可修改歡迎下載精品Word可修改歡迎下載精品Word可修改歡迎下載精品Word2020年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding“yes!”1helpingyoufeelcloseand2topeopleyoucareabout,itturnsoutthathugscanbringa3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou4gettingsickthiswinter.Inarecentstudy5over400healthadults,researchersfromCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugs6theparticipants’susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeing7tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome8withacold,andtheresearchers9thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging10about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere12.“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskforcoldsthat’susually14withstress,”notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps15thefeelingthatothersaretheretohelp16difficulty.”Someexperts17thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsofhuggingtothereleaseofoxytocin,oftencalled“thebondinghormone”18itpromotesattachmentinrelationships,includingthatbetweenmotherandtheirnewbornbabies.Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit19inthebrain,whereit20mood,behaviorandphysiology.1[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite2[A]equal[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior3[A]view[B]host[C]lesson[D]choice4[A]avoid[B]forget[C]recall[D]keep5[A]collecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[D]involving6[A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of7[A]devoted[B]attracted[C]lost[D]exposed8[A]along[B]across[C]down[D]out9[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated10[A]served[B]restored[C]explained[D]required11[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even12[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests13[A]highlighted[B]increased[C]controlled[D]minimized14[A]presented[B]equipped[C]associated[D]compared15[A]assess[B]generate[C]moderate[D]record16[A]inthenameof[B]intheformof[C]inthefaceof[D]inthewayof17[A]attribute[B]commit[C]transfer[D]return18[A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until19[A]remains[B]emerges[C]vanishes[D]decreases20[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences擁抱可以使醫(yī)生遠(yuǎn)離我們嗎？答案也許是響亮的“是的”。除了能幫助你感到和自己在乎的人關(guān)系親密之外，事實(shí)證明擁抱還可以給你的身心健康帶來許多好處。不管你信不信，溫暖的擁抱在冬天可以幫助你避免生病。最近，賓夕法尼亞州卡耐基梅隆大學(xué)的研究人員對(duì)超過400名健康成年人進(jìn)行了研究。他們?cè)谧屵@些實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象接觸感冒病毒后，檢測(cè)了“感覺到社會(huì)支持”和“受到別人擁抱”這兩點(diǎn)對(duì)他們患上常見感冒的敏感性的影響。感覺到更多社會(huì)支持的人更不容易患感冒，研究人員推算出，這種對(duì)健康的有益影響，大約有32%是由擁抱所產(chǎn)生的減壓效果所帶來的。甚至在已經(jīng)患上感冒的人群中，感覺得到更多社會(huì)支持和頻繁得到擁抱的人的癥狀也更輕?！皳肀Э梢员Ｗo(hù)那些處于壓力之下的人免受與壓力有關(guān)的、愈發(fā)增加的感冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，”來自卡內(nèi)基大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授謝爾登·科恩觀察道。擁抱“能制造親密，也能幫助產(chǎn)生面對(duì)困難時(shí)，有人來幫助你的感覺?！币恍＜覍肀a(chǎn)生的減緩壓力的健康好處歸因于擁抱所釋放的催生素，其通常被稱為“結(jié)合激素”，因?yàn)樗艽龠M(jìn)依附關(guān)系，包括母親與新生嬰兒之間的依附關(guān)系。催生素主要產(chǎn)生在大腦的中低部，其有一部分會(huì)被釋放進(jìn)血液里。但還有一部分會(huì)留在大腦里，影響人們的情緒、行為及生理。SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Firsttwohours,nowthreehours—thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesarerecommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.airportswithincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturnforincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofwhy.Butdemandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericans’economicandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecretcheckthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons—bothfakeandreal—pastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecuritymeasuressincethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingeconomyandandlowoilprices,haveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportssuchasChicago’sO’HareInternational.Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome—butthelinesareobvious.Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partoftheissueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormaybethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefees,thoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairportsorrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigherrisks,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.Sincethebeginning,thispricetaghasbeenPreCheck’sfatalflaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingsodirectly,byhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklaneswhilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogramwork.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto________.[A]stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwide[B]highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorUSairports[C]explainAmericans’toleranceofcurrentsecuritychecks[D]emphasistheimportanceofprivacyprotection22.Whichofthefollowingcontributionstolongwaitsatmajorairport?[A]Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags[B]ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA[C]Anincreaseinthenumberoftravelers[D]Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks23.Theword“expedited”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto________.[A]faster[B]quieter[C]wider[D]cheaper24.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis___________.[A]Adramaticreductionofitsscale[B]Itswrongly-directedimplementation[C]Thegovernment’sreluctancetobackit[D]Anunreasonablepriceforenrollment25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]LessScreeningforMoreSafety[B]PreCheck-aBelatedSolution[C]GettingStuckinSecurityLines[D]UnderusedPreCheckLanesText1全文翻譯以前是2小時(shí)，現(xiàn)在是3小時(shí)——這就是航空當(dāng)局建議旅客提前到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)趕國(guó)內(nèi)航班的時(shí)間，至少美國(guó)一些大的機(jī)場(chǎng)是這么建議的，因?yàn)榘矙z隊(duì)伍正變得越來越長(zhǎng)。美國(guó)人現(xiàn)在愿意忍受費(fèi)時(shí)的安檢程序，以換取更高的安全性。被恐怖分子襲擊而墜入地中海的埃及航空804號(hào)航班給了大家為什么這么做的一個(gè)悲劇提醒。但是對(duì)飛機(jī)乘客要求太多或者在安全保障方面的成效不足反過來又會(huì)降低公眾對(duì)這一程序的支持。其就會(huì)演變成：浪費(fèi)的時(shí)間耽誤了美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和私人生活，也會(huì)使乘客感到憤怒。去年，美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局在一次秘密檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，管理局的便衣調(diào)查員在嘗試偷運(yùn)武器的時(shí)候（無論真假），屢次通過了安檢。隨后，機(jī)場(chǎng)加強(qiáng)了安檢措施，同時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和低油價(jià)也導(dǎo)致了國(guó)際航班的增加，這些因素就導(dǎo)致包括芝加哥奧黑爾國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)在內(nèi)的主要機(jī)場(chǎng)的安檢隊(duì)伍變長(zhǎng)。目前，安檢措施是否變得更加有效尚不得而知，但安檢隊(duì)伍確實(shí)變長(zhǎng)了。導(dǎo)致這一問題的部分原因是政府沒有預(yù)料到乘飛機(jī)出行的乘客數(shù)量會(huì)猛增，所以美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局現(xiàn)在正緊鑼密鼓地在各機(jī)場(chǎng)增加新的安檢人員。另一個(gè)原因是，機(jī)場(chǎng)只有這么多空間，能容下的安檢隊(duì)伍有限。