippingmarksareatypeofmarkingontheshippingpacking.Itquickenstheidentificationandtransportationofthegoodsandhelpsavoidshippingerrors.Internationalstandardshippingmarksareusuallymadeupoffourparts:Consignee'scode;2)Destination;3)ReferenceNo.and4)Numberofpackages.F.A.Q.F.A.Q.istheabbreviationof11/3311/33airaveragequality.F.A.Q.isakindofstandardusedtoindicatethatthequalityoftheproductofferedisaboutequaltotheaveragequalitylevelofthesamecropwithinacertainperiodoftime(e.g.ayear.).neutralpackingNeutralpackingisaspecialtypeofmarkingratherthanatypeofpackingasitsnamemayindicate.Whileneutralpackingisrequired,nomarkingoforiginornameofthemanufacturershouldappearontheproduct,ontheshippingpackingorsalespackaging.Shortquestions2.Whataretheissuestobeconcernedwhenspecifyingqualityclauseinasalescontract?Whenstipulatingaqualityclauseinasalescontract,thefollowingaretobeconcerned:~avoidingdoublestandard,eitherbydescriptionorbysample:Whensamplesarerequiredunderasalebydescription,itisessentialtoindicatethatthesampleisforreferenceonly.~makinguseofthequalitylatitudewhichallowsthesellertohaveflexibilityincontrollingthequalitybecauseabsolutequalityisdifficultorevenimpossibletohandle.~incaseofasampleprovidedbythebuyer,makinguseofprotectingclause.~Legalweightistheweightofthegoodsincludingtheimmediate,inner,ordirectpackingofthegoods.Accordingtothecustomslawsandregulationsinsomecountries,legalweightisusuallyusedasthebasisfortariffcalculation.Whatarethedifferentwaysofcalculatingthetarewhennetweightisused?Whataretheissuestobeconcernedwhenspecifyingquantityclauseinasalescontract?Whenstipulatingaquantityclauseinasalescontract,thefollowingaretobeconcerned:~adoptingtherightunitmeasurements~beingawareofdifferentmeasurementunitsDuetotheexistenceofdifferentmeasurementsystemsintheworld,tradersneedtobeawareoftheconsistencyofsystem.Anotablefactisthatsomeunitsindifferentsystemscarrythesamenamethough;theyareindicatingstandardsofmeasurementwithsignificantdifference.Inaddition,itistruethatduetothelocalbackgroundandcustomarypractice,differentcountriesadoptdifferentsystemsofmeasurement.Therefore,tradersneedtoclarifytheuseofunitandmeasurementsystemtoavoidunnecessarydisputes.~makinguseofthemoreorlessclausewhichallowsthesellertohaveflexibilityinmakingshipmentbecauseabsolutequantityisdifficultorevenimpossibletohandle.12/33VI.CaseStudiesXYZCompanysignedacontracttoexportRedDates.ThecontractspecifiedthatthedatesshouldbeGrade3.Butatthetimeofshipment,therewerenotenoughthird-gradedatesonhandfordelivery.Asaresult,datesofhigherquality,Grade2,wereusedassubstitutes.Thesellerproudlymarkedtheinvoice,DatesofGrade2soldatthepriceofGrade3.Couldthebuyerrefusetoacceptthegoods?Whyorwhynot?Wouldyoudodifferentlyifyouweretheseller?How?析：本題的解題要點： 1)聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約第三十五條 (1)賣方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、 質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符， 并須按照合同所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝； 2)合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定是 “Grade；3)實際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是“ Grade。⑴答案：Yes買方可以拒收貨物。不論品質(zhì)比規(guī)定的好或差，只要實際所交貨物的品質(zhì)與合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定不同， 就是不符。 在此情況下，買方有權(quán)利拒收貨物。答題切入點：品質(zhì)不符的理解。（2）答案：Yes如果我是賣方，我會與買方磋商，尋求買賣雙方都能接受的處理方法。答題切入點：與買方磋商解決。