2018年高考英語(yǔ)真題卷（北京卷）一、單項(xiàng)填空1.（2018?北京）—Hi,I'mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven'tseenyouaround?—Hello,Peter.I'mBob.Ijust_________onMonday.A.

start

B.

havestarted

C.

started

D.

hadstarted2.（2018?北京）_________wedon'tstopclimatechange,manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbegone.A.Although

B.While

C.If

D.Until3.（2018?北京）_________alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience.A.

Travel

B.

Traveling

C.

Havingtraveled

D.

Traveled4.（2018?北京）Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband_________asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.A.

isworking

B.

wasworking

C.

hasworked

D.

hadworked5.（2018?北京）Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,_________helpsthemkeepfit.A.

which

B.

who

C.

as

D.

that6.（2018?北京）DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival,familymembersoftengathertogether_________ameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.A.

share

B.

toshare

C.

havingshared

D.

shared7.（2018?北京）China'shigh-speedrailways_________from9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.A.

aregrowing

B.

havegrown

C.

willgrow

D.

hadgrown8.（2018?北京）Inanyunsafesituation,simply_________thebuttonandahighly-trainedagentwillgetyouthehelpyouneed.A.press

B.topress

C.pressing

D.pressed9.（2018?北京）Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho_________inthemountainsfortwodays.A.

aretrapping

B.

havebeentrapped

C.

weretrapping

D.

hadbeentrapped10.（2018?北京）Ordinarysoap,_________correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.A.

used

B.

touse

C.

using

D.

use11.（2018?北京）Withouthissupport,wewouldn'tbe_________wearenow.A.

how

B.

when

C.

where

D.

why12.（2018?北京）Intoday'sinformationage,thelossofdata_________causeseriousproblemsforacompany.A.need

B.should

C.can

D.must13.（2018?北京）Theymighthavefoundabetterhotelifthey_________afewmorekilometers.A.

drove

B.

woulddrive

C.

weretodrive

D.

haddriven14.（2018?北京）—Goodmorning,Mr.Lee'soffice.—Goodmorning.I'dliketomakeanappointment_________nextWednesdayafternoon.A.

for

B.

on

C.

in

D.

at15.（2018?北京）Thisis_________myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.A.

how

B.

which

C.

that

D.

what二、完形填空16.（2018?北京）完形填空TheHomelessHero

Formany,findinganunattendedwalletfilledwith￡400incashwouldbeasource（來(lái)源）oftemptation（誘惑）.Butthe1

wouldnodoubtbegreaterifyouwerelivingonthestreetswithlittlefoodandmoney.AllofthismakestheactionsofthehomelessTomSmith2

moreremarkable.

Afterspottinga3

onthefrontseatinsideaparkedcarwithitswindowdown,hestoodguardintherainforabouttwohourswaitingforthe4

toreturn.

Afterhoursinthecoldandwet,he5

insideandpulledthewalletouthopingtofindsomeIDsohecouldcontact（聯(lián)系）thedriver,onlyto6

itcontained￡400innotes,withanother￡50insparechangebesideit.

Hethentookthewallettoanearbypolicestationafter7

anotebehindtolettheownerknowitwassafe.Whenthecar'sownerJohnAndersonandhiscolleagueCarolLawrencereturnedtothecar—whichwasitselfworth￡35,000—inGlasgowcitycentre,theywere8

tofindtwopolicemenstandingnexttoit.ThepolicementoldthemwhatMr.Smithdidandthatthewalletwas9.

ThepairwerelaterabletothankMr.Smithforhis10.

Mr.Andersonsaid：＂Icouldn'tbelievethattheguynevertookapenny.Tothinkheissleepingonthestreetstonight11

hecouldhavestolenthemoneyandpaidforaplacetostayin.Thisguyhasnothingand12

hedidn'ttakethewalletforhimself；hethoughtaboutothers13.It'sunbelievable.Itjustprovesthereare14

guysoutthere.＂

Mr.Smith'sact15

muchofthepublic'sattention.HealsowonpraisefromsocialmediausersafterMr.Anderson16

abouttheactofkindnessonFacebook.