還有一個(gè)因素可能是，越來越多的人想要過度打包他們的隨身行李以避免行李安檢費(fèi)用，盡管航空公司對(duì)此強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局可以采取的一個(gè)不需要改造機(jī)場(chǎng)或倉(cāng)促招聘人員的措施，那就是鼓勵(lì)更多的乘客參加預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目。預(yù)檢對(duì)游客和美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局而言是雙贏的選擇。通過背景檢查的乘客有資格使用快速安檢通道。這能使美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局能重點(diǎn)檢查具有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的乘客，從而節(jié)省了其他人的時(shí)間。美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局計(jì)劃將2500萬乘客納入預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目。然而，這一計(jì)劃還未達(dá)到預(yù)期目標(biāo)，其中的一個(gè)主要原因就是定價(jià)太高。乘客必須每五年支付85美元進(jìn)行背景審核。從一開始這一價(jià)格就是預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目的重大缺陷。接下來的改革也許會(huì)把價(jià)格調(diào)整到合理的水平。但是國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)該通過資助預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目或以別的方式來降低成本的方式直接參與到價(jià)格調(diào)整中去。在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排隊(duì)的痛苦之時(shí)，美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局不能繼續(xù)將資源投入到未充分使用的預(yù)檢通道中去了。要想讓預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目真的開始起作用，那還需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。Text2“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,”wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii’slastreigningmonarch,in1897.StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity’sviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMT’splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld’smostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceistheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea’sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheisland’sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii’sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.26.QueenLiliuokalani’sremarkinParagraph1indicates_________.[A]itsconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers’featsinhertime27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto__________.[A]itsgeographicalfeatures[B]itsprotectivesurroundings[C]itsreligiousimplications[D]itsexistinginfrastructure28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause________.[A]itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife[B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory[C]theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival[D]theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday’sastronomy__________.[A]isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians[B]helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture[D]willeventuallysoftenHawaiians’hostility30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof________.[A]severecriticism[B]passiveacceptance[C]slighthesitancy[D]fullapprovalText2全文翻譯“古時(shí)候的夏威夷人是天文學(xué)家，”夏威夷最后一任執(zhí)政君主利留卡拉尼女王在1897年寫道。觀星宿者過去是夏威夷社會(huì)中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是，現(xiàn)在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望改變?nèi)祟愑钪嬗^的巨大天文臺(tái)“30米望遠(yuǎn)鏡”的修建計(jì)劃引發(fā)了激烈的抗議?？棺h的焦點(diǎn)是30米望遠(yuǎn)鏡在冒納凱阿火山計(jì)劃的選址，該休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉為陽光，其將夏威夷島嶼連接至天堂。但冒納凱阿火山也是一些世界上功能最強(qiáng)大的望遠(yuǎn)鏡的所在地。處于大西洋之中，冒納凱阿火山的頂峰可以遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)升到我們星球的濃密大氣層之上，那里的地質(zhì)條件可以使天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡獲得無比清晰的圖像。反對(duì)在冒納凱阿火山上建造望遠(yuǎn)鏡并非新鮮事。一小部分直言不諱的夏威夷人和環(huán)保主義者長(zhǎng)期以來都認(rèn)為這些望遠(yuǎn)鏡的存在是對(duì)這片神圣土地的不尊重，同時(shí)也是對(duì)“夏威夷曾經(jīng)作為主權(quán)國(guó)家卻被占領(lǐng)”這一痛苦事實(shí)的提醒。