6.Endocrinesystem.Txtcanholdupandputdowniscalledweightlifting,canholdupputnottoputdowniscalledburden.Theheadmusthavethecourage,theriseshouldbeemboldened.Learntoadd,proudtobereduced,theopportunitytoride,lazytoremove.Thethreeproblemsoflife:thinking,love,Unrequitedlove.endocrinesystemSummaryEndocrinesystemsystemendocrineisthenervoussystemoutsidethedominantcontrolofthebodyofanothersetofregulationsystem,bytheendocrineglandsandendocrinetissue.Themainfunctionistoregulatethebody'smetabolism,growthandreproductiveprocessandotherphysiologicalfunctionstogetherwiththenervoussystem,inordertomaintainthebalanceandstabilityofthemachinebodyenvironment.Endocrineglandisagland,thesecretionofhormonehormone,directlyintothebloodorlymph,bloodcirculationthroughoutthebody,regulatetheactivitiesofvariousorgans.Endocrineglandisalsorichinbloodsupplyanddistributionofplantnerve,itsstructureandfunctionalactivitieshavesignificantagechanges.Themainendocrineglandsinthebodyarepituitary,pinealgland,thyroidgland,parathyroidgland,adrenalgland,gonadandsoon.Endocrineglandvolumeandweightaresmall,thelargestofthethyroidglandisonlyafewtensofgrams;someendocrinetissueisanumberofcellclusters,scatteredinsomeorgans,suchas:islet,follicle,corpuscorpus,etc..Atypeofhormoneactsonlyonspecificorgans,tissues,orcells,orasatargetorgan,atargettissue,oratargetcell.Intheendocrinehormonethroughthecellmembrane,thecellmembranecanfeelcellsurfacestimulation,acrossthecellmembraneduringthesamehormone,carriedoutintwoways,onewayislimitedinthenatureoftheproteinchannel(eachchannelallowsonlyonekindofmoleculesorionsthrough,suchasglucose,aminoacids,potassiumandsodiumcalciumchloridebydiffusiongradienteffectofpassivetransportandactivetransport)relyonenergyconsumptionbychannelswitchistransmembranetransport;theotherisfatsolublesubstancessuchassteroidsandotherlipids,directlythroughthemembrane,donothavetoenterthecellthroughproteinchannels,oncellmembraneinvagination"thevacuolarendocytosis"calledendocytosisglobalwayintocellsandeffluxvesicles"alsocalledexocytosisbubblecontentwillbereleasedintotheextracellular.Thecellmembranewithavarietyofreceptormolecules,onlytocertainstimuli,suchasinsulin,acetylcholine(ACh)andlowdensitylipoproteinreceptor;otherreceptorscanbeactivatedbythecommonfactor,suchascontactwithothercellsorinorganicsurface,cellsurfacebystimulationcancausethechangeoftransmembranepotential.Hormonesintheathletes'physiologicalmetabolicprocessestoensurethemaximizethemobilizationofphysicalfitness,thecontrolofenergymetabolismandexerciseafterbodycanrecoveryplaysagreatrole.Hormonesinthebloodshouldbemaintainedatanormallevel,toolittlewillleadtothedysfunctionofthebody,andevenhaveseriousconsequences.Variouslevelsofhormonesecretionarealsoregulatedbytheeffectandregulationofmetabolitesinthebloodorotherhormoneconcentrations.ThyroidglandGlandthyroidisthelargestendocrineglandinthehumanbody.Inthefifthcervicalvertebratothe1thoraciclevel.Boththethyroidcartilagecentralanduppertracheafrontandonbothsidesofthe,leftandrighttwosidelobes,inthemiddleoftheisthmusisconnected,isintheshapeofpink"H",weighingabout20,40grams.Afewpeoplefromtheisthmusofthyroidglandabsent,halfconeleavesoutaslenderisthmusupward,itcanbeextendedtothehyoidbone.Thethyroidglandisrichinbloodvessels,theoutsourcingofdeepcervicalfascia,thedepthofthethyroidglandwillbedividedintoanumberofdifferentsizesofthelumpsorleaflets.Thyroidparenchymaiscomposedoftwotypesofcells,acellforthesize,shapeirregularthyroidfollicularandinterfollicularsurfaceconfiningtosimplecuboidalepithelium,eachfolliclecentralcolloid(Yireddyedpink,withiodideglobulin),namelythyroidglobulinstorage.Thyroidfolliclesarelocatedintheconnectivetissueoffinehoney,whichcontainsabundantcapillaryandlymphaticcapillariesandsympatheticnervefibers.Thyroidfollicularepithelialcellsareformedbytheactionofthecell,andthenformthethyroidglobulin,whichformstheprecursorofthyroidhormonethree(T3)andfour(T4).Thyroidfollicularcellshavetheeffectofsynthesisandthereleaseofthyroidglobulin(intothefollicularcavity)andreleaseofthyroidhormone(T3andT4)intothecapillary.Anotherkindofcellsforparafollicularcellsneartheouteredgeofthefollicularcells,follicularcells,ovalorpolygonalshape,thesingleorsmallgroupsofdispersedinbetweenfolliclecells,butnotintothefollicularlumen.Accordingtotheresearchofimmunechemistrycanstorethyrocalcitoninvesiclestoregulatecalciummetabolism.Controlthyroidcalcitoninreleaseisthemainfactorofserumcalciumconcentration,calciumconcentrationcanstimulatethesecretionofcalcitoninandhypocalcemiacaninhibitthesecretion.Themainfunctionofthethyroidglandcanpromotethemetabolismofthebodyandmaintainthenormalgrowthanddevelopment,especiallyforthenormaldevelopmentoftheboneandthenervoussystem.Excessthyroidhormonesecretion,cancausehyperthyroidism,causeeyegoiter,referredtoas"hyperthyroidism".Istheheartbeat,neuroticism,weightloss,suchasexophthalmos.Children'sthyroidhormonesecretionisinsufficient,canleadto"cretinism".Fortheslowdevelopmentofbonesandbrainshortstature,mentalretardation.TheChinesegovernmentinthedailylifeofthepeopleinsaltincorporationamountofiodine,istoreduceandavoidtheoccurrenceofgoitersymptomssimilartoiodinedeficiencyarea.Two,parathyroidglandParathyroidparathyroidglandinthyroidonbothsidesofthelobetrailingedgeandbetweenfilmandtheshapeofsoybean,brownishyellow,oneachofthe(upperandlowerparathyroid),eachweighingabout0.3grams,structureandthyroidsimilar,butthelackoflobular,size,numberofuncertainties,therearemanyparathyroidIslandsscatteredinthenormalpositioninthevicinityoftheconnectivetissue.Therearethreekindsofcells,namely,theprincipalcells,darkcellsandclearcells,accordingtothedifferentshadesofparathyroidgland.Humannormalparathyroidcellsweremuchmoreactivethantheactiveprimarycells,about3-5:1.Activehostcellsynthesis,assemblyandsecretionofhormones,thatis,parathyroidhormone.Thedarkcellsareeosinophils,whichdonotinvolvethesynthesisandsecretionofhormones.Parathyroidactivitiesareregulatedbychangesinserumcalciumlevelsandnormalserumcalciumrisehighlyinhibitparathyroidactivity,hypocalcemiastimulatesparathyroidactivity.Iftheparathyroidtissuewereresectedcompletely,bloodcalciumdecreased,bodymusclespasmoccurstetany"tetany".Iftumorinducedthesecretionofexcess,willcausescalciumfromboneremoved,intotheblood(hypercalcemia),excretedfromtheurinecansoftenthebone,whichiscalledgeneralizedosteitisfibrosa,notfromtheurineexcreted,hardened,brittle,resultinginfracture,ifstrandedcalcificationinrenaltubules,resultinginfatalnephritis.Three,adrenalglandAdrenalglandsuprarenalislocatedontheupperinnersideofthekidney,whichiswrappedintherenalfascia,whichisindependentofthefibrouscapsuleandthefatcapsule.Theonearound,leftforthehalfmoon,righttriangle.Eachadrenalglandweighsabout7grams,theconnectivetissuemembraneintotheadrenalessenceessenceisdividedintotwopartsofthecortexandmedulla.Asmalladrenalgland,usuallyinthecellulartissueoftheprimaryadrenalgland,sometimesconsistingonlyofcorticaltissue.(1)adrenalcortexAdrenalinsidetheouteredgeoftheadrenalcortexandcolorisyellow,isthemainpartoftheadrenal,consistingofthreecellbands,outsideofthesphericalzone(humanunderdevelopment)andinthezonafasciculataandmeshbelt.Corticalcellscanproduceavarietyofhormones,zonafasciculataandzonareticulariscellsrichinascorbicacidvitaminC;zonaglomerulosacellsproducemineralocorticoid,suchasaldosterone,regulationofwaterandelectrolytebalance;zonafasciculatacellsproduceglucocorticoids,maintainthecarbohydratebalance;zonareticulariscellsproducesexhormones(progesterone,testosterone,andestradiol)effectsofsexandsexuality.(two)adrenalmedullaMedullaiscomposedofagroupofcellsoftheadrenalmedullaorthecord.Inthecells,thecellsweresynthesizedwiththereleaseofnorepinephrineandadrenalmedullaintothevenoussinus.Undernormalcircumstances,onlyasmallamountofadrenalineandnorepinephrinerelease,butinpanic,angerandstressincreasedsecretionof.Norepinephrine,canmaketheheartbeat.Toaccelerate,bloodvesselcontractionandbloodpressurerise,andadrenalinehasasignificanteffectoncarbohydratemetabolism.Exercisestudiesshowthatadrenalactivityisenhancedunderlongtimeandhighintensityloads.Hormonessecretedbytheadrenalmedullahelptoregulatethefunctionofthecardiovascularsystem,adapttotheinternalandexternalenvironmentchangesandimprovethephysicalfitnessoftheathletes.Four,pituitaryPituitaryhypophysispituitary,glandcerebralisthemostcomplexendocrineglandsinthebody.Inmiddlecranialfossasphenoidboneinthecentralregionofthepituitaryfossainandaboveandtheopticchiasm,diaphragmasellaeseparated,beforeisleadingtotheseparationofnosepharynxministryofthesphenoidsinusandpituitarybyfunnelconnectedtothehypothalamus,ovalshaped,thesizeofapeaandaweightofabout0.6g,outsourcingleatheryduramater.Secretionofavarietyofhormones,theroleofawiderange,andaffectotherendocrineglands(thyroidgland,adrenalgland,gonadal)activities.Accordingtothesourceandstructureandfunctionofthepituitarygland,thepituitaryglandcanbedividedintotwoparts,thepituitaryglandandthepituitarygland.Thepars,theparsandthemiddlepartofthepituitarygland;thenerveandthefunnel.Parsandnodulesofthedistalpartoftheanteriorpituitary,themiddlepartandtheposteriorpartofthenerve.(a)thepituitarygland:avarietyofhormonescanbesynthesizedandreleased,mostofwhicharepromotinghormones,whichpromotethesecretionofhormonesfromotherendocrineglands.1,growthhormonesomatotropin(GH)canpromotethesynthesisofproteinandbonegrowth.JuvenileGHsecretiondeficiencywillformthePearlofConfucianism,thesecretionofthegrandeventtoformagiantdisease.AdultGHsecretionmayleadtoformationofacromegaly.2,prolactinlactogenic,hormonemammotropin,(LTH)canstimulatethegrowthandsecretionoffemalemammarygland.3,adrenocorticotropin(ACTH)cancontrolthesecretionofsomeoftheadrenalcortexhormone.4,thyroidstimulatinghormonethyrotropin(TSH)canstimulatetheactivityofthyroidgland.5,folliclestimulatinghormonehormonefollicle-stimulating,(FSH)canstimulatethegrowthofovarianfolliclesandestrogensecretionandtesticularsperm.6,interstitialcellstimulatinghormonehormoneinterstitil-call-stimulating,(ICSH)canstimulatethesecretionoftesticularandrogen.7,hormonelureinizing,(LH)caninducethesecretionofprogesteroneprogesterone.8,blackcellstimulatinghormonehormonemelanocyte-stimulating,(MSH)canincreasetheskinpigmentation,incasethesunultravioletradiation.Mostofthesehormonesalsohavecomplexmetabolicfunctions.(two)thepituitaryglandNosecretionofhormonefunction,istheplaceofstoragehormone,themainstorageofvasopressin,alsocalledvasopressinandoxytocin.Theformercontrolsthetubularresorptionofwater,whichpromotescontractionoftheuterineandmammaryglands.Five,pinealgland(gland)Pinealwouldbody(orpinealglandwouldglandlocatedinthethalamichabenulaUnitedontherear,tohandleevenontopofthethirdventricleposterior,theshapeofellipticalbody,palered,about0.2ginweight.Moredevelopedchildren,7yearsafterthebeginningofdegradation.Adult,therearecalciumsalt,forminganumberofdifferentsizesofparticles,calledthebrainsandacerveli,canbeseenontheX-rayfilm.Thepinealglandhasthefunctionofregulatingtheendocrineorgan,whichcanregulatetheactivityofthepituitarygland,thepituitarygland,theendocrinepartofthepancreas,theparathyroidgland,theadrenalcortex,theadrenalmedullaandthegonad.Pinealglandmainlysecretemelatoninmelatoninandbiologicalsynthesisenzyme.Melatoninisahormonepromoteskindiscoloration,hadlostthefunctioninmammals,butinhibitgonadotropinrelease,childrenduringthepinealglandlesionscausedbyfunctionallcanappearprecociouspubertyorreproductiveorgansoverdevelopment,ifthesecretionofexcessive,resultingindelayedpuberty.Biosyntheticenzymes,suchasserotoninn-acetyltransferaseenzymeconcentrationandactivityofcircadianchanges,thatis,bytheeffectoflight,lightsuppressionofpinealmelatoninsynthetic,therebyreducingtheinhibitionofgonadotropinstimulating,andgonadalfunctionactive,extendtothehenlightirradiationtimecanincreaseeggproductionisthepinealglandisinhibitedbytheresult,soastoplayrhythmisinvolvedintheregulationofreproductivesystemdevelopment,estrouscycle,themenstrualcycle.Six,isletIsletspancreatic(Langerhans)isapartofthepancreas.Themorphologyandstructureofthepancreashavebeendiscussedinthedigestivegland.Isletistheendocrinepartofthepancreas,whichconsistsofanumberofdifferentsizes,shapes,andindependentofeachother'sendocrinecellmasses(about1million).Atthetailofthepancreasismoreintensive.Isletsaremainlythreetypesofendocrinecells:a(alpha)cells,accountsforabout15-20%,glucagonsecretion,promotethedecompositionofglycogen,makebloodsugarrise;Bcells(beta),accountedforabout70%,insulinsecretion,promoteglycogensynthesisandglucoseutilization,decreasethebloodglucose.InaandBcellsecretiondisorders,leadtoglucosemetabolismdisorders,especiallylackofinsulinsecretion,diabetesorhypoglycemia,China'sfirstsyntheticinsulin;Dcells,accountingforabout10%,somatostatin,releaseinhibitingfactor,inhibitthesecretoryactivityoftheAandBcells.Seven,thymusThymusthymusisoneofthetwoprimarylymphoidorgans(theotheristhebonemarrow),andthemorphologyandstructureofthelymphaticsystemhavebeendiscussed.Thymushasendocrinefunction,secretionofthymushormonethymopoietinandthymosinandotherhormonewithhormoneactionoftheactivesubstance.Thymicepithelialreticularcellssecretethymosin,frombonemarrow,spleenandotherpartsoftheblastcellsintheroleofthethymushormone,fromimmuneabilitytransformationwithimmuneTcells,Tcellsthroughbloodcirculationtransporttoperipherallymphoidorgans,suchaslymphnodeandspleen,whereproliferateandparticipateinthebody'scellsandimmuneresponse.Anotherfunctionofthymosinisinhibitionofmotornerveendingsoftheacetylcholinesynthesisandrelease,hypersecretion,maycausethedisorderofneuromusculartransmission,myastheniagravis;thymicgenerationelementcanmakethymuslymphocytedifferentiationwithcellularcomponentsoftheimmuneresponse.Eight,genitalglandTheendocrinetissuesinthegonad(gonad)aredifferentfromthemaleandfemaleparts,andthemorphologyandstructureofthemaleandfemaleinthereproductivesystemhavebeendiscussed.Betweentestisoftesticularseminiferoustubuleinterstitialcellsofmalehormonesecretion,itsroleistostimulatetheformationofmalesecondarysexualcharacteristics.Ovarianfolliclecellsandtheproductionofprogesteroneinthecorpusovary.Follicularcellsproducehormonecanstimulatetheuterus,vaginaandbreastgrowthandtheappearanceofsecondarysexualcharacteristics.Postovulatoryfolliclesluteinizinghormone,progesterone,thishormonecantheendometrialthickening,preparethecultivationoffertilizedeggs,andbreastdevelopmentgradually,toprepareforlactation.SimpletableofendocrineglandsprojectNamepositionshape,weighthormonesecretionofthemainfunctionofthesecretionofsymptomsThyroidthyroidcartilageinthemiddleoftheupperandthetracheainfrontandonbothsidesofthe"H"shape,weightabout20~40gramsofthyroidhormonetoenhancethebody'smetabolism,tomaintainthenormalgrowthanddevelopmentofthehumanbodyisexcessive:theeyesuddenly"Lackof(children):causecretinism"Parathyroidthyroidglandonbothsidesofthelobetrailingedgeandbetweenthemembraneshapeofsoybeans,heavyapproximately0.3gramsofparathyroidhormoneregulationofcalciummetabolism,maintaincalciumbalanceWang:highserumcalcium,easytocausefracture.Disadvantages:lowbloodcalcium,leadtofoot"tetany"AdrenalcortexrenalfasciaTheperipheralcortexontheleftsideforthehalfmoonrighttriangleweighsabout7gramsofmineralocorticoidBrancorticalhormoneSexhormoneregulationinvivoelectrolyteandwatersalt,carbohydratebalance,affectthebehaviorandthecharacteristicsofsexualactivitytostrengthen,helptoregulatetheathletescardiovascularsystemfunction,improvephysicalfitnessAdrenalmedullarenalfasciaThecentralmedullacanmaketheheartbeatfaster,bloodvesselcontractionandbloodpressureincreaseinpanic,angerandstress.Pituitarypituitaryglandinthemiddlecranialfossacentralbodyofsphenoidboneofthepituitaryfossapisiform,weightofabout0.6gramsofgrowthhormone,prolactin,blackcellstimulationhormone,ACTHandmoststimulatinghormone,canpromotethesecretionofendocrineglandsfunctioningrowthhormonesecretionWang:juvenileformgigantism,acromegalyinadultsDeficiency:theformationofthePearlofConfucianism??Inthepituitarygland,onlythevasopressinandoxytocinarestoredinthecontrolofrenaltubularresorption,whichpromotestheindirectsymptom