生產(chǎn)與運作管理

ProductionandOperations

Management第二章設施設計DesignofFacilities生產(chǎn)與運作管理

ProductionandOperati第二章設施與作業(yè)設計

（DesignofFacilitiesandJobs）設施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）

設施布置（FacilityLayout）*作業(yè)設計（JobDesign）

第二章設施與作業(yè)設計

（DesignofFacili第一節(jié)設施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）設施位置決策（Decision）設施位置選擇的因素（Considerations）設施位置分析方法（Methods）第一節(jié)設施位置選擇（FacilityLocationInGeneral-LocationDecisionsLong-termdecisionsDifficulttoreverseAffectfixed&variablecostsTransportationcostAsmuchas25%ofproductpriceOthercosts:Taxes,wages,rentetc.Objective:MaximizebenefitoflocationtofirmInGeneral-LocationDecisionIndustrialLocationDecisionsCostfocusRevenuevarieslittle

betweenlocationsLocationisamajor

costfactorAffectsshipping&

productioncosts(e.g.,labor)Costsvarygreatlybetween

locationsIndustrialLocationDecisionsCServiceLocationDecisionsRevenuefocusCostsvarylittlebetweenmarketareasLocationisamajor

revenuefactorAffectsamountof

customercontactAffectsvolumeof

businessServiceLocationDecisionsReveLocationDecisionSequenceCountryRegion/CommunitySiteLocationDecisionSequenceCounFactorsAffectingLocation資源（人力、原材料、能源、資本、土地的價格及其供應狀況）運輸（費用及其設施狀況）市場（需求量、結(jié)構(gòu)、競爭、價格、顧客分布及其需求特點）建筑（費用及其條件）；稅收、保險（種類、政策及其水平）；自然條件（氣候、地理位置、地質(zhì)狀況）；經(jīng)濟條件（基礎設施、生活質(zhì)量）；社會條件（文化習俗、公眾態(tài)度）；政治條件（政府政策及其態(tài)度、政治穩(wěn)定）。FactorsAffectingLocation資源（人LocationEvaluationMethodsFactor-ratingmethodLocationalbreak-evenanalysisCenterofgravitymethodTransportationmodelLocationEvaluationMethodsFacFactor-RatingMethodMostwidelyusedlocationtechniqueUsefulforservice&industriallocationsRateslocationsusingfactorsIntangible(qualitative)factorsExample:Educationquality,laborskillsTangible(quantitative)factorsExample:Short-run&long-runcostsFactor-RatingMethodMostwidelExample：FactorRatingMethodExample：FactorRatingMethodMethodofcost-volumeanalysisusedforindustriallocationsStepsDeterminefixed&variablecostsforeachlocationPlottotalcostforeachlocationSelectlocationwithlowesttotalcostforexpectedproductionvolumeMustbeabovebreak-evenLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisMethodofcost-volumeanalysisLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisExampleYou’reananalystforACDelco.You’reconsideringanewmanufacturingplantinAkron,BowlingGreen,orChicago.Fixedcostsperyearare$30k,$60k,&$110krespectively.Variablecostspercaseare$75,$45,&$25respectively.Thepricepercaseis$120.Whatisthebestlocationforanexpectedvolumeof2,000casesperyear?LocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisLocationalBreak-EvenCrossoverChart050000100000150000200000050010001500200025003000VolumeAnnualCostAkronChicagoBowlingGreenAkronlowestcostBowlingGreenlowestcostChicagolowestcostLocationalBreak-EvenCrossoveCenterofGravityMethodFindslocationof

singledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsidersLocationofexistingdestinations

Example:Markets,retailersetc.VolumetobeshippedShippingdistance(orcost)Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstant

CenterofGravityMethodFindsCenterofGravityMethodStepsPlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategridGridhasarbitraryorigin&scaleMaintainsrelativedistances

Calculatex&ycoordinatesfor‘centerofgravity’GiveslocationofdistributioncenterMinimizestransportationcostCenterofGravityMethodStepsMinimizestransportationcostMinimizestransportationcostCenterofgravityCenterofgravityExamplexy(x*,y*)2000100010002000x*=66.7y*=93.3Examplexy(x*,y*)2000100010002TransportationModelFindsamounttobeshippedfromseveral

sourcestoseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforindustriallocationsTypeoflinearprogrammingmodelObjective:Minimizetotalproduction