NowMr.Andersonhassetupanonlinecampaignto17

moneyforMr.Smithandotherhomelesspeopleinthearea,whichbyyesterdayhadreceived￡8,000.＂Ithinkthefaiththateveryonehasshown18

himhastouchedhim.Peoplehavebeenapproachinghiminthestreet;he'shadjob19

andallsorts,＂Mr.Andersoncommented.

ForMr.Smith,thisisapossiblelife-changing20.Thestoryonceagaintellsusthatonegoodturndeservesanother.1.A.hopeB.aimC.urgeD.effort2.A.stillB.evenC.everD.once3.A.walletB.bagC.boxD.parcel4.A.partnerB.colleagueC.ownerD.policeman5.A.turnedB.hidC.steppedD.reached6.A.discoverB.collectC.checkD.believe7.A.takingB.leavingC.readingD.writing8.A.satisfiedB.excitedC.amusedD.shocked9.A.safeB.missingC.foundD.seen10.A.serviceB.supportC.kindnessD.encouragement11.A.whenB.ifC.whereD.because12.A.ratherB.yetC.alreadyD.just13.A.tooB.thoughC.againD.instead14.A.honestB.politeC.richD.generous15.A.gaveB.paidC.castD.drew16.A.learnedB.postedC.caredD.heard17.A.borrowB.raiseC.saveD.earn18.A.ofB.atC.forD.in19.A.detailsB.changesC.offersD.applications20.A.lessonB.adventureC.chanceD.challenge三、閱讀理解17.（2018?北京）閱讀理解A

MyFirstMarathon（馬拉松）

Amonthbeforemyfirstmarathon,oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfortwoweeks,leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain.Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.

Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorunlapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididn'tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas＂notathletic＂.

TheideathatIwas＂notathletic＂stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s,Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!

Thenightbeforemymarathon,IdreamtthatIcouldn'tevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweatingandnervous,butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.

Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline,myshoelaces(鞋帶)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted!

Atmile3,Ipassedasign:＂GOFORIT,RUNNERS!＂

Bymile17,Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain,Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.

Bymile21,Iwasstarving!

AsIapproachedmile23,Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.

Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.

Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗標(biāo)簽),Icannowcallmyselfa＂marathonwinner＂.（1）Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor____________.A.

waswelltrained

B.

feltscared

C.

madeuphismindtorun

D.

losthope（2）WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.

Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.

B.

Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.

C.

Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.

D.

Toshareapreciousmemory.（3）Howwastheauthor'sfirstmarathon?A.

Hemadeit.

B.

Hequithalfway.

C.

Hegotthefirstprize.

D.

Hewalkedtotheend.（4）Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.

Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.

B.

Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.

C.

Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

D.

Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.18.（2018?北京）閱讀理解B

FindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)Center

Ifyou'relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhands-ontasksandlotsoffun.

Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymentinengineering,aviation,education,medicineandawidevarietyofotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andtheyleavewithreal-worldapplicationsforwhatthey'restudyingintheclassroom.

Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(榮譽(yù)徽章).AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模擬)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestraineesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandtesttheiroperatingskillsinthecockpit(駕駛艙)ofavarietyofflightsimulators.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnaboutwater-andland-survivalthroughdesignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof＂downed＂pilot.

Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.

Allthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexperiencetogether,too,withFamilyCampprogramsforfamilieswithchildrenasyoungas7.

Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethinghereforeveryone!

Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineat.oursac.（1）WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.

Toexperienceadventures.

B.

Tolookforjobsinaviation.

C.

Togetadegreeinengineering.

D.

Tolearnmoreaboutmedicine.（2）ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto

.A.

flytospace

B.

getanAviationbadgefirst

C.

studytheprinciplesofflight

D.

buildandfiremodelrockets（3）Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.

Leadership.

B.

Teamspirit.

C.

Taskplanning.

D.

Survivalskills.19.（2018?北京）閱讀理解C

Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場(chǎng)),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms'chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊狀物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms'stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.

FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms'abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂

JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?

Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂（1）Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.

Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.

B.

Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.

C.

Theycanconsumeplastics.

D.

Theywindupinlandfills.（2）AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto

.A.

identifyothermeansofthebreakdown

B.

findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C.

confirmtheresearchfindings

D.

increasethebreakdownspeed（3）Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight

.A.

helptoraiseworms

B.

helpmakeplasticbags

C.

beusedtocleantheoceans

D.

beproducedinfactoriesinfuture（4）Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.

Toexplainastudymethodonworms.

B.

Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.

C.

Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

D.

Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.20.（2018?北京）閱讀理解D

PreparingCitiesforRobotCars

Thepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It'shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.

Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.

Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車(chē))services.

AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.

Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.（1）Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.

helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems

B.

providebetterservicestocustomers

C.

causedamagetoourenvironment

D.

makesomepeoplelosejobs（2）Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?A.

Safety.

B.

Sideeffects.

C.

Affordability.

D.

Management.（3）Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.

Employed.

B.

Replaced.

C.

Shared.

D.

Reduced.（4）Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.

Doubtful.

B.

Positive.

C.

Disapproving.

D.

Sympathetic.四、任務(wù)型閱讀21.（2018?北京）任務(wù)型閱讀WhyDoWeGetAngry?

Angerseemssimplewhenwearefeelingit,butthecausesofangerarevarious.Knowingthesecausescanmakeusexamineourbehavior,andcorrectbadhabits.Themainreasonswegetangryaretriggering（觸發(fā)）events,personalitytraits（特征）,andourassessmentofsituations.________

Triggeringeventsforangeraresomanythattodescribethemallwouldtakehundredsofpages.However,herearesomeexamples:beingcutoffintraffic,adeadlineapproaching,experiencingphysicalpain,andmuchmore.________

Thereasonwhysomeoneistriggeredbysomethingandothersarenotisoftenduetoone'spersonalhistoryandpsychologicaltraits.

Eachperson,nomatterwhotheyare,haspsychologicalimbalances.Peoplewhohavepersonalitytraitsthatconnectwithcompetitivenessandlowupsettolerancearemuchmorelikelytogetangry.________

Also,sometimespre-angerdoesnothavetodowithalastingcondition,butratheratemporarystatebeforeatriggeringeventhasoccurred.

________Sometimesevenroutineoccurrencesbecomesourcesofpre-anger,orangeritself.Sometimesignoranceandnegative(消極的)outlooksonsituationscancreateanger.

________However,angercaneasilyturnviolent,anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.Withthesemainreasonsinmind,wecanevaluateourlevelofangerthroughoutthedayandpreventcasesofoutburstsbycomprehendingthereasonsforourfeelings.

A.Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituationscancreateangerwithinusaswell.

B.Butsometypesofsituationscanhelpustogetridoftheoccurrenceofanger.

C.Angerisrarelylookeduponasabeneficialcharactertrait,andisusuallyadvisedtoreduceit.

D.Angerisaparticularlystrongfeelingandmaybepeoplethinkthattheyhavereasonstofeelangry.

E.Havingthesepersonalitytraitsimpliesthepre-angerstate,whereangerisinthebackgroundofyourmind.

F.Understandingthesereasonswillcontrolourownangerifwearewillingtoevaluateourselveswithacriticaleye.

G.Noteveryoneactsthesameinresponsetoevents,andthatiswhywhattriggersonepersonmayormaynottriggeranother.五、書(shū)面表達(dá)22.（2018?北京）假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)高三學(xué)生李華，你的英國(guó)朋友Jim在給你的郵件中提到他對(duì)中國(guó)文化感興趣，計(jì)劃明年來(lái)北京上大學(xué)。他向你咨詢(xún)相關(guān)信息。請(qǐng)給他回郵件，內(nèi)容包括：

1）表示歡迎；

2）推薦他上哪所大學(xué)；

3）建議他做哪些準(zhǔn)備工作。

注意：1）詞數(shù)不少于50；

2）開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

DearJim,

________

Yours,

LiHua23.（2018?北京）假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)高三學(xué)生李華，請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下四幅圖的先后順序，寫(xiě)一篇英文周記，記述你們上周接待外國(guó)學(xué)生，帶領(lǐng)他們體驗(yàn)中國(guó)茶文化的全過(guò)程。

注意：詞數(shù)不少于60。

答案解析部分單項(xiàng)填空1.C2.C3.B4.B5.A6.B7.B8.A9.D10.A11.C12.C13.D14.A15.D二、完形填空16.（1）C；（2）B；（3）A；（4）C；（5）D；（6）A；（7）B；（8）D；（9）A；（10）C；（11）A；（12）B；（13）D；（14）A；（15）D；（16）B；（17）B；（18）D；（19）C；（20）C；三、閱讀理解17.（1）C（2）C（3）A（4）B18.（1）A（2）D（3）B19.（1）C（2）B（3）D（4）C20.（1）A（2）D（3）A（4）B四、任務(wù)型閱讀21.F；G；E；A；D五、書(shū)面表達(dá)22.DearJim,

I'msogladtohearyourfutureeducationplaninBeijinginyourlastletter.FirstIwouldliketoexpressmywarmestwelcometoyouandIamsureyouwillhavethemostunforgettableexperienceduringyourcollegeinBeijing.

LearningyourkeeninterestinChineseculture,IsuggestyouapplyforPekingUniversity,oneofthebestuniversitiesinChina.ItsChineseLiteraturemajorisperfectforyouwhereyoucanbecompletelysoakedinChineseprofoundhistoryandrichculture.Asforpreparation,somereadinginadvanceinneededlikeTheStoryoftheStonewhilesomeonlinecoursesofspokenChinesecanbehelpfulforyoutoadaptintotheChineselanguageenvironment.

Isincerelyhopeyourdreamwillcometrueandit'smypleasuretoshowyouaroundinBeijingwhenthatdaycomes.Ifyouhavefurtherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoletmeknow.

Yours,

LiHua23.

Lastweek,wetooktheforeignstudentsinourschooltoexperiencetheauthenticteaculture,whichturnedoutbetoextremelyrewarding.

Onarrivingattheteahouse,theforeignstudentswereimpressedbytheuniqueteapotsandteacups.Igavethemavividandinformativeintroductionofteaculture,includingitsprofoundhistory,itsrichvariety,andtheexquisitecraftsmanshipofmakingteawiththeirinterestgreatlysparked,Ithenbegantoteachthemhowtomaketea.

Inordertodeliveraclearpresentation,Islowlyexplainedthetraditionalprocedureofmakingteaindetail.Absorbedineverymoveofmine,theforeignstudentswereonceagainamazedbythisuniquecultureandtheycouldn'thelptakingpicturesfromtimetotime.

NextcamethemomentwhenIaskedthemtohaveatrythemselves.Washingtheteapots,addingtealeaves,andpouringwaterintothecups,theyfollowedmyinstructionsandwerereallyimmersedincharmingteaculture.Theteahousewitnessedareallyenjoyabletimeforallofus.

Attheendoftheactivity,holdingtheteabagsinourhands,wetookapicturetomemorizetheunforgettableday.Itsuddenlyhitmethattraditionalcultureliketeaculturewasofgreatcharmandhugevalue.AndIswelledwithpridetospreadourownculturetopeopleallovertheworld.《高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全》第01章

名

詞

一、概說(shuō)名詞是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名稱(chēng)的詞，如boy

男孩，mother

母親，news

消息，progress

進(jìn)步，computer

計(jì)算機(jī)，Tom

湯姆，Paris

巴黎，Japan

日本，furniture

家具，等。名詞根據(jù)其詞匯意義，通常分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞。專(zhuān)有名詞主要指人、地方、組織、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)有的名稱(chēng)，專(zhuān)有名詞的第一個(gè)字母通常大寫(xiě)，如Mary

瑪麗，MrGreen

格林先生，Beijing

北京，等；普通名詞通常指人、物、概念等的一般名稱(chēng)。根據(jù)普通名詞的語(yǔ)法性質(zhì)，它又可以細(xì)為個(gè)體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、集合名詞和抽象名詞四類(lèi)：個(gè)體名詞表示人或物的個(gè)體，如girl

女孩，pen

鋼筆，等；物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如wood

木頭，meat

肉，等；集合名詞表示若干個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family

家庭，crowd

人群，等；抽象名詞表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情等抽象概念，如work

工作，happiness

幸福，等。二、名詞的數(shù)1.

名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法(1)

在一般情況下，加詞尾

-s：book/books

書(shū)pen/pens

鋼筆face/faces

臉(2)

以

s,x,z,sh,ch

等結(jié)尾的名詞，通常加詞尾

-es：bus/buses

公共汽車(chē)box/boxes

盒子dish/dishes

盤(pán)子注：有些以

ch

結(jié)尾的名詞，由于其發(fā)音不是

[k]

而是

[tf]，那么其復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)加詞尾

–s，如stomach/stomachs

胃。(3)

以y

結(jié)尾的名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成要分兩種情況：以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，將

y

改為

ies；以“元音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的名詞，直接加詞尾s：city/cities

城市boy/boys

男孩key/keys

鑰匙注：以

y

結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞，若在某些特殊情況下需要復(fù)數(shù)，通常加

s

構(gòu)成：Mary/Marys

瑪麗Germany/Germanys

德國(guó)(4)

以

o

結(jié)尾的名詞，有些加詞尾

-s，有些加

-es，有些加

-s

或

-es

均可：piano/pianos

鋼琴tomato/tomatoes

西紅柿zero/zero(e)s

零注：有人對(duì)英語(yǔ)中所有以o結(jié)尾的名詞作了統(tǒng)計(jì)，一共近200個(gè)，其中絕大部分的復(fù)數(shù)形式通過(guò)加詞尾-s構(gòu)成，少數(shù)加詞尾

es。在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)范圍內(nèi)，加詞尾

es

的主要有以下4個(gè)：tomato

西紅柿，potato

土豆，hero

英雄，Negro

黑人(5)

以

f

或

fe

結(jié)尾的名詞，也有兩種可能：即有些直接加詞尾-s，有些則把

f/fe

改為

ves：chief/chiefs

首領(lǐng)roof/roofs

屋頂

knife/knives

小刀注：在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)范圍內(nèi)，要改

f/fe

為

ves

的只有以下10個(gè)詞(它們都是日常生活中的常用詞)：wife妻子，life

生命，knife

小刀，leaf

樹(shù)葉，thief

賊，half

一半，self

自己，shelf

架子，loaf

面包，wolf

狼。另外，中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中的handkerchief(手帕)一詞的復(fù)數(shù)有兩種形式：handkerchiefs/handkerchieves，但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，以用

handkerchiefs

為多見(jiàn)。2.

單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)同形式的名詞。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中主要的有：sheep

綿羊，fish

魚(yú)，deer

鹿，Chinese

中國(guó)人，Japanese

日本人，Portuguese

葡萄牙人，Swiss

瑞士人，aircraft

飛行器，means

方法，series

系列，head(牛等的)頭數(shù)，works

工廠，等。注：fish

有時(shí)也用

fishes

這樣的復(fù)數(shù)形式，尤其表示種類(lèi)時(shí)；head

若不是牲口的“頭數(shù)”，而是表示“人的頭”或“人數(shù)”，則要用

heads

這樣的復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.

不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。有的名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，沒(méi)有一定的規(guī)則：man/men

男人woman/women

女人

child/children

小孩tooth/teeth

牙齒

foot/feet

腳

goose/geese

鵝mouse/mice

老鼠ox/oxen

公牛注：(1)

一些以

man,woman

結(jié)尾的合成詞，在構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)與

man,woman

的變化形式相同，如：policeman/policemen

警察，gentleman/gentlemen

紳士，Englishman/Englishmen

英國(guó)人，等等。但是

human(人)，German(德國(guó)人)不是合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)不能仿

man

的變化規(guī)律，而是按規(guī)則變化，即用

humans,Germans。(2)

foot表示“英尺”時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式

feet/foot，如：Heisaboutsixfeet/foottall.

他大約6英尺高。4.

復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。通常是將其主要名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：passer-by/passers-by

過(guò)路人

shoe-maker/shoe-makers鞋匠looker-on/lookers-on

旁觀者on-looker/on-lookers旁觀者father-in-law/fathers-in-law

岳父若沒(méi)有主要名詞，則通常在最后一個(gè)詞加s：go-between/go-betweens

中間人，媒人

know-all/know-alls

萬(wàn)事通注：由man/woman用于另一名詞前構(gòu)成的合成名詞，兩者均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：mandoctor/mendoctors

男醫(yī)生

womanwriter/womenwriters

女作家5.

字母、文字、數(shù)字、符號(hào)等的復(fù)數(shù)形式。原則上加詞尾

-’s：Therearetwoi'sintheword“skiing”skiing.

這個(gè)詞里有兩個(gè)字母i。Mindyourp’sandq’s.

要謹(jǐn)言慎行。Allthe–’sshouldbechangedto+’s.

所有的正號(hào)應(yīng)改為負(fù)號(hào)。若不至于發(fā)生混淆，也可只加詞尾

s。如：Hewasborninthe1930(')s.

他出生在20世紀(jì)30年代。Your3(')slooklike8(')s.

你寫(xiě)的3看起來(lái)像似8。6.

度量衡單位的縮寫(xiě)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。一般不加詞尾-s：m(meter,meters)

米km(kilometer,kilometers)

千米kg(kilogramme,kilogrammes)

千克cm(centimeter,centimeters)

厘米有的縮寫(xiě)詞也加

s：hr(hours)/hrs(hours)

小時(shí)No(number)/Nos(Numbers)

號(hào)碼有個(gè)別縮寫(xiě)詞采用重復(fù)最后一個(gè)字母的方式構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式：p.10(page10)

第10頁(yè)pp.10(pages10through15)

第10至15頁(yè)7.

名詞的可數(shù)性。名詞根據(jù)其可數(shù)性，可分為可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，個(gè)體名詞和大部分集合名詞是可數(shù)的；而專(zhuān)有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞以及少部分集合名詞則通常是不可數(shù)的。但是這種區(qū)分只是大致的，原則性的，并不是絕對(duì)的。英語(yǔ)有些名詞往往既是可數(shù)也可以是不可數(shù)的：A：Wouldyoulikeacake?

要吃塊蛋糕嗎?B：No,Idon'tlikecake.

不吃，我不喜歡吃蛋糕。以上第一句用

acake，這是把

cake

視為一塊一塊的“蛋糕”，所以它是可數(shù)的；而第二句只用

cake，這是把它當(dāng)作物質(zhì)名詞看待,

所以它成了不可數(shù)名詞。下面我們按照名詞的不同類(lèi)別，分別討論名詞的可數(shù)性問(wèn)題。(1)

專(zhuān)有名