PAGEPAGE9InternationalBusinessEnglishLesson1InternationalBusinessBusinessKnowledge:ThemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessDifferencesinlegalsystemsDifferencesincurrenciesDifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsThemajortypesofinternationalbusinessCommoditytradeServicetradeInvestment

ForeigndirectinvestmentPortfolioinvestmentOthertypesLicensingandfranchisingManagementcontractandcontractmanufacturingprojectandBOTCustomsarea關(guān)稅區(qū):Conversion貨幣兌換trade有形貿(mào)易:Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresalein(includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade)Invisibletrade無(wú)形貿(mào)易:Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.FDI外國(guó)直接投資:Foreigndirectinvestments.Returnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahost/Onecountryacquiresassetsinaforeigncountryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.Portfolioinvestment證券投資:Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Stocks股票:Capitalstocksorbonds.Bonds債券:Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Maturity（票據(jù)等）到期

Certificateofdeposit大額存單Licensing許可經(jīng)營(yíng):licensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanotherTheychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofFranchising特許經(jīng)營(yíng):Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforMark商標(biāo)Patent專利Royalty專利（許可）使用費(fèi)，版稅Copyright版權(quán)Licenser許可方Licensee被許可方Franchiser特許方:Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforFranchisee被特許方:AfirmisallowedtooperateinthenameofManagement contract 管理合同: Under amanagementcontract,onecompanymanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.chain價(jià)值鏈

purchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.BOT建設(shè)、經(jīng)營(yíng)和移交:Build,Operate,Expertise專門知識(shí)Bonus紅利、獎(jiǎng)金、津貼Royalty許可使用費(fèi)Internationalinvestment國(guó)際投資:SupplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoContractmanufacturing承包生產(chǎn)關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定:GeneralAgreementonandInternationalbusiness國(guó)際商務(wù):2.reyet

交鑰匙工程:ranitntnal

betweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeign businessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.Intellectualproperty知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)Oildeposit:石油儲(chǔ)備=oilreservesthereservesofnaturalresources自然資源儲(chǔ)備Personaladvancement個(gè)人的晉升，個(gè)人素質(zhì)的提高以及個(gè)人事業(yè)的進(jìn)步等。Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.A:Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.

Some major differences between businessanddomesticbusinessisfollowing:(1)Differencesinlegalsystems(2)Differencesincurrencies(3)Differencesinculturalbackground(4)DifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsPleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade?A:tradeistheformofcommoditytrade.Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.Thelaterisbecomemoreandmoreimportant.Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusiness?A:Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoriesofinternationalinvestment.Whatistheirmajordifference?A:FDI(Foreigndirectinvestment)ismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostPortfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposit.Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschoose

itasameansofenteringaforeignmarket?A:licensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanotherTheychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofBesides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipormanagement.Theuseoflicensingisparticularlyencouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarriersonthepartofthehostWhatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?A:Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforcomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.Whatis a management contract? Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?A:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanymanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebut

lackstheexpertiseforoperation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentit?A:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingittothelatteruponcompletion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeignMakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyprojectthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:涉及到許多因素，因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。International business refers to transaction partiesformdifferentcountries.involvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthedomesticbusiness.益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。thedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,peopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Therefore,someknowledgein

thisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.“交鑰匙”工程。Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufacturingandturnkeyproject.產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresalein是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Lesson2IncomeLevelandtheMarketBusinessKnowledge:GNPandGDPcapitaincomeandcapitaGDPHigh-income, middle income and countriesStandardsforclassification

RepresentativecountriesandQuadUnitedStatesEuropeJapanCanadaOtherimportantmarketsforChinaGNP國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值:GrossnationalProduct.ThemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofanGDP國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:GrossDomesticProduct.ThemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofanNationalincome國(guó)民收入capitaincome人均收入PercapitaGDP人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:iscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.PPP購(gòu)買力平價(jià):PurchasingpowerparityConsumerism消費(fèi)主義Incomedistribution收入分布:Theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.Infrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Staplegoods大路貨Invoice（開(kāi)）發(fā)票Creditorcountry債權(quán)國(guó)13.OECD經(jīng)合組織，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與開(kāi)發(fā)組織:

Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment.TheCommonwealthofIndependentStates獨(dú)聯(lián)體，獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合體ASEAN東盟，東南亞國(guó)家聯(lián)盟:AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationals.NIEs（亞洲四小虎）:NewlyIndustrializedEconomiesFactorsofproduction生產(chǎn)要素Answerthefollowingquestions:ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelyandpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchangeably?A:GNP(GrossnationalProduct)referstothemarketPAGEPAGE19valueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofanGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)measuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofanThedifferencebetweenthemisthatGNPfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhileGDPconcentratesontheplaceproductiontakesplace.ThedifferencebetweenandGDPcanbeignoredsinceitsmallinmostcases.Therefore,wecanusethemInwhatdifferentwaysGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?A:GDPindicatestheoverallsizeofanwhichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurable

equipmentorbulkgoods(grain,steelorcement).capitarevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantmarketingconsumerdurables.Whatmeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andlow-incomecountriesaccordingtotheBank?CitesomeexamplesforeachA:High-incomecountries:thoseenjoyingannualpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove.thisgroupcomprisethreetypesofcountries;mostmembersofOECD,richoilproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast,small-industrializedcountriesorregions.Middle-incomecountries:thosewithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765.IncludedinthiscategoryismostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers,quiteanumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountriesinAsia,SouthAfricaandoil-producingcountriesinAfrican.Low-incomecountries:thosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765orevenless.MostAfricancountries,someAsiancountriesandaLatinAmericancountriesareincludedinthisgroup.Whyarehigh-incomecountriesimportanttotradeandinvestment?Shouldweneglectlow-incomecountriesininternationalbusiness?A:High-incomecountriesoftenhaveinfrastructure,highpurchasingandadvancedefficientmanagementandfavorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.Ternationaltradethelow-incomecountriesshouldnotbeneglected,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforlower-pricedstaplegoods,providecheaplaborandareoftenrichinresources.Oncetapped,thebusinesspotentialofthesecountrieswillonedaybecomerealbusinessopportunities.Chinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?Howaboutnow?A:Chinawithapercapitaincomeofisamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustayearsago.Whatdoesthetermrefersto?WhatismeantbyQuad?A:Thetermreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld;theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.ThescopeoftoincludeCanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabriefaccount.A:OECDmeansOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Theorganizationisincluded29members,23ofthemarehigh-income

countriesand6aremiddle-incomecountries.TheheadquartersisinParis.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunities?A:SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourthecountries,Russia,IndiaandabitfartherawayAustralia.Thesecountriesorregionseitherhaverichconsumersandbusinessopportunitiesoraredevelopingfastwithpromisingmarketpotential.AndtheirgeographicalproximitytoChinaisagreatadvantageforusindevelopingbusinessrelationswiththem.thefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:1.民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateatotalincome.Thedifferencebetweenthemisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesonthecountrywhereproductiontakesplace.2.要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入assessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopleoftenatpercapitaincomesinceitprovidescluesaboutthepurchasingofitsresidents..

3.世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國(guó)家，中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomeeconomies.4.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在年人均收入為美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國(guó)家。Chinawithapercapitaincomeofoverisamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustayearsago.5.就中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourtheASEANcountries,Russia,etc.ThesecountrieswithverypromisingmarketpotentialandcanbusinessopportunitiestoChina.Lesson3RegionalEconomicIntegrationBusinessKnowledge:Majorobjectivesofregionalintegration*ForlevelsofregionaleconomicintegrationFreetradeareaCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunion

EuropeanUnion(EU)Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)Organization of Petroleum Exporting (OPEC)Economicintegration經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化Freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū):ThemembersbarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternalpolicyCustomsunion關(guān)稅同盟:Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicyrates關(guān)稅稅率Settlement北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定:NorthAmericanFreeAgreementCommonmarket共同市場(chǎng):ThemembersbarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternalBanknotescirculation貨幣流通Cartel卡塔爾10.APEC亞太經(jīng)合組織，亞洲太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織:AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationOPEC石油輸出國(guó)組織:OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesEuropeanCommission歐盟委員會(huì)13.Councilofministers部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)14.Dual-MinisterialMeeting雙部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議15.QuotaRestrictions配額限制

EconomicUnion(EU)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟:Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesameEU歐盟，歐洲聯(lián)盟:EuropeanUnionEC歐共體，歐洲共同體:EuropeanCommunity19.Benelux荷比盧（比利時(shí)、荷蘭和盧森堡三國(guó)）:Belgium,Netherlands,LuxemburgMercousur南方共同市場(chǎng):SouthernConeCustomsUnionECSC歐洲煤鋼共同體:EuropeanCoalandSteelCommunityEEC歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體:EuropeanEconomicCommunity23.EURATOMEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity24.SOM高官會(huì)議:SeniorOfficialsMeetingTILF貿(mào)易投資便利化自由化:andinvestmentliberationandfacilitationECOTECH經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作:EconomicandtechnicalcooperationPoliticalentity政治實(shí)體28.Sovereignstate主權(quán)國(guó)家29.Multi-polarization多極化30.Sub-committee分委員會(huì)新跨大西洋議程:TransatlanticAgenda跨大西洋商業(yè)對(duì)話:TransatlanticBusinessDialogue跨大西洋消費(fèi)者對(duì)話:Transatlantic

ConsumerDialogueeconomies區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)體PacificRim環(huán)太平洋圈InformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人非正式會(huì)議Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemostnotablefreetradeareaintheworld.A:Freetradeareaistheloosestformintheregionaleconomicintegration.Membersinthisformremovesbarrierstotheflowofgoodsandservicesamongthemselveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.ThemostnotableoneistheNorthAmericanFreeAgreementthelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991with360millionconsumersandtotalGDPofmorethan6trillionUSdollars.Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentafreetradearea?A:TheCustomsUniongoesastepfurtherbyadoptingthesametradepolicyforallthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditiontoabolishingtradebarriersamongthemselves.Importsfromothercountriesaresubjecttothesametariff.Whatarethecharacteristicsofacommonmarket?Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast?

A:Thecommonmarketisfurtherupthescaleofregionaleconomicintegration.Besidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesandadoptionofcommonexternaltradefactorsofproductionsuchascapitalandtechnologyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreefficientandproductivethepast,theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnationalsovereignty?A:Theeconomicunionisthehighestformofeconomicintegration,whichischaracterizedbyintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectoffinanceetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyandfreeproductionfactorThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethesameThemembercountriesofaneconomicunionarerequiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnationalwhichiserodingthetraditionoftheworldpoliticalsystembasedontheautonomyandsupremepowerofsovereignstates.Make a brief account of the origin anddevelopmentoftheEU.A:ThefirsttheEuropeanCoalandSteel

Community(ECSC)wasestablishedin1952,whichsetthestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.ThesigningofthemonumentalofRomein1957markstheestablishmentoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywiththeaimofgraduallyrealizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,laborandcapitalaswellastheharmonizationofeconomicpoliciesofthemembercountries.yearslaterin1967,theEuropeanCommunitywasformedbymergingEEC,ECSCandEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity1992itbecameatruecommonmarketasenvisagedbytheSingleEuropeanAct.ThenonJanuary1,1994theEuropeanUnion(EU)cameintobeingonthestrengthoftheMaastrichtFromthebeginningof1999mostofthemembersbegantousethecommonEuropeancurrencyforaccountingandsettlementandin2002,eurobanknotesandcoinswereputintocirculation.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?WhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesitoperate?A:ThemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncilofMinisters.ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommissioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.Decisionsofthecouncilaremadebyvotesallocatedtomembercountriesonthebasisoftheirsize.Differentministersattendthecouncilmeetingdependingonthe

mattersdiscussed.Thecouncilevenhasthepowertopasslegislation.Explain briefly the five layer structureofAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.A:a.theInformalMeetingofEconomicleadersDual-MinisterialMeetingMinistersResponsibleforTheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)SubordinatecommitteesunderSOM:CommitteeofandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandCooperationSub-committeeofSOMandBudgetManagementCommittee.WhatthetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?WhatPAGEPAGE29doitstwowheelsmean?A:ThetenetandobjectivesofAPECareinter-dependence,mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenandmultilateraltradingsystemandreductionofregionaltradebarriers.Itstwowheelsmeantradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitationandeconomicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH).WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?A:OPECisacommoditycartel.triedtolimittheoverallcrudeoilsupplyoftheworldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilprices.thefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

1.過(guò)去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來(lái)越重要。Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceofregionaleconomicintegration.2.最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)它是由美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeAgreementthelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.3.略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一貨幣。ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonly to harmonize their taxation, expenditure,industrypolices,etc.,butalsousethesame4.歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansoftheEuropeanUnion.isthebodythatputsproposalstotheCouncilofMinisterfordecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheirdutiesunderthe5.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開(kāi)的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別為國(guó)。APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustraliancapitalCanberraattendedby12membersof

Australia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,Zealandandsixcountries.Lesson4EconomicGlobalizationBusinessKnowledge:EconomicglobalizationasanobjectivetrendBasicfeature*AdvantagesandnegativeimpactsMultinationalcorporationsOrganization-parentandaffiliatesCharacteristicsEnormousinsizegeographicalspreadLongevityandrapidgrowthNeed,goalsandrolesProfitSecurityAsvehiclesforcross-bordertransferresourcesFourtypesMulti-domesticcorporationGlobalcorporationTransnationalcorporationcompanyShareholders股東Economicglobalization經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化Boardofdirectors董事會(huì)Inputs投入Economicenvironment經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境

ParentMNCheadquarter跨國(guó)公司母公司，總部7.AffiliateMNC子公司，分支機(jī)構(gòu)，附屬機(jī)構(gòu)Branchcompany分公司Subsidiarycompany子公司Day-to-dayrunning日常管理MNC跨國(guó)公司=TNC:Multinationalcorporation,aremadeupofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentHome county 母國(guó): The country where theheadquarteroftheinvestorislocated.Hostcountry東道國(guó):Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.MNE跨國(guó)企業(yè):Multinationalenterprise:Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwhollyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonethroughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Eachmembercompanyisknownasamultinationalcorporation.Economiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Increaseandgrowth數(shù)量的增多和規(guī)模的增大Revenueadjustedfor實(shí)際收入Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleofeconomicglobalization?A:Thebasicfeatureofeconomicglobalizationistofree

flowofcapital,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation.Mentionsomeoftheandconsofeconomicglobalization.Whatistherightattitudetowardsit?(有利和不利方面)A:Theprosisthatwiththebasicfeatureoffreeflowofcapital,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation,economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependent.Whiletheconsofeconomicglobalizationisdifferentcountriesandpeoplesdonotenjoybalancedbenefits.Therightattitudetowardsitisfollowthetrendavailingtheopportunitiesittodevelopourselvesandavoidingitspossibleimpacts.Whatistheformaldefinitionofamultinationalenterprise?Howcanyoutellwhetheramultinationalcorporationisaparentorjustanaffiliate?A:Amultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationthatowns(whetherwhollyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonetheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,whichisnormallyalsothe

internationalheadquartersoftheMNE.theMNCisestablishedasaresultofinvestmentsbytheMNE,whetherthroughtheparentorthroughanotherofitsalreadyestablishedMNC,itisanaffiliateMNC.DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs.A:ThecharacteristicsofMNEsisasfollow:MNEsaregenerallyenormousinsizegeographicalspreadLongevityandrapidgrowthWhatisthecommonlyrecognizedobjectiveofMNEs?A:MNEsareformedforprofit,andthesecondbasicneedisWhyissecuritysoimportanttoMNEs?A:ansurvivalcanneverbeassured.Theneedofsecurityincludesthesecurityofprofitsintheshort-and-long-run,thesecurityoftheassetsandinvestment,andthesecurityofotherorganizationalneeds.ProfitisuselessifitcannotbesecuredbytheMNEandtransferredwhereveritsodesires.Doyouthink“widegeographicalofMNEsplaysaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheirbusiness?Why?A:Ido.MNEsenablesthemtohaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecisionsinareassuchassourcingandpricing.Theyarealsomoreabletotakeadvantageofchangesintheinternationaleconomicenvironment.

Suchmulti-nationalityalsoenablesMNEstoengageinworldwideintegratedproductionandmarketing.WhatistherelationshipbetweenMNEsandtheirhostcountries?A:MNCsareunderthelegaljurisdictionoftheirhostgovernmentsthatcanimposevariousrules,regulations,andontheMNCstotheextentofnationalizingalltheirassets.What are the four types of enterprises?DescribeeachofthemA:Thefourtypesofmultinationalenterprisesisthat:Multi-domestic corporation: it is a group ofrelativelyindependentsubsidiaries.Theparentcompanydelegatessufficientpowertoeachsubsidiarytomanagetheproductionandmarketinginthehostcountryfortheneedsoflocalcustomers.Globalcorporation:itoperatesandviewstheworldmarketasanintegratedwhole.Powerandresponsibilityareconcentratedattheheadquartersthatmanagesproductionandmarketingtoachievetheeconomiesofscaleasmuchaspossible.Corporation:Theactivitiesandresourcesofthetransnationalcorporationarehighlyneithercentralizedasthesecondtypenordecentralizedasthefirsttypebutareintegratedinaninterdependentnetworkofaffiliates.Company: their national identities areblurredtoalargeextent.theremayworldcompaniesatpresent?Imaginetheirfutureroleincompleteglobalization.A:NowitisveryWhensuchcompaniesbecomedominating,thepossibilityofconflictsamongsovereignstatesmaybegreatlyreduced.Possiblytheywillbeinstrumentaltotherealizationofcompleteglobalization.thefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:1.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴、相互影響。Economic globalization is giving impetus andprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterde