MedicalTerminology（3）TheRespiratorySystem

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IntroductionoftheRespiratorysystem

Themainfunctionoftherespiratorysystemistoprovideoxygentobodycellsforenergymetabolismandtoeliminatecarbondioxide,abyproductofmetabolism.Becausethesegasesmustbecarriedtoandfromthecellsintheblood,therespiratorysystemworkscloselywiththecardiovascularsystemtoaccomplishgasexchange.TheLung:Exchangeofgasesbetweentheatmosphereandthebloodtakesplaceinthelungs,twocone-shapedorganslocatedinthethoraciccavity.Adoublemembrane,thepleura(胸膜),coversthelungsandlinesthethoraciccavity.Theouterlayerthatisattachedtothewallofthethoraciccavityistheparietalpleura(胸膜壁層);theinnerlayerthatisattachedtothesurfaceofthelungsisthevisceralpleura(胸膜臟層).Theverythin,fluid-filledspacebetweenthetwolayersofthepleuraisthepleuralspace(胸膜腔).

Inhaledairpassesintothethroat,orpharynx(咽),whereitmixeswithairthatentersthroughthemouthandalsowithfooddestinedforthedigestivetract.Thepharynxisdividedintothreeregions:(1)anupperportion,thenasopharynx(鼻咽),behindthenasalcavity;(2)amiddleportion,theoropharynx(口咽),behindthemouth;and(3)alowerportion,thelaryngealpharynx(喉咽),behindthelarynx.Thepalatinetonsils(腭扁桃體)areoneithersideofthesoftpalate(軟腭)intheoropharynx;thepharyngealtonsils,oradenoids(咽扁桃體),areinthenasopharynx.LowerRespiratoryPassagewaysandLungs

Thepharynxconductsairintothetrachea,atubereinforcedwithC-shapedringsofcartilage(軟骨)topreventitscollapse.Ciliaintheliningofthetracheamoveimpuritiesuptowardthethroat,wheretheycanbeeliminatedbyswallowingorbyexpectoration(咳痰).Thelarynxisshapedbyninecartilages,themostprominentofwhichisthethyroidcartilageatthefrontthatformsthe“Adam’sapple.”Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsistheglottis(聲門).Thesmallleaf-shapedcartilageatthetopofthelarynxiscalledtheepiglottis(會厭).Whenoneswallows,theepiglottiscoverstheopeningofthelarynxandhelpstopreventfoodfromenteringtherespiratorytract.Atitslowerend,thetracheadividesintoarightandaleftmainstembronchus(支氣管干)thatenterthelungs.Therightbronchusisshorterandwider;itdividesintothreesecondarybronchithatenterthethreelobes(肺葉)

oftherightlung.Theleftbronchusdividesintotwobranchesthatsupplythetwolobesoftheleftlung.Thesmallestoftheconductingtubes,thebronchioles(細支氣管),carryairintothemicroscopicairsacs,theaveoli(肺泡),whroughwhichgasesareexchangedbetweenthelungsandtheblood.TheProcessofBreathing:Airismovedintoandoutofthelungsbytheprocessofbreathing,technicallycalledventilation.Thisconsistsofasteadycycleofinspiration

(inhalation)andexpiration(exhalation),separatedbyaperiodofrest.Thecyclebeginswhenthephrenicnerve(膈神經(jīng))stimulatesthediaphragm(隔膜)

tocontractandflatten,thusenlargingthechestcavity.Exercise1:

Usethesuffix-pneatobuildawordwitheachofthefollowingmeanings:1.painfulordifficultbreathingdyspnea2.easy,normal(eu-)breathing

3.lackof(a-)ofbreathing

4.rapidrate(tachy-)ofbreathing

Dyspnea(呼吸困難)Eupnea(平靜呼吸)Apnea(呼吸暫停)Tachypnea(呼吸急促)IIRootsfortheRespirationPassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEBronch/o,bronch/ibronchusbronchogenicOriginatinginabronchus(支氣管源的)bronchiolbronchiolebronchiolectasisDilatationofthebronchioles(細支氣管擴張)

Definethefollowingwords(notetheadjectivalendings):9.intranasalwithinthenose10.bronchiolar

11.bronchiectasis

12.peribronchial

13.endotracheal

14.nasopharyngeal

9.withinthenose10.pertainingtoabronchiole11.dilatationofthebronchi12.aroundthebronchi13.withinthetrachea14.pertainingtothenoseandpharynxIIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEPhren/oDiaphragmphrenicPertainingtothediaphragmPhrenic/oPhrenicnervephrenicotripsyCrushingofthephrenicnerve(膈神經(jīng)壓扎術(shù))Pleur/oPleurapleurodesisFusionofthepleura(胸膜固定術(shù))Pulm/o,pulmon/o(拉丁語源)LungsintrapulmonaryWithinthelungsPneumon/o(希臘語源)lungpneumonectomySurgicalremovalofalungorlungtissue(肺切除術(shù))IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLESpir/oBreathingspirometerInstrumentformeasuringbreathingvolumes(肺活量計)Pneum/o,pneumat/oAir,gas;alsorespiration,lungpneumatocardiaPresenceofairintheheart(心腔積氣)Exercise3：Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.between(inter)thepleura

2.belowthediaphragm

3.surgicalincisionofthephrenicnerve

4.anydiseaseofthelungs(pneumon/o)

5.recordofbreathingvolumes_

6.surgicalpuncture(-centesis)ofthepleuralspace

Interpleuralsubphrenic(膈下的)phrenicotomy(膈神經(jīng)切斷術(shù))pneumonopathy(肺臟疾病)spirogram(肺量圖，呼吸描記圖)pleurocentesis(胸腔穿刺術(shù))Definethefollowingwords:1.pneumonitis

2.