一些人指責(zé)道，天文學(xué)家也對(duì)現(xiàn)在的爭(zhēng)議負(fù)有一定的責(zé)任。他們渴望建造更大的天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡，卻忘了科學(xué)不是了解世界的唯一方式。他們沒有始終將對(duì)冒納凱阿火山脆弱生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)該火山對(duì)島嶼居民的神圣意義置于優(yōu)先位置。夏威夷文明不是歷史遺產(chǎn)，今日，它是正在復(fù)興的生動(dòng)文化。然而，科學(xué)也有文化史，其根源可以追溯至文明誕生之初。抱著希望發(fā)現(xiàn)地平線之外東西的好奇心，早期的波利尼西亞人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸，而同樣的好奇心則鼓舞今天的天文學(xué)家去探索天堂。那些要求拆除冒納凱阿火山上所有望遠(yuǎn)鏡或禁止未來所有發(fā)展的呼吁忽視了一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是天文學(xué)和夏威夷文化都在探尋解答有關(guān)于我們是誰、我們來自哪里以及我們到哪里去這樣的宏大問題。也許這就是我們探索繁星天空的原因，好像我們正在回應(yīng)一個(gè)原始的召喚，去了解我們自己以及我們真正的祖先起源。天文學(xué)界正在做出妥協(xié)，他們改變了對(duì)冒納凱阿火山的使用方式。他們?cè)趰u上選了一個(gè)盡可能隱蔽的地方來修建30米望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀望臺(tái)，并盡可能避免對(duì)考古和環(huán)境造成影響。為了限制冒納凱阿火山上望遠(yuǎn)鏡的數(shù)量，舊的望遠(yuǎn)鏡在達(dá)到使用年限時(shí)就會(huì)被移除，并讓它們的原址回歸到自然狀態(tài)。因此，任何人都應(yīng)被歡迎在冒納凱阿火山擁抱他們的文化遺產(chǎn)，研究天空的繁星。Text3RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry’sGDPmeasures“everythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry’seconomicprospects?Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn’tthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandtheenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasureofacountry’ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.So,whatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationoutcomes–allthingsthatcontributetoaperson’ssenseofwell-being.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe_________.[A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP[D]hadalowopinionofGDP32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that________.[A]theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern[B]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK[C]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy[D]policymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoGDP33.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?[A]Itissponsoredby163countries.[B]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.[C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat_________.[A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom[B]highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLesson[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth[C]RebortF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP[D]Brexit,theUK’sGatewaytoWell-beingText3全文翻譯羅伯特·肯尼迪曾說過，一個(gè)國(guó)家的GDP能衡量“除了使生活變得有意義的事之外的任何事物?！庇捎谟?guó)投票決定脫離歐盟，其GDP預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)出現(xiàn)下跌。現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候來思考肯尼迪所說的話了。有關(guān)對(duì)GDP及其有用性的質(zhì)疑已經(jīng)困擾政策制定者超過半世紀(jì)了。許多人認(rèn)為GDP是一個(gè)有瑕疵的概念。其衡量一些無關(guān)緊要的事物，而沒有衡量一些重要的事物。最近的衡量結(jié)果表明，英國(guó)的GDP因其低失業(yè)率以及高增長(zhǎng)而令西方世界羨慕。如果一切進(jìn)展得如此順利，那為什么1.7億人在被警告說脫歐將會(huì)影響國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)前景的情況下還要投票支持脫離歐盟呢？最近一份調(diào)查了各國(guó)和它們將經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)換為幸福感能力的年度報(bào)告可能會(huì)對(duì)上述問題有一定的啟示性作用。在163個(gè)被調(diào)查的國(guó)家中，英國(guó)在確保將增長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)化為公民生活水平提升方面是表現(xiàn)得最差的國(guó)家之一。這次調(diào)查并沒有將衡量重心放在GDP上，其還涉及到了包括健康、教育以及公民社會(huì)參與度等40多項(xiàng)不同的指標(biāo)，以求對(duì)接受調(diào)查的國(guó)家的表現(xiàn)做一個(gè)更加全面的評(píng)估。盡管這些國(guó)家都面臨挑戰(zhàn)，但仍然存在許多持續(xù)性的主題。