Chapter5Heckscher-OhlinTheory5.1AssumptionoftheTheory5.2TheModel5.3Factor-PriceEqualizationTheory5.4TheLeontiefParadox12/19/20221華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云Chapter5Heckscher-OhlinThChapter5Heckscher-OhlinTheoryExplainthebasisofcomparativeadvantageAnalyzetheeffectthatinternationalTradehasontheearningsoffactorsofproductioninthetwotradingnations.12/19/20222華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云Chapter5Heckscher-OhlinTh5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning1.Therearetwonations(Nation1andNation2),twocommodities(commodityXandcommodityY),andtwofactorsofproduction(laborandcapital).2.Bothnationsusethesametechnologyinproduction.12/19/20223華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning3.CommodityXislaborintensiveandcommodityYiscapitalintensiveinbothnations.CommodityXrequiresrelativelymorelabortoproducethancommodityYinbothnations.Thatis,labor-capitalratio(L/K)ishigherforcommodityXthanforcommodityYinbothnationsatthesamerelativefactorprice.

12/19/20224華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning4.Bothcommoditiesareproducedunderconstantreturnstoscaleinbothnations.5.Thereisincompletespecializationinproductioninbothnations.6.Tastesareequalinbothnations.12/19/20225華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning7.Thereisperfectcompetitioninbothcommoditiesandfactormarketsinbothnations.8.Thereisperfectfactormobilitywithineachnationbutnointernationalfactormobility.12/19/20226華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning9.Therearenotransportationcosts,tariffs,orotherobstructionstothefreeflowofinternationaltrade.10.Allresourcesarefullyemployedinbothnations.11.Internationaltradebetweenthetwonationsisbalanced.12/19/20227華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.2FactorIntensity,FactorAbundanceandtheshapeoftheproductionFrontier5.2.1FactorIntensity

WesaythatcommodityYiscapitalintensiveifcapital-laborratio(K/L)usedintheproductionofYisgreaterthanK/LusedintheproductionofX.12/19/20228華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2FactorIntensity,Factor12/19/20229華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/20229華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2.2FactorAbundanceTherearetwowaystodefinefactorabundance.Onewayisintermsofphysicalunits(i.e.,intermsoftheoverallamountofcapitalandlaboravailabletoeachnation).Anotherwaytodefinefactorabundanceisintermsofrelativefactorprices(i.e.,intermsoftherentalpriceofcapitalandthepriceoflabortimeineachnation).12/19/202210華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2.2FactorAbundance5.2.2FactorAbundance1.Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratioofthetotalamountofcapitaltothetotalamountoflabor(TK/TL)availableinnation2isgreaterthanthatinNation1(physicalunits).2.Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratioofrentalpriceofcapitaltothepriceoflabor(PK/PL)islowerinNation2thaninNation1(factorprice).12/19/202211華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2.2FactorAbundance1.Nati5.3TheHeckscaher-OhlinTheory

5.3.1Introduction12/19/202212華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3TheHeckscaher-OhlinTheo5.3.2TheHeckscher-OhlinTheorem

Anationwillexportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofthenation’srelativelyabundantandcheapfactorandimportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofthenation’srelativelyscarceandexpensivefactor.Inshort,therelativelylabor-richnationexportstherelativelylabor-intensivecommodityandimportstherelativelycapital-intensivecommodity.12/19/202213華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.2TheHeckscher-OhlinThe5.3.3GeneralEquilibriumFrameworkoftheH-OTheory5.3.4IllustrationoftheH-OTheory12/19/202214華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.3GeneralEquilibriumFra12/19/202215華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/202215華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.5AsimpletestificationoftheH-Otheory

例：

技術(shù)系數(shù)·要素價(jià)格·成本差距表I國(guó)II國(guó)(1)技術(shù)系數(shù)勞動(dòng)(A)資本(B)(2)要素價(jià)格勞動(dòng)(W)資本(R)(3)成本P=W·A+R·B

0.7540日元 200日元40日元 200日元PX=80日元PY=160日元0.751美元 1美元1美元 1美元Px=1美元Py=1美元12/19/202216華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.5Asimpletestification例：I國(guó)用大寫母、II國(guó)用小寫字母來(lái)表示。X商品不加撇，Y商品則加撇。在一般情況下，大寫字母、不加撇就是在說(shuō)明I國(guó)X商品?，F(xiàn)在假定商品成本P可以按下式計(jì)劃：P=W·A+R·B （1）這里A和B是每單位產(chǎn)品所需要的勞動(dòng)量和資本量，W是勞動(dòng)價(jià)格，即工資，R是資本價(jià)格，即利潤(rùn)率（=利息率）。

12/19/202217華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：I國(guó)用大寫母、II國(guó)用小寫字母來(lái)表示。X商品不加撇，Y商例：同時(shí)還要做如下假定：1．每種商品的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)系數(shù)兩國(guó)完全相同。即：A=a，B=b，A'=a'，B'=b'（2）因此這種情況稱為“同一技術(shù)系數(shù)”即：，12/19/202218華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：同時(shí)還要做如下假定：12/16/202218華中科技大學(xué)例：2．但是同X商品相比，Y商品采取資本密集的技術(shù)系數(shù)即： （3）3．各國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)要素可以自由流動(dòng)，通過(guò)市場(chǎng)的完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，等質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)要素在各產(chǎn)業(yè)部門都得到相同的報(bào)酬，不存在工資差異和利潤(rùn)率差異：W=W'，R=R'，w=w'，r=r'（4）12/19/202219華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：2．但是同X商品相比，Y商品采取資本密集的技術(shù)系數(shù)即：1例：4．但是勞動(dòng)和資本的相對(duì)價(jià)格Q=W/R兩國(guó)相比，1國(guó)勞動(dòng)較便宜，資本較貴，即：Q=Q'＜q=q' （5）12/19/202220華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：4．但是勞動(dòng)和資本的相對(duì)價(jià)格Q=W/R兩國(guó)相比，1國(guó)勞動(dòng)例：做了上述準(zhǔn)備，根據(jù)假定的(3)式和(5)式，最后如能證明I國(guó)X商品、II國(guó)Y商品具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)就可以了。即證明PX/PY＜px/py，換言之能證明PX/PY－px/py＜0就可以了。根據(jù)(1)式：12/19/202221華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：做了上述準(zhǔn)備，根據(jù)假定的(3)式和(5)式，最后如能證明例：再把(2)式和(4)式考慮進(jìn)去，就成為：12/19/202222華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：再把(2)式和(4)式考慮進(jìn)去，就成為：12/16/20例：但是根據(jù)假定,Q＜q,ρ＜ρ',所以(Q－q)＜0,(ρ'－ρ)＞0,即:(Q－q)(ρ1'－ρ1)＜0 (6)因此，最后整個(gè)式子是負(fù)數(shù)。從而證明了PX/PY－px/py＜0,即PX/PY＜px/py12/19/202223華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：但是根據(jù)假定,Q＜q,ρ＜ρ',所以12/16/2025.4Factor-PriceEqualizationTheoremandIncomeDistribution

ItwasPaulSamuelson(1976NobelPrizeineconomics)whorigorouslyprovedthistheorem(corollary)(alsocalledH-O-Stheorem)12/19/202224華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4Factor-PriceEqualization5.4.1TheFactor-priceEqualizationTheorem

Wecanstatethefactor-priceequalization(H-O-S)theoremasfollows:Internationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationintherelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.Assuch,internationaltradeisasubstitutefortheinternationalmobilityoffactors.12/19/202225華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.1TheFactor-priceEquali5.4.1TheFactor-priceEqualizationTheoremForexample:Laborinalltradingnationswillhavethesamereturn(wages);capitalreturnwillbethesametoo.12/19/202226華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.1TheFactor-priceEquali5.4.1TheFactor-priceEqualizationTheoremInnational1,WeknowthatintheabsenceoftradetherelativepriceofcommodityXislowerinNation1thaninNation2becausetherelativepriceoflabor,orthewagerate,islowerinNation1.AsNation1specializesintheproductionofcommodityX(theL-intensivecommodity)andreducesitsproductionofcommodityY(theK-intensivecommodity),therelativedemandforlaborrises,causingwages(W)torise,whiletherelativedemandforcapitalfalls,causingtheinterestrate(r)tofall.12/19/202227華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.1TheFactor-priceEquali5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization

Ifalltheassumptionshold.Therewouldbeaonetoonerelationshipbetweenw/randPX/PY.Relativefactor-priceequalizationmeansandalsow/r=(w/r)*seeFigure5-512/19/202228華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualizationAbsolutefactor-pricesequalization

①Equationofalsolutefactorpricesmeansthatfreeinternationaltradealsoequalizestherealwagesforthesametypeoflaborinthetwonationsandtherealrateofinterestforthesametypeofcapitalinthetwonations.12/19/202229華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization②proofEuler'stheorem:ifconstantreturnstoscaleprevailinproductionandifeachfactorisrewarded(paid)accordingtoitsproductivity,theoutputproducedisexhaustedandjustexhausted.Specifically,themarginalphysicalproductoflabor

12/19/202230華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF12/19/202231華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/202231華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization(MPL)timestheamountoflaborusedinproduction(L)plusthemarginalphysicalproductofcapital(MPK)timestheamountofcapitalusedinproduction(K)exactlyequalstheoutputproduced.ThesameistrueforcommodityY.Inequationform,Euler'stheoremintheproductionofcommodityXcanbeexpressedas(MPL)(L)+(MPK)(K)=X (5A-1)12/19/202232華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualizationDividingbothsidesbyLandrearranging:X/L=MPL+(MPK)(K)/L (5A-2)FactoringoutMPL:

X/L=MPL[(1+K/L)(MPK/MPL)] (5A-3)12/19/202233華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualizationWithtrade,Nation1producesatpointBandNation2producesatpointB'.SinceatpointsBandB',w/risthesameinbothnations,MPK/MPLisalsothesameinbothnations.WealsoknowthatatpointsBandB',K/LintheproductionofcommodityXisthesameinbothnations.

12/19/202234華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization

Finally,X/ListheaverageproductoflaborintheproductionofcommodityX—andthisisalsothesameinthetwonationsbecauseoftheassumptionsofconstantreturnstoscaleandthesametechnology.Asaresult,thelastremainingcomponent(MPL)inequation5A-3mustalsobethesameintheproductionofcommodityXinbothnationsifEquation5A-3istohold.12/19/202235華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.3EffectofTradeontheDistributionofIncome.TradeIncreasesthepriceofthenation'sabundantandcheapfactorandreducesthepriceofitsscarceandexpensivefactor.TherealincomeofLaborandofownersofCapitalmoveinthesomedirectionasthemovementinfactorprices.12/19/202236華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.3EffectofTradeonthe5.4.3EffectofTradeontheDistributionofIncome.E.g.developednationscaseanddevelopingnationscaseandthepolicyimplication.empiricalRelevanceSometimes,itismorerealistictosaythatinternationaltradehasreduced,ratherthancompletelyeliminated,theinternationaldifferenceinthereturnstohomogeneousfactors.12/19/202237華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.3EffectofTradeonthe5.5theLeontiefParadoxThefirstempiricaltestoftheH-OmodelwasconductedbyWassilyLeontief.Forthistest,Leontiefutilizedtheinput-outputtableoftheU.S.economytocalculatetheamountoflaborandcapitalina"representativebundle"of$1millionworthofU.S.exportsimportsubstitutesfortheyear1947.12/19/202238華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.5theLeontiefParadoxThefi5.5theLeontiefParadox5.5.1Theresultsofthetestwerestartling,U.S.importsubstituteswereabout30percentmoreKintensivethanU.S.exports.——Leontiefparadox5.5.2ExplanationsoftheLeontiefparadox12/19/202239華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.5theLeontiefParadox.2ExplanationsoftheLeontiefparadox1.SkilledLaborTheory(Leontief)

Sincein1947U.S.laborwasaboutthreetimesasproductiveasforeignlabor,theUnitedStateswasreallyanL-abundantnationtoU.S.importsubstitutes.12/19/202240華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.5.2ExplanationsoftheLeo5.5.2ExplanationsoftheLeontiefparadox2.HumanCapitalTheory(P.B.Kenen)Humancapitalreferstotheeducation,jobtraining,andhealthembodiedinworkers,whichincreasetheirproductivity.TheimplicationisthatsinceU.S.laborembodiesmorehumancapitalthanforeignlabor,addingthehumancapitalcomponenttophysicalcapitalwouldmakeU.S.exportsmoreKintensiverelativetoU.S.importsubstitutes.12/19/202241華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.5.2ExplanationsoftheLeo12/19/202242華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/202242華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.5.2ExplanationsoftheLeontiefparadox3.TheoryofTechnologicalGap(M.U.Posner,W.Gruber,R.Vernon)TechnologyistheresulttoinvestinR&D,andisalsoonekindofproductionfactor.Ofcoursethereexistcomparativetechnologyadvantagesforthetechnologygapamongnations.12/19/202243華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.5.2ExplanationsoftheLeo5.6Factor-IntensityReversal

Factor-intensityreversalreferstothesituationwhereagivencommodityistheL-intensivecommodityintheL-abundantnationandtheK-intensivecommodityintheK-abundantnation.12/19/202244華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.6Factor-IntensityReversal5.6Factor-IntensityReversalIllustrationofFactor-IntensityReversal12/19/202245華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.6Factor-IntensityReversalI12/19/202246華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/202246華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云Chapter5Heckscher-OhlinTheory5.1AssumptionoftheTheory5.2TheModel5.3Factor-PriceEqualizationTheory5.4TheLeontiefParadox12/19/202247華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云Chapter5Heckscher-OhlinThChapter5Heckscher-OhlinTheoryExplainthebasisofcomparativeadvantageAnalyzetheeffectthatinternationalTradehasontheearningsoffactorsofproductioninthetwotradingnations.12/19/202248華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云Chapter5Heckscher-OhlinTh5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning1.Therearetwonations(Nation1andNation2),twocommodities(commodityXandcommodityY),andtwofactorsofproduction(laborandcapital).2.Bothnationsusethesametechnologyinproduction.12/19/202249華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning3.CommodityXislaborintensiveandcommodityYiscapitalintensiveinbothnations.CommodityXrequiresrelativelymorelabortoproducethancommodityYinbothnations.Thatis,labor-capitalratio(L/K)ishigherforcommodityXthanforcommodityYinbothnationsatthesamerelativefactorprice.

12/19/202250華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning4.Bothcommoditiesareproducedunderconstantreturnstoscaleinbothnations.5.Thereisincompletespecializationinproductioninbothnations.6.Tastesareequalinbothnations.12/19/202251華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning7.Thereisperfectcompetitioninbothcommoditiesandfactormarketsinbothnations.8.Thereisperfectfactormobilitywithineachnationbutnointernationalfactormobility.12/19/202252華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.1AssumptionoftheTheoryandthemeaning9.Therearenotransportationcosts,tariffs,orotherobstructionstothefreeflowofinternationaltrade.10.Allresourcesarefullyemployedinbothnations.11.Internationaltradebetweenthetwonationsisbalanced.12/19/202253華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.1AssumptionoftheTheorya5.2FactorIntensity,FactorAbundanceandtheshapeoftheproductionFrontier5.2.1FactorIntensity

WesaythatcommodityYiscapitalintensiveifcapital-laborratio(K/L)usedintheproductionofYisgreaterthanK/LusedintheproductionofX.12/19/202254華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2FactorIntensity,Factor12/19/202255華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/20229華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2.2FactorAbundanceTherearetwowaystodefinefactorabundance.Onewayisintermsofphysicalunits(i.e.,intermsoftheoverallamountofcapitalandlaboravailabletoeachnation).Anotherwaytodefinefactorabundanceisintermsofrelativefactorprices(i.e.,intermsoftherentalpriceofcapitalandthepriceoflabortimeineachnation).12/19/202256華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2.2FactorAbundance5.2.2FactorAbundance1.Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratioofthetotalamountofcapitaltothetotalamountoflabor(TK/TL)availableinnation2isgreaterthanthatinNation1(physicalunits).2.Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratioofrentalpriceofcapitaltothepriceoflabor(PK/PL)islowerinNation2thaninNation1(factorprice).12/19/202257華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.2.2FactorAbundance1.Nati5.3TheHeckscaher-OhlinTheory

5.3.1Introduction12/19/202258華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3TheHeckscaher-OhlinTheo5.3.2TheHeckscher-OhlinTheorem

Anationwillexportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofthenation’srelativelyabundantandcheapfactorandimportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofthenation’srelativelyscarceandexpensivefactor.Inshort,therelativelylabor-richnationexportstherelativelylabor-intensivecommodityandimportstherelativelycapital-intensivecommodity.12/19/202259華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.2TheHeckscher-OhlinThe5.3.3GeneralEquilibriumFrameworkoftheH-OTheory5.3.4IllustrationoftheH-OTheory12/19/202260華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.3GeneralEquilibriumFra12/19/202261華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/202215華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.5AsimpletestificationoftheH-Otheory

例：

技術(shù)系數(shù)·要素價(jià)格·成本差距表I國(guó)II國(guó)(1)技術(shù)系數(shù)勞動(dòng)(A)資本(B)(2)要素價(jià)格勞動(dòng)(W)資本(R)(3)成本P=W·A+R·B

0.7540日元 200日元40日元 200日元PX=80日元PY=160日元0.751美元 1美元1美元 1美元Px=1美元Py=1美元12/19/202262華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.3.5Asimpletestification例：I國(guó)用大寫母、II國(guó)用小寫字母來(lái)表示。X商品不加撇，Y商品則加撇。在一般情況下，大寫字母、不加撇就是在說(shuō)明I國(guó)X商品?，F(xiàn)在假定商品成本P可以按下式計(jì)劃：P=W·A+R·B （1）這里A和B是每單位產(chǎn)品所需要的勞動(dòng)量和資本量，W是勞動(dòng)價(jià)格，即工資，R是資本價(jià)格，即利潤(rùn)率（=利息率）。

12/19/202263華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：I國(guó)用大寫母、II國(guó)用小寫字母來(lái)表示。X商品不加撇，Y商例：同時(shí)還要做如下假定：1．每種商品的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)系數(shù)兩國(guó)完全相同。即：A=a，B=b，A'=a'，B'=b'（2）因此這種情況稱為“同一技術(shù)系數(shù)”即：，12/19/202264華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：同時(shí)還要做如下假定：12/16/202218華中科技大學(xué)例：2．但是同X商品相比，Y商品采取資本密集的技術(shù)系數(shù)即： （3）3．各國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)要素可以自由流動(dòng)，通過(guò)市場(chǎng)的完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，等質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)要素在各產(chǎn)業(yè)部門都得到相同的報(bào)酬，不存在工資差異和利潤(rùn)率差異：W=W'，R=R'，w=w'，r=r'（4）12/19/202265華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：2．但是同X商品相比，Y商品采取資本密集的技術(shù)系數(shù)即：1例：4．但是勞動(dòng)和資本的相對(duì)價(jià)格Q=W/R兩國(guó)相比，1國(guó)勞動(dòng)較便宜，資本較貴，即：Q=Q'＜q=q' （5）12/19/202266華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：4．但是勞動(dòng)和資本的相對(duì)價(jià)格Q=W/R兩國(guó)相比，1國(guó)勞動(dòng)例：做了上述準(zhǔn)備，根據(jù)假定的(3)式和(5)式，最后如能證明I國(guó)X商品、II國(guó)Y商品具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)就可以了。即證明PX/PY＜px/py，換言之能證明PX/PY－px/py＜0就可以了。根據(jù)(1)式：12/19/202267華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：做了上述準(zhǔn)備，根據(jù)假定的(3)式和(5)式，最后如能證明例：再把(2)式和(4)式考慮進(jìn)去，就成為：12/19/202268華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：再把(2)式和(4)式考慮進(jìn)去，就成為：12/16/20例：但是根據(jù)假定,Q＜q,ρ＜ρ',所以(Q－q)＜0,(ρ'－ρ)＞0,即:(Q－q)(ρ1'－ρ1)＜0 (6)因此，最后整個(gè)式子是負(fù)數(shù)。從而證明了PX/PY－px/py＜0,即PX/PY＜px/py12/19/202269華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云例：但是根據(jù)假定,Q＜q,ρ＜ρ',所以12/16/2025.4Factor-PriceEqualizationTheoremandIncomeDistribution

ItwasPaulSamuelson(1976NobelPrizeineconomics)whorigorouslyprovedthistheorem(corollary)(alsocalledH-O-Stheorem)12/19/202270華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4Factor-PriceEqualization5.4.1TheFactor-priceEqualizationTheorem

Wecanstatethefactor-priceequalization(H-O-S)theoremasfollows:Internationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationintherelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.Assuch,internationaltradeisasubstitutefortheinternationalmobilityoffactors.12/19/202271華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.1TheFactor-priceEquali5.4.1TheFactor-priceEqualizationTheoremForexample:Laborinalltradingnationswillhavethesamereturn(wages);capitalreturnwillbethesametoo.12/19/202272華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.1TheFactor-priceEquali5.4.1TheFactor-priceEqualizationTheoremInnational1,WeknowthatintheabsenceoftradetherelativepriceofcommodityXislowerinNation1thaninNation2becausetherelativepriceoflabor,orthewagerate,islowerinNation1.AsNation1specializesintheproductionofcommodityX(theL-intensivecommodity)andreducesitsproductionofcommodityY(theK-intensivecommodity),therelativedemandforlaborrises,causingwages(W)torise,whiletherelativedemandforcapitalfalls,causingtheinterestrate(r)tofall.12/19/202273華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.1TheFactor-priceEquali5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization

Ifalltheassumptionshold.Therewouldbeaonetoonerelationshipbetweenw/randPX/PY.Relativefactor-priceequalizationmeansandalsow/r=(w/r)*seeFigure5-512/19/202274華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualizationAbsolutefactor-pricesequalization

①Equationofalsolutefactorpricesmeansthatfreeinternationaltradealsoequalizestherealwagesforthesametypeoflaborinthetwonationsandtherealrateofinterestforthesametypeofcapitalinthetwonations.12/19/202275華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization②proofEuler'stheorem:ifconstantreturnstoscaleprevailinproductionandifeachfactorisrewarded(paid)accordingtoitsproductivity,theoutputproducedisexhaustedandjustexhausted.Specifically,themarginalphysicalproductoflabor

12/19/202276華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF12/19/202277華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云12/16/202231華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization(MPL)timestheamountoflaborusedinproduction(L)plusthemarginalphysicalproductofcapital(MPK)timestheamountofcapitalusedinproduction(K)exactlyequalstheoutputproduced.ThesameistrueforcommodityY.Inequationform,Euler'stheoremintheproductionofcommodityXcanbeexpressedas(MPL)(L)+(MPK)(K)=X (5A-1)12/19/202278華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualizationDividingbothsidesbyLandrearranging:X/L=MPL+(MPK)(K)/L (5A-2)FactoringoutMPL:

X/L=MPL[(1+K/L)(MPK/MPL)] (5A-3)12/19/202279華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualizationWithtrade,Nation1producesatpointBandNation2producesatpointB'.SinceatpointsBandB',w/risthesameinbothnations,MPK/MPLisalsothesameinbothnations.WealsoknowthatatpointsBandB',K/LintheproductionofcommodityXisthesameinbothnations.

12/19/202280華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization

Finally,X/ListheaverageproductoflaborintheproductionofcommodityX—andthisisalsothesameinthetwonationsbecauseoftheassumptionsofconstantreturnstoscaleandthesametechnology.Asaresult,thelastremainingcomponent(MPL)inequation5A-3mustalsobethesameintheproductionofcommodityXinbothnationsifEquation5A-3istohold.12/19/202281華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteF5.4.3EffectofTradeontheDistributionofIncome.TradeIncreasesthepriceofthenation'sabundantandcheapfactorandreducesthepriceofitsscarceandexpensivefactor.TherealincomeofLaborandofownersofCapitalmoveinthesomedirectionasthemovementinfactorprices.12/19/202282華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院劉海云5.4.3EffectofTradeonthe5.4.3EffectofTradeontheDistributionofIncome.E.g.developednationscaseanddevelopingnationscaseandthepolicyimplication.empiricalRelevance