&shippingcostsConstraintsProductioncapacityatsource(factory)DemandrequirementatdestinationTransportationModelFindsamouExample：TransportationModelExample：TransportationModel在S4的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S4的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S5的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S5的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S6的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S6的最優(yōu)結(jié)果最優(yōu)廠址S4——34698S5——34867S6——34818S4：最優(yōu)廠址最優(yōu)廠址S4——34698第二節(jié)設施布置（FacilityLayout）布置的目標(Objectives)布置的類型(Type)布置的方法(Methods)第二節(jié)設施布置（FacilityLayout）布置的目WhatisFacilityLayoutLocationorarrangementofeverythingwithin&aroundbuildingsObjectivesaretomaximizeCustomersatisfactionUtilizationofspace,equipment,&peopleEfficientflowofinformation,material,&peopleEmployeemorale&safetyWhatisFacilityLayoutLocatioConstraintsonLayoutObjectivesProductdesign&volumeProcessequipment&capacityQualityofworklifeBuildingandsiteConstraintsonLayoutObjectiv重新布置的具體原因(Reasons)（１）低效率的作業(yè)（例如，高費用、瓶頸）。（２）安全事故或危險。（３）新產(chǎn)品或服務的引進。（４）產(chǎn)品或服務設計的變化。（５）新工藝的引進，原有工藝的改進。（６）產(chǎn)量或產(chǎn)品組合的變化（７）方法或設備的變化。（８）環(huán)境或其他法規(guī)要求的變化。（9）士氣問題（例如，缺乏面對面的接觸）。重新布置的具體原因(Reasons)（１）低效率的作業(yè)（例如布置的基本類型(BasicTypeofLayouts)Process-orientedlayoutdealswithlow-volume,high-varietyproduction(“jobshop”,intermittentproduction)Product-orientedlayoutseeksthebestpersonnelandmachineuseinrepetitiveorcontinuousproductionFixed-positionlayoutlargebulkyprojectssuchasshipsandbuildings布置的基本類型(BasicTypeofLayouts面向過程布置(Process-OrientedLayout)按加工處理的工藝性質(zhì)分別設置相應的生產(chǎn)單位，使產(chǎn)品或顧客依次經(jīng)過相應的各生產(chǎn)單位接受所需的特殊的加工處理或服務。一個生產(chǎn)單位是一種工藝性質(zhì)的設備、工人等的集合體，進行一種工藝性質(zhì)的加工處理或服務。它能處理各種具有不同加工要求的但加工性質(zhì)相同的產(chǎn)品或服務。面向過程布置(Process-OrientedLayout面向產(chǎn)品布置(Product-OrientedLayout)按產(chǎn)品或顧客的性質(zhì)分別設置相應的生產(chǎn)單位，使某種產(chǎn)品或顧客在一個生產(chǎn)作業(yè)單位里的得到所需的幾乎全部的加工或服務。一個生產(chǎn)作業(yè)單位是多種工藝性質(zhì)的設備、工人等的集合體，進行規(guī)定的各種工藝性質(zhì)的工或處理。它是借助于高度標準化的產(chǎn)品或服務及其所需用的高度標準化的作業(yè)得以實現(xiàn)的。一項工作被劃分成一系列的標準作業(yè)，以實現(xiàn)勞動和設備的專業(yè)化。面向產(chǎn)品布置(Product-OrientedLayout固定位置布置(Fixed-PositionLayout)產(chǎn)品或項目的位置保持不變，而人員、物料和設備在需要時移動的布置。它與面向產(chǎn)品布置和面向工藝（過程）布置截然相反，是人員、物料和設備向“產(chǎn)品”移動，而不是相反。產(chǎn)品的特點決定了這種布置，大的重量、尺寸、體積、以及其他因素致使產(chǎn)品或?qū)ο蟛贿m宜或極其難以移動，而必須采用這種布置方式。固定位置布置(Fixed-PositionLayoutJobShopLayoutJobShopLayoutEmergencyRoomLayoutSurgeryRadiologyE.R.bedsPharmacyBilling/exitE.R.TriageroomE.R.AdmissionsPatientB-erraticpacemakerPatientA-brokenlegHallwayEmergencyRoomLayoutSurgeryRaRepetitiveLayout13245WorkOfficeBeltConveyorWorkStationNote:5tasksoroperations;3workstationsWorkStationStationRepetitiveLayout13245WorkOffiStepsinDevelopinga