確實(shí)，自2008年全球衰退以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇緩慢，但主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體在醫(yī)療和教育領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵性指標(biāo)呈現(xiàn)出繼續(xù)下滑的態(tài)勢(shì)。然而，這并不是所有國(guó)家面臨的情況。一些相對(duì)貧困的歐洲國(guó)家在公民社會(huì)、收入平等以及環(huán)保等指標(biāo)上都取得了顯著的進(jìn)步。這是富裕國(guó)家需要學(xué)習(xí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)：當(dāng)GDP不再被視為衡量國(guó)家成功的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，這個(gè)世界會(huì)變得與眾不同。所以，肯尼迪的言外之意是，盡管GDP是最常用的衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的方法之一，但作為衡量指標(biāo)，GDP已經(jīng)不夠用了。其并不包括一些重要的因素，比如環(huán)境質(zhì)量或教育成果這些能提升人類幸福感的事物。意料中全世界及英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的受挫會(huì)導(dǎo)致我們幸福感和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)所依賴的日常服務(wù)有所下滑。但那些將重心重新放在如何提升幸福感上，而不是簡(jiǎn)單考慮GDP數(shù)據(jù)的政策制定者將會(huì)避開可以預(yù)見的風(fēng)暴，并能看到進(jìn)步。Text4Inarareunanimousruling,theUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthecorruptionconvictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonnell.Butitdidsowhileholdingitsnoseattheethicsofhisconduct,whichincludedacceptinggiftssuchasaRolexwatchandaFerrariautomobilefromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.Thehighcourt’sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnell’strialfailedtotellajurythatitmustlookonlyathis“officialacts,”ortheformergovernor’sdecisionson“specific”and“unsettled”issuesrelatedtohisduties.Merelyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficials,unlessdonewithclearintenttopressurethoseofficials,isnotcorruption,thejusticesfound.Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis“distasteful”and“nasty.”Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeofconcretebenefits,suchasapprovalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarrangingameeting,makingaphonecall,orhostinganeventisnotan“officialact”.Thecourt’srulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnotcriminal.Electedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwithbureaucraticproblemswithoutfearofprosecutionforbribery.“Thebasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment,”wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforthecourt,“assumesthatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcerns.”Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbeallowedtoplayfavoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetingssimplybecauseanindividualorgroupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonalgift.Thistypeofintegrityrequireswell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparency,suchasrecordsofofficialmeetings,rulesonlobbying,andinformationabouteachelectedleader’ssourceofwealth.Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Butitisnotalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferenttypesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety—thatallareequalintreatmentbygovernment—isundermined.Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeachindividual.Thecourt’srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficialfavoritism.36.Theunderlinedsentence(Para.1)mostprobablyshowsthatthecourt_________.[A]avoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnell’sduties[B]madenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnell[C]wascontemptuousofMcDonnell’sconduct[D]refusedtocommentonMcDonnell’sethicsAccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifitinvolves___________.