析：答案：Yes買方可以向賣方提出索賠，因為賣方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)與樣品不符；在這筆交易中，賣方犯了起碼兩個錯誤：錯誤 1）：品質(zhì)條款沒有品質(zhì)機(jī)動某些產(chǎn)品 （如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品等 ）的質(zhì)量具一定的不穩(wěn)定性，為了交易的順利進(jìn)行，在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時，應(yīng)制定一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動幅度，允許賣方所交的貨物的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定的幅度內(nèi)有靈活性。 否則單一的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)難以達(dá)到，往往給賣方履行合同帶來困難。13/33答題的切入點：品質(zhì)機(jī)動條款錯誤 2）：品質(zhì)規(guī)定用了雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)， 既憑合同規(guī)格買賣， 又憑樣品買賣。表示品質(zhì)的方法很多， 品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)視商品的特性而定， 采取合理的品質(zhì)規(guī)定。凡是能用一種方法表示某種品質(zhì)的， 一般就不宜用兩種或兩種以上的方法來表示。 根據(jù)聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約， 如同時采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買賣， 則要求賣方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)必須既與樣品一致，又要符合合同所規(guī)定規(guī)格，要做到兩全其美，難以辦到，往往給賣方履行合同帶來困難。答題的切入點：品質(zhì)規(guī)定的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格又憑樣品買賣。3.ABCCompanysignedacontracttoexportrice.Thequantitywas10000tons.Aftertakingthedelivery,theforeignbuyerdemandedanadditional160metrictonsofrice.Whatwentwrong?析：本題的解題要點： 合約中的數(shù)量為“噸” ，是不明確的規(guī)定?！皣崱?，在實行公制的國家一般理解為公噸，每噸為 1；在實行英制的國家一般理解為長噸，每噸為 1；在實行美制的國家一般理解為短噸，每噸為。所以，當(dāng)賣方理解為公噸， 每噸為1；而買方理解為長噸，每噸為1是，這份合約下賣方實際交貨的數(shù)量與買方預(yù)期收貨數(shù)量的差別為160公噸［(1-1)X100000=160=160metrictons］。答案：是買賣雙方對合約數(shù)量規(guī)定的“噸”有不同的理解。答題的切入點： 1)數(shù)量規(guī)定不明確； 2)不同度量衡制度下的“噸”表示的實際數(shù)量不同。Whatisaregainrate?Whydidthebuyergetabaddeal?Ifthestandardregainis10%,andactualregainis33%,whatistheconditionedweight?析：本題的解題要點：1)文中提到合同約定的數(shù)量是“20MT”，應(yīng)理解為凈重。因為計算重量的方法有毛重，凈重，公量等，而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售 14/33合同公約第五十六條，如果價格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問，應(yīng)按凈重確定。 2)合同商品的羊毛，具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性，其所含的水分受客觀環(huán)境的影響較大， 故其重量很不穩(wěn)定。 為了準(zhǔn)確計算這類商品的重量，國際貿(mào)易中買賣雙方通常會約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (公定 )回潮率，采用按公量計算的辦法。(1)答案：回潮是指貨物 (纖維材料 )在環(huán)境溫度下吸濕含水的現(xiàn)象?；爻甭蕜t是指貨物 (纖維材料 )含水重量占貨物 (纖維材料 )干重的百分比。答題的切入點：回潮 (率)的概念。(2)答案： 買方這筆交易不劃算。 因為合同中沒有明確規(guī)定計算重量的方法，只能按凈重計算。因此當(dāng)賣方實際交貨的羊毛，因具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性而其所含的水分高達(dá) 33%是， 買方也別無他法， 只得按凈重 (連帶33%的水分 )計算付款。答題的切入點：合同約定計算重量的方法不明確。(3)答案：如按公量計算，這批貨只6．54公噸。計算：ConditionedWeight=ActualWeightx[(1+StandardRegainRate)/(1+ActualRegainRate)]=20<[(1+10%)/(1+33%)]=16.54答題的切入點：公量的計算。析：本題的解題要點：導(dǎo)致買方被海關(guān)罰款的原因是單貨不符。單貨不符的原因是賣方實際交貨的包裝與信用證規(guī)定不符； 導(dǎo)致實際交貨的包裝與信用證規(guī)定不符的原因是信用證規(guī)定的包裝與合同不符 (或合同規(guī)定不夠詳細(xì)明確 )。答案：Yes買方應(yīng)得到賠償。答題的切入點： 導(dǎo)致買方被海關(guān)罰款的直接原因； 單貨不符的責(zé)任方。Chapter5CargoTransportationCalculation15/33ThepricequotedbyanexporterwasUSD38percaseFOB.TheimporterrequestedarevisedCFRLiverpoolprice.Ifthesizeofeachcasewasxx,grossweightpercasewas,freightbasiswasW/MandthequotationforisUSD100pertonofcarriage,plus20%bunkeradjustmentfactor(BAF)and10%currencyadjustmentfactor(CAF),whatwouldbetheCFRprice?W==/tM=xx=0.5x0.4x0.3=0.3M>W,MwillbeusedasfreightbasisforfreightcalculationFreightpercase=Mxbasicfreightratex(1+BAFrate+CAFrate)=0.06x100x(l+20%+10%)=USD7.8CFR=FOB+Freight=38+7.8=USD45.80Answer:TheCFRpricewouldbeUSD45.80percaseCFRLiverpool.Oneconsignmentof10cartonsofleathershoes,measurementofeachcartonis50x50x,grossweightofeachis.TheairfreightratequotedfortheflightrequiredisUSD1.3/KG.Howmuchairfreightshouldbepaidtothecarrier?W=M=(50x50x50)/63=20.M>WFreight=USD1.3/kgx20.83x10cartons=USD270.79Answer:TheairfreightisUSD270.79.CompanyAistodeliverasmallconsignmentofHardware(Total:120ctn/3cbm/6.5mt)from,to.TheLCLoceanfreightrateisUSD45.00perrateton(lcbm:lmt).Howmuchisthefreight?TotalWeight=/tTotalMeasurement=3cbm16/33M>W,soMisusedascalculationbasis.Totalfreight=BasicFreightRatexTotalQuantity=45.00x6.5=USD292.50Answer:ThetotalfreightwouldbeUSD292.50.CompanyBistoexporttheirgoodsbythree1x20'FCLContainersfrom,to.ThequotationforFCLoceanfreightrateisasfollows:O/F(Oceanfreight)rate:USD750.00/20';BAF:USD500.00/20';CAF:12%onthebasisfreightISPS(Internationalshipandportfacilitysecurity)USD10.00/20'Howmuchisthetotalfreight?Totalfreight=[O/Fx(1+CAF)+BAF+ISPS]xQuantity=[750x(1+12%)+500+10]x3=1350x3=USD4050.00Answer:ThetotalfreightwouldbeUSD4050.00.A/F(Airfreight)rate:CNY10.00/kgFSC(Fuelsurcharge):CNY11.00/kgSCC(Securitysurcharge):CNY1.20/kgHowmuchisthetotalairfreight?TotalWeight=TotalMeasurement:/63=2.5x10003/63=2.5x16杳W>M,soWisusedasthecalculationbasis.Totalairfreight=(A/F+FSC+SCC)xQuantity=(10.00+11.00+1.20)x550=CNY12210.0017/33Answer:ThetotalairfreightwouldbeCNY12210.00.ExplainthefollowingtermslinerserviceF.I.O.F.I.O.istheinitialorabbreviationsforFreeInandOut.FreeInandOutisoneofthefourmethodsusuallyusedtodividetheexpensesofloadingandunloadingbetweentheshipownerandthechartererinacharterparty.UnderF.I.O.,theship-ownerdoesnotbearanyloadingandunloadingcost.demurragedispatchmoneycontainerizationFCLFCL,ashortforFullContainerLoad,isonetypeofthetwocontainertransportationservices.Ifthegoodsareofacontainerload,FCLserviceshallbeadopted.UnderFCLservice,thefreightiscalculatedbasedoncontainercapacityandtheoriginanddestinationofthegoods,notonthequantityofthegoodsinvolvedasinthecaseofLCL,theothertypeofthecontainertransportationservices.timeofdeliveryoptionalportsOptionalportsrefertotwoormoreportsofdestinationratherthanadefinite.Theyarespecifiedinthecontract.Thesellermayaccepttwoormoreoptionalportstomeetthebuyer'sspecialrequirements,whenabuyercannot,atthetimeofcontracting,makethedecisionastowhichmarketshouldthegoodsbedeliveredto.ShortquestionsUnderwhatcircumstancesdoestimeofshipmentequaltothetimeofdelivery?18/33Timeofshipmentreferstothetimelimitforloadingthegoodsonboardthevesselattheportofshipmentwhiletimeofdeliveryreferstothetimelimitduringwhichthesellershalldeliverthegoodstothebuyerattheagreedplace.Forallshipmentcontracts,timeofshipmentequalstotimeofdeliveryandtheycanbeusedinterchangeablyinthecontract.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,contractsconcludedonthebasisoftermslikeFOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT,CIPareshipmentcontracts.Undertheshipmentcontract,thesellerfulfillshisobligationofdeliverywhenthegoodsareshippedonboardthevesselordeliveredtothecarderandtheselleronlybearsallriskspriortoshipment.Whatarethefunctionsofabilloflading?Abillofladinghasthreemajorfunctions:First,itisacargoreceipt.Second,itisevidenceofacontractofcarriage.Finally,itisadocumentoftitletothegoods.Whatarethemaintypesofbillsoflading?Billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintovariousformsaccordingtodifferentstandards.~Accordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthecarryingvessel,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintoshipped(oronboard)B/Landreceivedforshipment(orreceived)B/L.~Accordingtotheapparentconditionofthereceivedcargo,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintocleanB/LanduncleanB/L.~Accordingtotheaddressoftheconsignee,billsofladingcanbedividedintostraightB/L,orderB/LandopenB/L.~Accordingtowhethertransshipmentisinvolvedintransit,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintodirectB/LandtransshipmentB/L.~Accordingtotheperplexityorsimplicityofthebillcontent,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintolongformB/LandshortformB/L.19/33~Accordingtothepaymentconditionoffreight,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintofreightprepaidB/LandfreighttobecollectedB/L.~Accordingtothevalidity,billsofladingareclassifiedintooriginalB/LandcopyB/L.~Otherformsofbillofladingalsoexistaccordingtodifferentcircumstances.TheyarestaleB/L,ante-datedB/L,advanceB/Landon-deckB/L.Whatarethewaysofdividingchargesofloadingandunloadinginacharterparty?Fourmethodsareusuallyusedtodividetheexpensesofloadingandunloadingbetweentheship-ownerandthecharterer:~LinerTerms/GrossTermsorInandOut(I.&O.):Thesh-oipwnerbearsloadingandunloadingcost.~FreeIn(F.I.):Thesh-ipownerisonlyresponsibleforunloadingcost.~FreeOut(F.O.):Thesh-iopwnerisonlyresponsibleforloadingcost.~FreeInandOut(F.I.O.):Thesh-iopwnerdoesnotbearloadingandunloadingcost.OrF.I.O.S.T.(freeinandout,stowedandtrimmed):Theship-ownerdoesnotbearloadingandunloadingcost,notevenbeartheexpensesofstowingandtrimming.Whatfactorsaretobeconcernedinstipulatingclauseofdeliveryinacontract?Theshipmentclauseinasalescontractusuallyincludesstipulationsconcerningtimeofdelivery(timeofshipment),port(place)ofshipmentandport(place)ofdestination,partialshipments,transshipment,orlaydays,demurrageanddispatchmoney.CasestudiesABCco.signedacontracttoexport/Tofbeans.Theletterofcreditstipulated,Partialshipmentnotallowed.Whentheshipmentwasbeingmade,theexporter20/33loaded/Teachonboardthesamevesselforthesamevoyageattheofandthe.Theshipmentdocumentwasclearlymarkedwiththeportsofshipmentandthedatesofshipment.DidtheexporterviolatethetermsoftheL/C?析：本題的解題要點：ucP600第三H^一條：b.表明使用同一運輸工具并經(jīng)由同次航程運輸?shù)臄?shù)套運輸單據(jù)在同一次提交時， 只要顯示相同目的地， 將不視為部分發(fā)運， 即使運輸單據(jù)上表明的發(fā)運日期不同或裝貨港、 接管地或發(fā)運地點不同。 案例雖然沒有說明貨物是否在同一目的港卸貨，但如果沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)說明，一般認(rèn)為是同一個目的地。答案：No。賣方?jīng)]有違反信用證“不允許分批裝船”的規(guī)定。答題切入點：對轉(zhuǎn)船的定義和相關(guān)規(guī)定的理解。Deeco.signedalargeexportcontractstipulating,ShipmentwillbemadeduringAugustof2012.Butduetotheproblemswiththevessel,theshipmentwasnotmadeuntilSeptember13.Upon'srequest,thecarrierante-datedtheB/LtoAugust31.Whatcouldbetheconsequenceofante-dating?Whatwouldbethefightthingtodoincaseofapossibleshipmentdelay?析：本題的解題要點：對于倒簽提單，各國法律和海運行規(guī)都是不允許的。倒簽提單是指承運人在貨物裝船完畢，簽發(fā)提單時，應(yīng)托運人的請求將提單簽發(fā)日期提前到信用證規(guī)定的日期。 倒簽提單是一種非常嚴(yán)重的行為， 托運人的目的都是為了使提單簽發(fā)日期符合信用證的規(guī)定，順利結(jié)匯， 但對收貨人來說則構(gòu)成合謀欺詐，可能使收貨人蒙受重大損失。1）答案：倒簽提單是一種嚴(yán)重的合謀欺詐行為，托運人和承運都有可能被追究法律責(zé)任。 如使收貨人蒙受重大損失， 還會被追討經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的賠償。答題切入點：對倒簽提單及其相關(guān)規(guī)定的理解。2）答案：與買方磋商，尋求買賣雙方都能接受的解決辦法；如 1）延期信用證的有效期和船期； 2）買方同意向銀行 （開證行 ）和賣方開出保函，保證接受簽發(fā)日期遲于信用證規(guī)定日期的提單。21/