Process-OrientedLayoutConstructa“from-tomatrix”DeterminespacerequirementsforeachdepartmentDevelopaninitialschematicdiagramDeterminethecostofthislayoutBytrial-and-error(ormoresophisticatedmeans),trytoimprovetheinitiallayoutPrepareadetailedplanthatevaluatesfactorsinadditiontotransportationcostStepsinDevelopinga

ProcessCostofProcess-OrientedLayout面向工藝布置，按已設計的工藝流程，根據(jù)工藝性質(zhì)的不同，劃分出若干個生產(chǎn)單位，然后確定各生產(chǎn)單位的相對空間位置。主要問題：確定各生產(chǎn)單位的相對位置，使其相互之間的總運輸量或費用最小，即CostofProcess-OrientedLayouInterdepartmentalFlowofParts:from-tomatrix12345612345650100002030501002001005000InterdepartmentalFlowofPartPossibleLayout1Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6PossibleLayout1Room1 RoomInterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads11005030102050201005023456C=(50+200+40)+(30+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$570InterdepartmentalFlowGraphSPossibleLayout2Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6PossibleLayout2Room1 RoomInterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads21005030102050201005013456C=(50+100+20)+(60+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$480InterdepartmentalFlowGraphSComputerProgramstoAssistinLayoutCRAFTSPACECRAFTCRAFT3-DMULTIPLECORELAPALDEPCOFADFADES-expertsystemComputerProgramstoAssistinRelationshipChart1PresidentO2CostingUAA3EngineeringIO4President’sSecretary1234A=AbsolutelynecessaryE=EspeciallyimportantI=ImportantO=OrdinaryU=UnimportantX=NotDesirableRelationshipChart1PresidentOProduct-OrientedRequirementsStandardizedproductHighproductionvolumeStableproductionquantitiesUniformqualityofrawmaterials&componentsProduct-OrientedRequirementsSProduct-OrientedLayoutTypesAssemblesfabricatedpartsUsesworkstationRepetitiveprocessPacedbytasksBalancedbymovingtasksBuildscomponentsUsesseriesofmachinesRepetitiveprocessMachinepacedBalancedbyphysicalredesignFabricationLineAssemblyLineProduct-OrientedLayoutTypesAAssemblyLineBalancingAnalysisofproductionlinesNearlyequallydividesworkbetweenworkstationswhilemeetingrequiredoutputObjectivesMaximizeefficiencyMinimizenumberof

workstationsAssemblyLineBalancingAnalysiAssemblyLineBalancingSteps1. Determinetasks(operations)2. Determinesequence3. Drawprecedencediagram4. Estimatetasktimes5. Calculatecycletime6. Assigntasks7. Calculatenumberofworkstations8. CalculateefficiencyAssemblyLineBalancingSteps1AssemblyLineBalancingEquationsCycletime,CT=Productiontimeavailable

DemandperdayMinimumnumberofworkstationsTasktimesCycletimeNmin=Efficiency,BE=Tasktimes*(Cycletime)(Actualnumberofworkstations)BalanceDelay,BD=1—Tasktimes*(Cycletime)(Actualnumberofworkstations)AssemblyLineBalancingEquati可行的作業(yè)分配分配給每個工作地的作業(yè)，必須：（1）滿足作業(yè)之間的優(yōu)先(precedence)關系；（2）分配給每個工作地的作業(yè)的時間之和必須不大于周期時間?？尚械淖鳂I(yè)分配分配給每個工作地的作業(yè)，必須：LayoutHeuristicsforAssigningTasksinAssemblyLineBalancingLongesttasktime-choosetaskwithlongestoperationtimeMostfollowingtasks-choosetaskwithlargestnumberoffollowingtasksRankedpositionalweight

-choosetaskwherethesumofthetimesforeachfollowingtaskislongestShortesttasktime-choosetaskwithshortestoperationtimeLeastnumberoffollowingtasks-choosetaskwithfewestsubsequenttasksRandom–choosetaskrandomlyLayoutHeuristicsforAssigninExampleTaskABCDEFGHITime(min.)1011541237113Taskmustfollow--ABBAC,DFEG,HABEHCDFGI10Min.51112373411480productivemin.,complete40units,eachday.ExampleTaskABCDEFGHITime101154ExampleExampleExampleC=12min.LongesttasktimeABEHCDFGI10Min.51112373411ExampleC=12min.ABEHCDFGI10Example:SixStationSolutionABCEDFGIH1011537311124Example:SixStationSolutionAExampleAEBH10111210工作時間0022空閑時間C,D,FG,I121111ExampleAEBH10111210工作時間0022空閑時CellularLayout-WorkCellsSpecialcaseofproduct-orientedlayout-inwhatisordinarilyaprocess-orientedfacilityConsistsofdifferent

machinesbroughttogethertomakeaproductTemporaryarrangementonlyCellularLayout-WorkCellsSp222333444111222333444111銑床車床鉆床熱處理齒輪銑車床鉆床熱處理磨床銑床銑床熱處理磨床車床銑床鉆床齒輪銑裝配單元布置222222444444111333111裝配111444222333333222333111銑床車床磨床鉆床熱處理齒輪銑面向過程布置111333111444222222333444111222333444111銑床車床鉆床WorkCellFloorPlanOfficeToolRoomWorkCellSawsDrillsWorkCellFloorPlanOfficeToolWorkCellAdvantagesInventoryFloorspaceDirectlaborcostsEquipmentutilizationEmployeeparticipationQualityWorkCellAdvantagesInventoryERequirementsforCellularProductionIdentificationoffamiliesofproducts-grouptechnologycodesHighleveloftrainingandflexibilityonthepartoftheemployeesEitherstaffsupportorflexible,imaginativeemployeestoestablishtheworkcellsinitiallyRequirementsforCellularProd案例：SSS唱機制造公司文本分析案例：SSS唱機制造公司文本生產(chǎn)與運作管理

ProductionandOperations

Management第二章設施設計DesignofFacilities生產(chǎn)與運作管理

ProductionandOperati第二章設施與作業(yè)設計

（DesignofFacilitiesandJobs）設施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）

設施布置（FacilityLayout）*作業(yè)設計（JobDesign）

第二章設施與作業(yè)設計

（DesignofFacili第一節(jié)設施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）設施位置決策（Decision）設施位置選擇的因素（Considerations）設施位置分析方法（Methods）第一節(jié)設施位置選擇（FacilityLocationInGeneral-LocationDecisionsLong-termdecisionsDifficulttoreverseAffectfixed&variablecostsTransportationcostAsmuchas25%ofproductpriceOthercosts:Taxes,wages,rentetc.Objective:MaximizebenefitoflocationtofirmInGeneral-LocationDecisionIndustrialLocationDecisionsCostfocusRevenuevarieslittle

betweenlocationsLocationisamajor

costfactorAffectsshipping&

productioncosts(e.g.,labor)Costsvarygreatlybetween

locationsIndustrialLocationDecisionsCServiceLocationDecisionsRevenuefocusCostsvarylittlebetweenmarketareasLocationisamajor

revenuefactorAffectsamountof

customercontactAffectsvolumeof

businessServiceLocationDecisionsReveLocationDecisionSequenceCountryRegion/CommunitySiteLocationDecisionSequenceCounFactorsAffectingLocation資源（人力、原材料、能源、資本、土地的價格及其供應狀況）運輸（費用及其設施狀況）市場（需求量、結(jié)構(gòu)、競爭、價格、顧客分布及其需求特點）建筑（費用及其條件）；稅收、保險（種類、政策及其水平）；自然條件（氣候、地理位置、地質(zhì)狀況）；經(jīng)濟條件（基礎設施、生活質(zhì)量）；社會條件（文化習俗、公眾態(tài)度）；政治條件（政府政策及其態(tài)度、政治穩(wěn)定）。FactorsAffectingLocation資源（人LocationEvaluationMethodsFactor-ratingmethodLocationalbreak-evenanalysisCenterofgravitymethodTransportationmodelLocationEvaluationMethodsFacFactor-RatingMethodMostwidelyusedlocationtechniqueUsefulforservice&industriallocationsRateslocationsusingfactorsIntangible(qualitative)factorsExample:Educationquality,laborskillsTangible(quantitative)factorsExample:Short-run&long-runcostsFactor-RatingMethodMostwidelExample：FactorRatingMethodExample：FactorRatingMethodMethodofcost-volumeanalysisusedforindustriallocationsStepsDeterminefixed&variablecostsforeachlocationPlottotalcostforeachlocationSelectlocationwithlowesttotalcostforexpectedproductionvolumeMustbeabovebreak-evenLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisMethodofcost-volumeanalysisLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisExampleYou’reananalystforACDelco.You’reconsideringanewmanufacturingplantinAkron,BowlingGreen,orChicago.Fixedcostsperyearare$30k,$60k,&$110krespectively.Variablecostspercaseare$75,$45,&$25respectively.Thepricepercaseis$120.Whatisthebestlocationforanexpectedvolumeof2,000casesperyear?LocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisLocationalBreak-EvenCrossoverChart050000100000150000200000050010001500200025003000VolumeAnnualCostAkronChicagoBowlingGreenAkronlowestcostBowlingGreenlowestcostChicagolowestcostLocationalBreak-EvenCrossoveCenterofGravityMethodFindslocationof

singledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsidersLocationofexistingdestinations

Example:Markets,retailersetc.VolumetobeshippedShippingdistance(orcost)Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstant

CenterofGravityMethodFindsCenterofGravityMethodStepsPlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategridGridhasarbitraryorigin&scaleMaintainsrelativedistances

Calculatex&ycoordinatesfor‘centerofgravity’GiveslocationofdistributioncenterMinimizestransportationcostCenterofGravityMethodStepsMinimizestransportationcostMinimizestransportationcostCenterofgravityCenterofgravityExamplexy(x*,y*)2000100010002000x*=66.7y*=93.3Examplexy(x*,y*)2000100010002TransportationModelFindsamounttobeshippedfromseveral

sourcestoseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforindustriallocationsTypeoflinearprogrammingmodelObjective:Minimizetotalproduction

&shippingcostsConstraintsProductioncapacityatsource(factory)DemandrequirementatdestinationTransportationModelFindsamouExample：TransportationModelExample：TransportationModel在S4的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S4的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S5的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S5的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S6的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S6的最優(yōu)結(jié)果最優(yōu)廠址S4——34698S5——34867S6——34818S4：最優(yōu)廠址最優(yōu)廠址S4——34698第二節(jié)設施布置（FacilityLayout）布置的目標(Objectives)布置的類型(Type)布置的方法(Methods)第二節(jié)設施布置（FacilityLayout）布置的目WhatisFacilityLayoutLocationorarrangementofeverythingwithin&aroundbuildingsObjectivesaretomaximizeCustomersatisfactionUtilizationofspace,equipment,&peopleEfficientflowofinformation,material,&peopleEmployeemorale&safetyWhatisFacilityLayoutLocatioConstraintsonLayoutObjectivesProductdesign&volumeProcessequipment&capacityQualityofworklifeBuildingandsiteConstraintsonLayoutObjectiv重新布置的具體原因(Reasons)（１）低效率的作業(yè)（例如，高費用、瓶頸）。（２）安全事故或危險。（３）新產(chǎn)品或服務的引進。（４）產(chǎn)品或服務設計的變化。（５）新工藝的引進，原有工藝的改進。（６）產(chǎn)量或產(chǎn)品組合的變化（７）方法或設備的變化。（８）環(huán)境或其他法規(guī)要求的變化。（9）士氣問題（例如，缺乏面對面的接觸）。重新布置的具體原因(Reasons)（１）低效率的作業(yè)（例如布置的基本類型(BasicTypeofLayouts)Process-orientedlayoutdealswithlow-volume,high-varietyproduction(“jobshop”,intermittentproduction)Product-orientedlayoutseeksthebestpersonnelandmachineuseinrepetitiveorcontinuousproductionFixed-positionlayoutlargebulkyprojectssuchasshipsandbuildings布置的基本類型(BasicTypeofLayouts面向過程布置(Process-OrientedLayout)按加工處理的工藝性質(zhì)分別設置相應的生產(chǎn)單位，使產(chǎn)品或顧客依次經(jīng)過相應的各生產(chǎn)單位接受所需的特殊的加工處理或服務。一個生產(chǎn)單位是一種工藝性質(zhì)的設備、工人等的集合體，進行一種工藝性質(zhì)的加工處理或服務。它能處理各種具有不同加工要求的但加工性質(zhì)相同的產(chǎn)品或服務。面向過程布置(Process-OrientedLayout面向產(chǎn)品布置(Product-OrientedLayout)按產(chǎn)品或顧客的性質(zhì)分別設置相應的生產(chǎn)單位，使某種產(chǎn)品或顧客在一個生產(chǎn)作業(yè)單位里的得到所需的幾乎全部的加工或服務。一個生產(chǎn)作業(yè)單位是多種工藝性質(zhì)的設備、工人等的集合體，進行規(guī)定的各種工藝性質(zhì)的工或處理。它是借助于高度標準化的產(chǎn)品或服務及其所需用的高度標準化的作業(yè)得以實現(xiàn)的。一項工作被劃分成一系列的標準作業(yè)，以實現(xiàn)勞動和設備的專業(yè)化。面向產(chǎn)品布置(Product-OrientedLayout固定位置布置(Fixed-PositionLayout)產(chǎn)品或項目的位置保持不變，而人員、物料和設備在需要時移動的布置。它與面向產(chǎn)品布置和面向工藝（過程）布置截然相反，是人員、物料和設備向“產(chǎn)品”移動，而不是相反。產(chǎn)品的特點決定了這種布置，大的重量、尺寸、體積、以及其他因素致使產(chǎn)品或?qū)ο蟛贿m宜或極其難以移動，而必須采用這種布置方式。固定位置布置(Fixed-PositionLayoutJobShopLayoutJobShopLayoutEmergencyRoomLayoutSurgeryRadiologyE.R.bedsPharmacyBilling/exitE.R.TriageroomE.R.AdmissionsPatientB-erraticpacemakerPatientA-brokenlegHallwayEmergencyRoomLayoutSurgeryRaRepetitiveLayout13245WorkOfficeBeltConveyorWorkStationNote:5tasksoroperations;3workstationsWorkStationStationRepetitiveLayout13245WorkOffiStepsinDevelopinga

Process-OrientedLayoutConstructa“from-tomatrix”DeterminespacerequirementsforeachdepartmentDevelopaninitialschematicdiagramDeterminethecostofthislayoutBytrial-and-error(ormoresophisticatedmeans),trytoimprovetheinitiallayoutPrepareadetailedplanthatevaluatesfactorsinadditiontotransportationcostStepsinDevelopinga

ProcessCostofProcess-OrientedLayout面向工藝布置，按已設計的工藝流程，根據(jù)工藝性質(zhì)的不同，劃分出若干個生產(chǎn)單位，然后確定各生產(chǎn)單位的相對空間位置。主要問題：確定各生產(chǎn)單位的相對位置，使其相互之間的總運輸量或費用最小，即CostofProcess-OrientedLayouInterdepartmentalFlowofParts:from-tomatrix12345612345650100002030501002001005000InterdepartmentalFlowofPartPossibleLayout1Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6PossibleLayout1Room1 RoomInterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads11005030102050201005023456C=(50+200+40)+(30+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$570InterdepartmentalFlowGraphSPossibleLayout2Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6PossibleLayout2Room1 RoomInterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads21005030102050201005013456C=(50+100+20)+(60+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$480InterdepartmentalFlowGraphSComputerProgramstoAssistinLayoutCRAFTSPACECRAFTCRAFT3-DMULTIPLECORELAPALDEPCOFADFADES-expertsystemComputerProgramstoAssistinRelationshipChart1PresidentO2CostingUAA3EngineeringIO4President’sSecretary1234A=AbsolutelynecessaryE=EspeciallyimportantI=ImportantO=OrdinaryU=UnimportantX=NotDesirableRelationshipChart1PresidentOProduct-OrientedRequirementsStandardizedproductHighproductionvolumeStableproductionquantitiesUniformqualityofrawmaterials&componentsProduct-OrientedRequirementsSProduct-OrientedLayoutTypesAssemblesfabricatedpartsUsesworkstationRepetitiveprocessPacedbytasksBalancedbymovingtasksBuildscomponentsUsesseriesofmachinesRepetitiveprocessMachinepacedBalancedbyphysicalredesignFabricationLineAssemblyLineProduct-OrientedLayoutTypesAAssemblyLineBalancingAnalysisofproductionlinesNearlyequallydividesworkbetweenworkstationswhilemeetingrequiredoutputObjectivesMaximizeefficiencyMinimizenumberof

workstationsAssemblyLineBalancingAnalysiAssemblyLineBalancingSteps1. Determinetasks(operations)2. Determinesequence3. Drawprecedencediagram4. Estimatetasktimes5. Calculatecycletime6. Assigntasks7. Calculatenumberofworkstations8. CalculateefficiencyAssemblyLineBalancingSteps1AssemblyLineBalancingEquationsCycletime,CT=Productiontimeavailable

DemandperdayMinimumnumberofworkstationsTasktimesCycletimeNmin=Efficiency,BE=Tasktimes*(Cycletime)(Actualnumberofworkstations)BalanceDelay,BD=1—