[A]leakingsecretsintentionally[B]sizablegainsintheformofgifts[C]concretereturnsforgift-givers[D]breakingcontractsofficially38.Thecourt’srulingisbasedontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsare_________.[A]justifiedinaddressingtheneedsoftheirconstituents[B]qualifiedtodealindependentlywithbureaucraticissues[C]allowedtofocusontheconcernsoftheirsupporters[D]exemptfromconvictiononthechargeoffavoritism39.Well-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencyareneededto__________.[A]awakentheconscienceofofficials[B]guaranteefairplayinofficialaccess[C]allowforcertainkindsoflobbying[D]inspirehopesinaveragepeople40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecourt’srulingis__________.[A]sarcastic[B]tolerant[C]skeptical[D]supportiveText4全文翻譯美國(guó)最高法院推翻了對(duì)前弗吉尼亞州州長(zhǎng)羅伯特·麥克唐納的貪腐指控，法官罕見地一致通過了這一判決。但最高法院是強(qiáng)忍著對(duì)麥克唐納行為道德的鄙視做出這一判決的，其涉嫌接受了一家想要接近政府的公司送給他禮物，包括勞力士手表和法拉利汽車。最高法院的這一判決認(rèn)為，在麥克唐納案中，法官并未告知陪審團(tuán)只要關(guān)注其“公務(wù)行為”，或者說應(yīng)該只對(duì)這位前州長(zhǎng)在某些“特定”且“并未解決”的職責(zé)范圍內(nèi)的問題所做的決定進(jìn)行判決。法官認(rèn)為，除非蓄意對(duì)相關(guān)政府官員施加壓力，否則僅僅幫助送禮的公司接觸政府官員不能算是腐敗。最高法院確實(shí)認(rèn)為，幫忙牽線政府人員并以此收受好處的行為令人“反感”和“討厭”。但根據(jù)反賄賂法，腐敗指控的成立一定要有證據(jù)證明官員給送禮人帶來了實(shí)質(zhì)性的好處，比如幫其批準(zhǔn)了一項(xiàng)合同或規(guī)定。僅僅安排見面、打一個(gè)電話或舉辦一次活動(dòng)并不屬于“公務(wù)行為”。法院將這種牽線行為判定為偏袒而非犯罪看上去是合乎法理的。被選舉的領(lǐng)袖應(yīng)當(dāng)被允許幫助自己的支持者解決政務(wù)問題，而不用擔(dān)心自己背上貪污的指控。最高法院的首席大法官約翰·羅伯茨寫道，“代議制政府下的基本條約”意味著公職人員應(yīng)聽取選民意見，并以選民的利益行事。但是這個(gè)判決強(qiáng)化了確保接觸政府公平的需要，這主要是針對(duì)公民和他們所選舉的代表的，而不是法院的。官員不能因個(gè)人或組織為其選舉活動(dòng)提供募捐或私人資助而在提供信息或安排與官員見面方面表現(xiàn)出偏袒。這種正直要求具備有關(guān)政府透明度方面的切實(shí)執(zhí)行的法律，比如政府會(huì)議的記錄、游說的規(guī)定以及有關(guān)每位被選舉領(lǐng)導(dǎo)財(cái)產(chǎn)來源信息的相關(guān)規(guī)定。雖然在與政府官員接觸的渠道上發(fā)生偏袒行為可能會(huì)煽動(dòng)公眾對(duì)腐敗的反感。但這種偏袒行為不一定就意味著腐敗。更確切地說，政府官員必須避免對(duì)普通人和富人采取雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或者說對(duì)他們?cè)诮佑|政府官員這一問題上被區(qū)別對(duì)待。如果與官員的關(guān)系可以被買賣，民主社會(huì)的基本信條（即政府應(yīng)對(duì)人人平等）就會(huì)受到損害。良好的治理依靠的是對(duì)每個(gè)個(gè)體內(nèi)在價(jià)值的理解。在打擊腐敗以及行政不公方面，法院的這一判斷是一次進(jìn)步。PartBDirections：Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedbox.ParagraphsBandDhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Thefirstpublishedsketch,“ADinneratPoplarWalk”broughttearstoDickens’seyeswhenhediscovereditinthepagesofTheMonthlyMagazine.Fromthenonhissketches,whichappearedunderthepenname“Boz”inTheEveningChronicle,earnedhimamodestreputation.[B]TherunawaysuccessofThePickwickPapers,asitisgenerallyknowntoday,securedDickens’sfame.TherewerePickwickcoatsandPickwickcigars,andtheplump,spectacledhero,SamuelPickwick,becameanationalfigure.[C]SoonafterSketchesbyBozappeared,apublishingfirmapproachedDickenstowriteastoryinmonthlyinstallments,asabackdropforaseriesofwoodcutsbythethen-famousartistRobertSeymour,whohadoriginatedtheideaforthestory.Withcharacteristicconfidence,DickenssuccessfullyinsistedthatSeymour’spicturesillustratehisownstoryinstead.Afterthefirstinstallment,DickenswrotetotheartistandaskedhimtocorrectadrawingDickensfeltwasnotfaithfulenoughtohisprose.Seymourmadethechange,wentintohisbackyard,andexpressedhisdispleasurebycommittingsuicide.Dickensandhispublisherssimplypressedonwithanewartist.Thecomicnovel,ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub,appearedseriallyin1836and1837,andwasfirstpublishedinbookformin1837.