It作先行主語(yǔ)和先行賓語(yǔ)的一些句型Shehadsaidwhatitwasnecessarytosay.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型Itisnotwhorulesusthatisimportant,buthowherulesus."AII+抽象名詞"或"抽象名詞+itsef"(very+形容詞)Hewasallgentlenesstoher.利用詞匯重復(fù)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)Acrimeisacrimeacrime."something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of""somethingof"相當(dāng)于"tosomeextent"，表示程度。在疑問(wèn)句或條件從句中，則為"anythingof"，可譯為"有點(diǎn)"，”略微等。""譯為毫無(wú)"，"全無(wú)"。"muchof"譯為"大有"，"notmuchof"可譯為"算不上,"，"稱(chēng)不上"，"littleof"可譯為"幾乎無(wú)"。somethinglike譯為"有點(diǎn)像，略似。"Theysaythathehadnouniversityeducation,butheseemstobesomethingofascholar.同格名詞修飾是指of前后的兩個(gè)名詞都指同一個(gè)人或物，"of"以及它前面的名詞構(gòu)一個(gè)形容詞短語(yǔ)，以修飾"of"后面的那個(gè)名詞。如"heroldsharperofafather"，可譯為："她那騙子般的父親"。Thosepigsofgirlseatsomuch.as■…as■…can(may)beItisasplainasplaincanbe."Itisin(with)■…asin(with)"Itisinlifeasinajourney."asgoodas…"相等于，就像，幾乎如；實(shí)際上，其實(shí)，實(shí)在。Themerchantasgoodaspromisedtheorphanboy,thathewouldadopthim."manyaswell…as"和"mightaswell…as""manyaswell…as"可譯為"與其，不如，更好"，”以這樣做?……為宜"，”如同?……，也可以?……"等等。"mightaswell-as"表示不可能的事，可譯為"猶如?……"，"可與?……一樣荒唐"，”與其那樣不如這樣的好"等等。Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitimperfectly.11?"tomake…of"的譯法(使成為，把當(dāng)作)Iwillmakeascientistofmyson.too???+不定式"，not(never)too???+不定式"，"too???not+不定式Sheistooangrytospeak.only(not,all,but,never)too…todoso"和"tooready(apt)+todo"結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式也沒(méi)有否定意義，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意義，在"tooready(apt)+todo"結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式也沒(méi)有否定意義。Youknowbuttooyelltoholdyourtongue."nomore…than…"句型Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoulisaman."notsomuch???as"和"notsomuchas■…"結(jié)構(gòu)，"notsomuch???as"二"notsomuchas?…"，其中as有進(jìn)可換用butrather，可譯為："與其說(shuō)是毋須說(shuō)是"。而"notsomuchas"="without(not)even，"可譯為"甚至……還沒(méi)有"。Theoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit."Nothingismore…than"和"Nothingisso…as"結(jié)構(gòu)，"Nothingismore…than"和"Nothingisso…as"都具有最高級(jí)比較的意思,"NothingI"可換用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可譯為"沒(méi)有……比……更為"，"像……再?zèng)]有了"，"最……"等。Nothingismorepreciousthantime."cannot…too…"結(jié)構(gòu)，"cannot…too…"意為"Itisimpossibletooverdo…"或者，即"無(wú)論怎樣也不算過(guò)分"o"not"可換用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可換用"enough"，"sufficient"等Youcannotbetoocareful."否定+but"結(jié)構(gòu)，在否定詞后面的"but",具有"whichnot","whonot"，”thatnot",等等否定意義，構(gòu)成前后的雙重否定?？勺g成"沒(méi)有……不是"或"……都……"等Nothingissobadbutitmighthavebeenworse."否定+until(till)"結(jié)構(gòu)，在否定詞"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等的后邊所接用的"until/till",多數(shù)情況下譯為"直到……才……"，"要……才……"，把否定譯為肯定。Nobodyknowswhathecandotillhehastried."notso…but"和"notsucha…but"結(jié)構(gòu)，這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和"否定+but"的結(jié)構(gòu)差不多，不同之點(diǎn)是這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的"but"是含有"that???not"意味的連續(xù)詞，表示程度?？勺g為"還沒(méi)有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"無(wú)論怎樣……也不是不能……"等。Heisnotsosickbuthecancometoschool."疑問(wèn)詞+should…but"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示過(guò)去的意外的事，意為"none…but"，可譯為"除了還有誰(shuí)會(huì)……"，"豈料"，"想不到……竟是……"等。Whoshouldwriteitbuthimself？"whoknowsbut(that)…"和"whocouldshould…but"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是反問(wèn)形式，一般意譯為"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有時(shí)也可直譯。Whoknowsbut(that)hemaygo？"祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"結(jié)構(gòu)，"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…"，”祈使名+or"表示"if…not…，you。Addlovetoahouseandyouhaveahome.Addrighteousnesstoacityandyouhaveacommunity.Addtruthtoapileofredbrickandyouhaveaschool."名詞+and"結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞等于狀語(yǔ)從句，或表示條件，或表示時(shí)間。Aword,andhewouldlosehistemper."as…，so…"結(jié)構(gòu)，這里的"so"的意思是"inthesameway"（也是如此）。此結(jié)構(gòu)表明兩個(gè)概念在程度上和關(guān)系上相似。Asrusteatsiron，socareeatstheheart."ifany'結(jié)構(gòu)，"ifany"和"ifever"，意思是"果真有"，"即使有"，表示加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。與此類(lèi)似的還有："ifanything"（如有不同的話(huà)，如果稍有區(qū)別）,"ifaday"（=atleast,至少）。Thereislittle，ifany，hope."beitever（never）so"和"letitbeever（never）so"結(jié)構(gòu)，這里，"beit"中的"be"是古英語(yǔ)假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣的遺留形式，現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)則使用"letitbe"。"everso"和"neverso"都表示同一意思，都表示"very"。Beiteversohumble（letitbeeversohumble），homeishome."thelast+不定式"和"thelast+定語(yǔ)從詞"結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的"last"意思是"theleastlikely",用于否定性推論?？勺g為"最不大可能的"，"最不合適的"，由原意的"最后一個(gè)……"變成"最不可能……的一個(gè)"。Heisthelastmantoacceptabride."so…that…"句型，這個(gè)句型的意思是"如此……，以致于……"，但在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，許多情況下，并不是一定要譯成"如此……以致于……"，而是變通表達(dá)其含義。Heransofastthatnobodycouldcatchhimup."more+than+原級(jí)形容詞（副詞）"結(jié)構(gòu)，這是將不同性質(zhì)加以比較，其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。Itismorethanprobablethathewillfall."morethan+動(dòng)詞"結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示動(dòng)詞的程度，可譯為"異常"，"豈止"，"十二分地"等。Thismorethansatisfiedme."goodand…"的副詞用法，譯為"非常"，"很"等。類(lèi)似還有"niceand…"，"fineand…，""lovelyand…"，"brightand…"，"rareand…"，"bigand…"等，均表示程度。Theapplesaregoodandripe."andthat"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)"andthat"應(yīng)譯為"而且"，表示對(duì)它前面陳述部分的語(yǔ)氣加強(qiáng)，"that"代表前面的整個(gè)陳述部分。Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce."atonce…and"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)譯為"既又"，起相關(guān)連接的作用，相當(dāng)于"both…and…"。Thenovelisatoncepleasingandinstructive."inthat…"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是"在那一點(diǎn)上（方面）"，可譯為"因?yàn)?。類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有"inthis…!1"。Thebudgetisunrealisticinthatitdisregardsincreasedcosts."thenamenotwithstanding"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中"notwithstanding"是介詞，這個(gè)介詞可以置前，可以置后，比如也可寫(xiě)成："notwithstandingthename"。起讓步狀語(yǔ)的作用。Somepeoplethinkofthestoragebatteryasasortofcondenserwhereelectricityisthisisanentirelywrongconception,thenamenotwithstanding."Every…not"和"All…not"結(jié)構(gòu)，"Every…not"表示"不見(jiàn)得每個(gè)都是"；"AII…not"表示"不見(jiàn)得所有……都是……"的意思。Everymanisnotpolite,andallarenotborngentlemen."mayaswellnot…as"結(jié)構(gòu)，此結(jié)構(gòu)可譯為"與其不如不Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitbutimperfectly."haveonlyto…do"結(jié)構(gòu)，此結(jié)構(gòu)表示"只須(消)就能"的意思。WehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoverymadebyEdisontoseethesignificanceofit."not(no)…unless…"句型Noincreaseinoutputcanbeexpectedunlessanewassemblylineisinstalled."better…than…"句型Bettermylifeshouldbeendedbytheirhate,thanthathatedlifeshouldbeprolongedtolivewithoutyourlove."asitwere"是一個(gè)非常常用的插入語(yǔ)，意思是"好象"，"可以說(shuō)"等。Apieceofironnearamagnet,thoughapparentlyseparatefromit,feels,asitwere,thethreadsofthisattachment.復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定語(yǔ)從句過(guò)長(zhǎng)，把謂語(yǔ)mustrealize提到定語(yǔ)從句之前。Thoughfaithandconfidencearesurelymoreorlassforeigntomynature,Idonotinfrequentlyfindmyselflookingtothemtobeable,diligent,candid,andevenhonest.Plainlyenough,thatistoolargeanorder,asanyonemustrealizewhoreflectsuponthemannerinwhichtheyreachpublicoffice."not…anymorethan…"為："不能，正如不能"。Onecannotlearntosketchandexpresshimselfgraphicallyonlybyreadingaboutitanymorethanonecanlearntoswimwhilestandingbythepool."Bythatasitmay是"Letitbethatasitmay的省略形式，是由"be"引起的另外一種假設(shè)結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是"雖然如此，盡管這樣"。Itissaidthatthenervepoisonisthemoreprimitiveofthetwo,thatthebloodpoisonis,sotospeak,anewproductfromanimprovedformula.Bethatasitmay,thenervepoisondoesitsbusinesswithmanfarmorequicklythanthebloodpoison."ifatall"是一個(gè)由"if"引起的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)不完整的短句結(jié)為"即將……"，"即使……"等。Icanseeonlywithgreatdifficulty,ifatall.由there引起的句型容易產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu).Therehavebeenopeneduptothevastandexcellentscience,inwhichmyworkisthebeginning,waysandmeansbywhichothermindsmoreaccuratethanwinewillexploreitsremotecorners."rangefrom…to…"結(jié)構(gòu)。這是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)，譯時(shí)很多情況下應(yīng)變通處理，不能完全依靠辭典上的釋義。Computerapplicationsrangefromanassemblylinecompletelyrunbycomputerstoachildrentoyrespondingtoremotesignals."theway…"結(jié)構(gòu)Ialwaysthoughtshewasacommon-sensepersonwhodiscussedthingsthewaytheyoughttobediscussed.復(fù)雜賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)Inrecentyears,thedevelopmentofsensitiveandaccuratemeasuringequipmenthasmadeitpossibletomeasuretheacuityofhearingofanyindividualatdifferentfrequencies.某些分隔結(jié)構(gòu)1）動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)相關(guān)部分被分隔（當(dāng)"makeuseof","takenoticeof","payattentionto",等動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)）。Useismadeofsolarenergyinheatinghouses.2）雙重定語(yǔ)引起的分隔。Butthereisofcultureanotherview,inwhichnotsolelythescientificpassion,thesheerdesiretoseethingsastheyare,naturalandproperinanintelligentbeing,appearsasthegroundofit."tobedoing…when…"是一個(gè)句型，多譯為"某人正在做時(shí)，突然"。在簡(jiǎn)單的句子中容易看出,一旦句子變得復(fù)雜一些,可能就不太容易識(shí)別這種句型。Shesaidsheandafriendhadgoneouttodinnerthatnight,andwerewalkinghometogetheratabout10o'clock,whena"verybig,verytallman",accostedthemanddemandedtheirpurses."too…to"句型ThenIrememberedhowoftenI,too,hadbeenindifferenttothegrandeurofeachday,toopreoccupiedwithpettyandsometimesevenmeanconcernstorespondtothesplendorofitall."somuchthat…"句型ButhedevelopedgraduallyaverymusicalEnglish.Helearnttowritesentencesthatfallawayontheearwithamistylanguoranditdelightedhimsomuchthathecouldneverhaveenoughofit."when"引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)并不好譯，不能一看到when從句就考慮譯為"當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，它還有許多種譯法。Anythingisbetterthannottowriteclearly.Thereisnothingtobesaidagainstlucidity,andagainstsimplicityonlythepossibilityofdryness.Thisisariskthatiswellworthtakingwhenyoureflecthowmuchbetteritistobeboldthantowearacurlywig."not…because…"，有時(shí)可否定前面，有時(shí)可否定because本身，往往出現(xiàn)歧義。應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文面判定。In1600theearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniversebecausethemajoritythensupposeditwas;nor,becauseshehadmorereaders,wasEllawheelerWilcoxabetterpoetthanFatherHopkins."so…that,such…that"是一個(gè)普通的句型，但在同一個(gè)句子里有兩處使用它卻比較少見(jiàn)。Thetruthis,thatinonepointofview,thismatterofnationalliteraturehascometosuchapasswithus,thatinsomesensewemustturnbullies,elsethedayislost,orsuperioritysofarbeyondus,thatwecanhardlysayitwilleverbeours."bydoing…"結(jié)構(gòu)。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是"通過(guò)（做）"，但翻譯實(shí)踐中不能拘泥于這種釋義，不少情況下需要靈活變通。Thehippos,bydepositingdunginthewater,fedthefishthatsupportthestorksthatdestroytheraretrees.下面例句為一倒裝句，主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，而且又含有非常復(fù)雜的句型。這是以形容詞作表語(yǔ)的倒裝，翻譯實(shí)踐中多把倒裝部分譯到最前面。Nolessobviousisthefacttherearegreatnumbersofpeoplesoconstitutedorsobroughtupthattheycannotgetsomuchpleasureoutofprocessesandexperiencesresultinginapoorerlifelessfullofmeaning."what…of"句型IcannotsayofmyselfwhatJohnsonsaidofPope:Heneverpassedafaultunamendedbyindifference,norquitteditbydespair.IdonotwriteasIdo;IwriteasIcan.英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法是：當(dāng)否定謂語(yǔ)think(believe)時(shí)，實(shí)際上是否定其后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。否定就落在賓語(yǔ)從句上。這樣賓語(yǔ)從句就變成了雙重否定，譯時(shí)可以按雙重否定譯，也可按肯定來(lái)譯。Itisavaluablework.Idonotthinkanyonewritessowellthathecannotlearnmuchfromit."tohavenot…（as）tosee…"中的不定式也有否定意味。Hehadnotthegoodbreedingtoseethatsimplicityandnaturalnessarethetruestmarksofdistinction."Itoccurredtosb.that…"意為"突然想到","Itdawnedon???"."突然想起"等。從句是想起的內(nèi)容。Irememberoncebeingonabusandlookingatastranger.Hesuddenlylookedbackateyesmet.Myinstinctivereactionwastoavertmygaze.ItoccurredtomethatifIhadcontinuedtomaintaineyecontact,Iwouldhavebeenrudeandaggressive."Itfollowsthat…"二"Ithappensasaresult…"常常被譯為"由此可見(jiàn)"，"因此"，"從前"，"可以推斷"等等。Itfollowsthatthehousewifewillalsoexpecttobeabletohavemoreleisureinherlifewithoutloweringherstandardofliving.Italsofollowsthathumandomesticservantswillhavecompletelyceasedtoexist."that'sallthereistoit"，意思是"也不過(guò)如此而已"?？筛鶕?jù)上下文視情況處理。IfI'mtouched,I'mtouched-that'sallthereistoit."Thechancesarethat…"是一句型，譯為"有可能"。Thechancesareyouwillneverattemptthatspeedwithpoetryorwanttoracethoughsomepassagesinfictionoverwhichyouwishtolinger.Feel,see,leave引起賓語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，或在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中引起主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的某些慣用句型，有時(shí)see和feel這兩個(gè)詞的被動(dòng)式不大好譯。遇到這種情況應(yīng)挖掘其深層含義，不要拘泥于表面形式。Theeducationoftheyoungisseentobeofprimaryimportance.某此以no,nowhere,never,not…bout,not???any,