SUMC2023-2023Student’scopyThecardiovascularsystem第1頁Whatisthecirculatorysystem?WhatdoestheCVsystemdo?InternalandexternalanatomyCardiaccycleHeartsoundsConductivesystemoftheheartBloodvesselsDiseasesoftheCVS第2頁TheHeartandbloodvesselstogethermakeupthecardiovascularSystem.

CirculatebloodthroughoutentirebodyforTransportofoxygentocellsTransportofCO2awayfromcellsTransportofnutrients(glucose)tocellsMovementofimmunesystemcomponents(cells,antibodies)Transportofendocrineglandsecretions第3頁TheHeart:locationinthorax第4頁TheHeart:locationinthoraxObliquePositionApex=LeftofMidline(5thICS),AnteriortorestofheartBase(posteriorsurface)sitsonvertebralcolumnSuperiorRight=3rdCostalCartilage,1”rightmidsternumSuperiorLeft=2ndCostalCartilage,1”leftmidsternumInferiorRight=6thCostalCartilage,1”rightmidsternumInferiorLeft=5thIntercostalSpaceatMidclavicularline第5頁SerousmembraneContinuouswithbloodvesselsTheHeart:musclelayersandcoveringsConnectivetissEndothilium第6頁ExternalHeartAnatomyPage44第7頁TheHeart:Chambers

第8頁LungsBodycellsOurcirculatorysystemisadoublecirculatorysystem.Thismeansithastwopartsparts.

therightsideofthesystemdealswithdeoxygenatedblood.theleftsideofthesystemdealswithoxygenatedblood.第9頁CirculationCoronarycirculation

–thecirculationofbloodwithintheheart.Pulmonarycirculation

–theflowofbloodbetweentheheartandlungs.Systemiccirculation

–theflowofbloodbetweentheheartandthecellsofthebody.第10頁TheHeart:ValvesBicuspid(mitral)Tricuspid(AV)PulmonaryAortic(SL)第11頁HowdoestheHeartwork?bloodfromthebodybloodfromthelungs Theheartbeatbeginswhenthe heartmusclesrelaxandblood flowsintotheatria.STEPONE第12頁

Theatriathencontractand thevalvesopentoallowblood intotheventricles.HowdoestheHeartwork?STEPTWO第13頁HowdoestheHeartwork?Thevalvesclosetostopbloodflowingbackwards.Theventriclescontractforcingthebloodtoleavetheheart.Atthesametime,theatriaarerelaxingandonceagainfillingwithblood.Thecyclethenrepeatsitself.STEPTHREE第14頁第15頁FillingofHeartChambers–

theCardiacCycleCopyright?2023PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings第16頁TheHeart:CardiacOutputCopyright?2023PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsCardiacoutput(CO)totalventblood/minAmountofbloodpumpedbyeachsideoftheheartinoneminuteCO=(heartrate[HR])x(strokevolume[SV])StrokevolumeVolumeofbloodpumpedbyeachventricleinonecontraction第17頁S1-Whatisit?closingofthebicuspidandtricuspidvalves.(closureoftheAVvalves)ThePulmonicandAorticvalvesareopeningandbloodisbeingforcedintothearteriesS2-Whatisit?ThesoundsarebecauseoftheclosingofthePulmonicandAorticvalves(closureofthesemilunarvalves)第18頁第19頁ConductiveSystem

Actionpotential-electricalimpulsecausingthecontractionofheartmusclecellsTheSAnode,orpacemaker,initiatestheheartbeatandcausestheatriatocontractonaverageevery0.85seconds.TheAV

nodeconveysthestimulusandinitiatescontractionoftheventricles.ThesignalfortheventriclestocontracttravelsfromtheAVnodethroughtheatrioventricularbundletothesmallerPurkinjefibers.第20頁ElectrocardiogramAnelectrocardiogram(ECG)isarecordingoftheelectricalchangesthatoccurinthemyocardiumduringacardiaccycle.ThePwaveoccursjustpriortoatrialcontraction;theQRScomplexoccursjustpriortoventricularcontraction;andtheTwaveoccurswhentheventriclesarerecoveringfromcontraction.第21頁TheVascularSystemCopyright?2023PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings第22頁BloodVessels:AnatomyThreelayers(tunics)TunicintimaEndotheliumTunicmediaSmoothmuscleTunicexternaMostlyfibrousconnectivetissue第23頁ConductiveSystem

Copyright?2023PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummingsFigure11.5第24頁TunicaexternaOutermostlayerelastinandcollagenStrengthens,AnchorsTunicamediaMiddlelayerCircularSmoothMuscleVaso-constriction/dilationTunicaintimaInnermostlayerEndotheliumMinimizefrictionLumen第25頁第26頁Artery/Veindifferences（歸納：dtwlv)Arteries(aa.)Veins(vv.)DirectionofflowBloodAwayfromHeartBloodtoHeartPressureHigherLowerWallsTHICKER:TunicamediathickerthantunicaexternaTHINNER:TunicaexternathickerthantunicamediaLumenSmallerLargerValvesNovalvesValves第27頁第28頁第29頁第30頁Coronaryarterycirculation第31頁PulsePulse–pressurewaveofbloodMonitoredat“pressurepoints”wherepulseiseasilypalpated第32頁MeasuringArterialBloodPressure第33頁CardiovascularDiseasesCardiovasculardiseasesincludethosethataffecttheheartandthosethataffecttheperipheralvascularsystem.Theheartandbloodvesselsmaybeprimarilyattackedbythesediseasesortheymaybesecondarilyaffectedasaconsequenceofanotherdisease.第34頁RiskFactorsforCardiovascularDisease(sdosp)SmokingDiabetesObesityStressPhysical