[D]CharlesDickensisprobablythebest-knownand,tomanypeople,thegreatestEnglishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Amoralist,satirist,andsocialreformer.DickenscraftedcomplexplotsandstrikingcharactersthatcapturethepanoramaofEnglishsociety.[E]Soonafterhisfather’sreleasefromprison,Dickensgotabetterjobaserrandboyinlawoffices.HetaughthimselfshorthandtogetanevenbetterjoblaterasacourtstenographerandasareporterinParliament.Atthesametime,Dickens,whohadareporter’seyefortranscribingthelifearoundhimespeciallyanythingcomicorodd,submittedshortsketchestoobscuremagazines.[F]DickenswasborninPortsmouth,onEngland’ssoutherncoast.HisfatherwasaclerkintheBritishnavypayoffice–arespectableposition,butwithlittlesocialstatus.Hispaternalgrandparents,astewardandahousekeeperpossessedevenlessstatus,havingbeenservants,andDickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dickens’smothersupposedlycamefromamorerespectablefamily.YettwoyearsbeforeDickens’sbirth,hismother’sfatherwascaughtstealingandfledtoEurope,nevertoreturn.Thefamily’sincreasingpovertyforcedDickensoutofschoolatage12toworkinWarren’sBlackingWarehouse,ashoe-polishfactory,wheretheotherworkingboysmockedhimas“theyounggentleman.”Hisfatherwasthenimprisonedfordebt.Thehumiliationsofhisfather’simprisonmentandhislaborintheblackingfactoryformedDickens’sgreatestwoundandbecamehisdeepestsecret.Hecouldnotconfidethemeventohiswife,althoughtheyprovidetheunacknowledgedfoundationofhisfiction.[G]AfterPickwick,Dickensplungedintoableakerworld.InOliverTwist,hetracesanorphan’sprogressfromtheworkhousetothecriminalslumsofLondon.NicholasNickleby,hisnextnovel,combinesthedarknessofOliverTwistwiththesunlightofPickwick.ThepopularityofthesenovelsconsolidatedDickens’asanationallyandinternationallycelebratedmanofletters.D4.B45.PartB文章大意本文節(jié)選自《查爾斯·狄更斯傳記》，本文主要介紹了英國(guó)19世紀(jì)最偉大的小說家查爾斯·狄更斯的生平及其早期踏上文學(xué)之路的背景。全文翻譯查爾斯·狄更斯也許最為人所熟知的身份是英國(guó)19世紀(jì)最偉大的小說家。一位道德家、諷刺作家以及社會(huì)改革者。狄更斯設(shè)計(jì)了復(fù)雜的細(xì)節(jié)以及能反映英國(guó)社會(huì)全貌的角色。狄更斯出生于英格蘭南部的海濱城市樸茨茅斯。他的父親是英國(guó)海軍軍需處職員，這是一個(gè)受人尊敬、卻沒什么社會(huì)地位的職位。他的祖父母均是仆人。作為仆人，他們的社會(huì)地位更加卑微。狄更斯日后隱瞞了他們的背景。然而，狄更斯出生的前兩年，他的外公因偷竊被捕，隨后逃離至歐洲，從此再?zèng)]回來過。家庭與日俱增的貧窮迫使狄更斯在12歲的時(shí)候輟學(xué)，去Warren’sBlacking倉(cāng)庫打工，這是一家鞋油工廠，在那里，其他童工嘲笑他是“最年輕的紳士”。隨后，他的父親因無法償還債務(wù)而入獄。他父親坐牢以及自己鞋油廠打工經(jīng)歷的恥辱給狄更斯造成了巨大的傷害，也成了他最深處的秘密。他沒將這些事告訴妻子，盡管這些事情為其小說的創(chuàng)作提供了不為人知的素材。在父親釋放后不久，狄更斯找到了一份更好的工作——法律事務(wù)所的助理。為了在日后找到速記員或議會(huì)記者的工作，他自學(xué)了速記法。同時(shí)，狄更斯還以記者獨(dú)有的視角記錄著身邊的生活，尤其是滑稽或荒誕的事物，狄更斯寫成短篇小說投稿給了一些不知名的雜志社。當(dāng)?shù)腋箍吹阶约旱谝黄唐≌f《白楊路的主餐》公開發(fā)表在《月刊雜志》的時(shí)候，他潸然淚下。自那以后，他以筆名“博茲”在《記事晚報(bào)》上發(fā)表的短篇小說為他贏得了一定的贊譽(yù)。在《博茲札記》發(fā)表之后，一家出版商邀請(qǐng)狄更斯以每月連載的形式來寫故事，以此作為著名藝術(shù)家羅伯特·西摩某個(gè)木刻畫系列的故事背景，這一想法最初是由西摩提出來的。由于特有的自信，狄更斯反而更堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為西摩的畫作應(yīng)該描繪他寫的故事，他的這個(gè)要求最終得到了滿足。在刊載了一期之后，狄更斯寫信給西摩，要求他修改一副狄更斯認(rèn)為不完全忠于其表述的畫作。西摩對(duì)此作出了調(diào)整，其之后走進(jìn)自家后院，并以自殺的方式表達(dá)了不滿之情。之后，狄更斯和出版商立即啟用一位新的藝術(shù)家接著完成工作。喜劇小說《匹克威克外傳》在1836年至1837年間以連載的形式刊登，并于1837年首次以圖書的形式發(fā)表。正如我們今天所知道的那樣，《匹克威克外傳》的成功確立了狄更斯的名聲。當(dāng)時(shí)出現(xiàn)了匹克威克外套、雪茄，而體型豐滿、佩戴眼鏡的英雄薩穆埃爾·匹克威克則成了全國(guó)名人?！镀タ送送鈧鳌分?，狄更斯的寫作進(jìn)入到了一個(gè)愈加陰郁的世界。在《霧都孤兒》一書中，他描寫了一個(gè)孤兒從濟(jì)貧院到倫敦貧民窟的生活經(jīng)歷。其后一部小說《尼古拉斯·尼克貝》則融合了《霧都孤兒》的黑暗和《匹克威克外傳》的陽光。這些小說的風(fēng)靡鞏固了狄更斯作為舉國(guó)乃至全世界最出名的作家地位。PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld`sprimarylanguageforinternationalcommunicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.(46)ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurther