?北京頤和園英文導(dǎo)游辭Thetourwilltake4-6hours.TherouteisasfollowsOutsidetheEastGate-sidetheEastGate–infrontoftheHallofbenevolenceandLongevity-infrontofGardenofVirtuousHarmony-infrontoftheGrandTheaterBuilding-alakesidewalkfromtheGardenofVirtuousHarmonytotheHalloJadeRipples-infrontoftheoJadeRipples-infrontoftheYiyunguan(ChamberofMortalBeing)-Hallofhappinessandlongevity-infrontoftheYaoyue(ChamberofMortalBeings)-HallofHappinessandLongevity-infrontoftheYaoyue(InvitingtheMoon)GateoftheLongCorridor-strollingalongtheLongCorridor-visitinganexhibitionofculturalrelics-infrontoftheHallofDispellingClouds-insidetheHallofDispellingClouds-atoptheTowerofBuddhistIncense-onahilltopleadingfromthebackdooroftheTowerofBuddhistIncense-onahilltopleadingfromthebackdooroftheTowerofBuddhistIncense-insidetheGardenofHarmoniousInterest–outsidethesouthgatetoSuzhouShoppingStreet-atopthestonebridgeinsidetheSuzhoushoppingstreet–ontheroadfromthesouthgateofsuzhoushoppingstreet-ontheroadformthesouthgateofsuzhoushoppingstreettothemarbleboat-infrontoftheruinsoftheGardenofcompletespring–alongthelakesidebythemarbleboat-boatingontheKunmingLake-leavingoutthroughtheEastGate.(Outsidetheeastgate)LadiesandGentlemenWelcometotheSummerPalace.(Aftertheself-introductionoftheguide-interpreter)Ihopethiswillbeaninterestingandenjoyabledayforyou.Duringourtour,youwillbeintroducedtotimehonoredhistoricalandculturaltraditions,aswellaspicturesqueviewsandlandscapes.TheconstructionoftheSummerPalacefirststartedin1750.Atthattime,theQingDynastywasinitsheydayandChinawasapowerfulAsiancountrywithvastterritories.ThemonarchinpowerthenwasEmperorQianlong.Withsupremepowerandlargesumsofmoney,hesummonedskillfulandingeniousartisansfromalloverthecountrytocarryoutthisconstructionworkinhonorofhismother`sbirthday.After15yearsandoneseventhofthenation`sannualrevenuespent,theGardenofClearRippleswascompletedandservedasatestimonytoChina`sscientificandtechnologicalachievements.In1860,thisvastroyalgardenwasburntdownalongwiththeYuanmingYuan(GardenofPerfectionandBrightness)byAngol-Frenchalliedforces.In1888,EmpressDowagerCixireconstructedthegardenonthesamesiteandrenamedittheGardenofNurturedHarmony(SummerPalace).Characterizedbyitsvastscopeandrichculturalembodiments,theSummerPalacehasbecomeoneofthemostfamoustouristsitesintheworld.ThisisthemainentrancetotheSummerPalace-theEastGateOntopoftheeavesofthedoorthereisaplaquebearingaChineseinscriptionwhichmeans“GardenofNurturedHarmony”,whosecalligrapherwasEmperorGuangxu.Thegatethatyouarenowenteringwasusedexclusivelybytheemperor,theempressandthequeermother.Allothersusedthesidedoors.(InsidetheEastGate)theSummerPalacecanbedividedintotwopartsLongevityHillandKunmingLake.Thewholegardencoversanareaof290hectares,ofwhihthree-fourthsconsistsofalakeandrivers.Thisimperialgardenfeatures3,000room-unitsandcoversanexpanseof70,000squaremeterswithmorethan100picturesquespotsofinterest.ThelayoutoftheSummerPalaceincludesthreegroupsofarchitecturespalaceswheretheemperorattendedtostateaffairs,restingpalacesoftheemperorandempress,andsightseeingareas.EnteringtheEastGatewewillcomethetheofficequarters.EnteringtheEastgatewewillcometotheofficequarters.Theannexhallsonbothsideswereusedforofficialsonduty.ThisistheGateofBenevolenceandLongevity.AbovethedoorthereisaplaquebearingthesamenameinbothChineseandManchuriancharacters.ThegiganticrockintheforegroundisknownasTaihurock,orerodedlimestone,quarriedinJiangsuProvinceandplacedheretodecoratedthegarden.Onthemarbleterracesitsabronzemythicalbeast,knownasQilinorXuanni.ItwassaidtotheoneoftheninesonsofDragonKing.Apointofpeculiarinterestisthatithastheheadofadragon,antlersofadeer,thetailofalionandhoovesofaox,andiscoveredwithauniqueskin.ITwasconsideredanauspiciouscreaturethatbroughtpeaceandprosperity.ThisgrandhallistheHallofBenevolenceandLongevity.Itwasbuiltin1750,andwasknownastheHallofIndustriousGovernment.EmperorQianlongruledthatthehallswheremonarchsattendedtostateaffairswouldbenamedafterthem.AftertherebuildingoftheSummerPalace,thehallwasrenamed,suggestingthatbenevolentrulerswouldenjoylonglives.Thearrangementofthehallhasbeenleftuntouched.Inthemiddleofthehallstandsathronemadeofsandalwoodandcarvedwithbeautifuldesigns.Inthebackgroundthereisascreencarvedwithninefrolickingdragons.Oneithersideofthethronetherearetwobigfansmadeofpeacockfeathers,twocolumn-shapedincenseburners,crane-shapedlanternsandanincenseburnerassumingtheformofLuduan,amythologicalanimalwhichwassupposetohavethepowertopreventfire.ThesmallchambersoneightsidewerewheretheEmperorQianlongandEmpressDowagerCixirestedandmetofficialsonformaloccasions.Ontheverandahintheforegroundofthehalltherearebronzestatuesofdragonandphoenixeswhichservedasincenseburnersonmajoroccasions.Theyarehollowandsmokecomesthroughholesontheirbacks.AlsoontheverandaareTaiPing(Peace)bronzewatervatsmadeduringthereignofEmperorQianlong.Asaprecautionincaseoffire,afirewaslitunderneaththevatsinthewintertokeepthewaterinthemfromfreezing.(AttheentranceofGardenofVirtuousHarmony)wearenowvisitingtheGardenofVirtuousHarmony,whereEmperorQianlongandEmpressDowagerCixiwereentertainedwithBeijingOperaperformances.ITmainlyconsistsoftheDressingHouse,TheGrandTheaterBuildingandtheHallofpleasuresmiles.ThegrandTheaterBuildingknownasthe“CradleofBeijingOpera”wasuniquelylaidoutandmagnificentlydecorated.OnSeptember10,1984,theGardenofVirtuousHarmonyopeneditsdoorstovisitors.Therearealso7exhibitionhallswitharticlesofdailyuseondisplayhere.ThestaffhereputupcourtdressesofQingDynastyinordertogivethevisitoramorevividimpression.(InfrontoftheGrandTheaterBuilding)thisbuildingis21metersinheightand17metersinwidthandfeaturesthreetiersoftiltedeavesandstages.Allofthestagesareconnectedtoaraise,andawinchisinstalledatthetop.Awelland5pondsweresunkunderthegroundstage.Therearetrapdoorsintheceilingforfairiestodescend,aswellasonthefloorfordemonstosurface.Theundergroundpassagesalsoservedasameansofimprovingresonanceandmakingtheperformers`voicesmoreaudible.OfthethreemaintheaterbuildingoftheQingDynasty,theGrandTheaterBuildingisthetallestandthelargest.TheothertwoareChangyin(FluentVoice)PavilioninChengde,animperialsummerresort.ThebuildingplayedamajorpartinfosteringthebirthanddevelopmentofBeijingoperasincethecompletionoftheGrandTheaterBuilding,manyperformanceswereheldinitinhonoroftheEmpressDowagerCixi.(AlakesidewalkfromtheGardenofVirtuousHarmonytotheHallofJadeRipples)wearenowstandinginthemiddleofarockerybehindtheHallofBenevolentandlongevity.Itappearsthatthere`snothingspecialahead.However,afterwecleartherockery,wewillreachKunmingLake.ThisisaapplicationofaspecificstyleofChinesegardening.Notfarawayinthelakethereisaislet.Itisfilledwithpeachandweepingwillowtreesandservesasaidealplacetoappreciatethescenery.ThepavilionontheisletiscalledZhichun(UnderstandingSpring)Pavilionandischardcterizedbyfour-edged,multipleeavedroofs.(InfrontoftheHallofJadeRipples)thisgroupofspecialandquietcourtyarddwellingistheHallofjadeRipples.ItwasfirstusedbyEmperorQianlongtoattendtostateaffairs.ITwasalsowhereEmperorGuangxuofthelateQingdynastywaskeptunderhousearrest.ThishallisahallmarkoftheReformMovementof1898,EmperorGuanxuwasEmpressDowagerCixi`snephew.AfterEmperorTongzhidied,EmpressDowagerCiximadehernephew,whowasatthattimefouryearsoldasuccessorinordertocontinueherwieldingofpowerbehindthescenes.WhenEmperorGuanxuwas19yearsold,EmpressDowagerCixirelinquishedpowertohimbutcontinuedtoexertconsiderableinfluence.In1898,theReformMovementtookplacewiththeaimofsustainingthecornprinciplesoftheQingDynastywhilereformingoutdatedlaws.Themovementlastedfor103daysuntilitwassuppressedbyEmpressDowagerCixi.Theemperor`ssixearnestreformistswerebeheadedandEmperorGuangxuwasplacedunderhousearrestwhichlastedfor10years.Allthebackdoorsweresealedandabrickwaswasputupbehindthewoodenpartitiononeachsideofthetwoannexesofthecourtyard.EmperorGuangxuwascloselywatchedbyeunuchs.Thewallremainsintactfortouriststosee..Dynastywhilereformingoutdatedlaws.Themovementlastedfor103daysuntilitwassuppressedbyEmpressDowagerCixi.Theemperor`ssixearnestreformistswerebeheadedandEmperorGuangxuwasplacedunderhousearrestwhichlastedfor10years.Allthebackdoorsweresealedandabrickwaswasputupbehindthewoodenpartitiononeachsideofthetwoannexesofthecourtyard.EmperorGuangxuwascloselywatchedbyeunuchs.Thewallremainsintactfortouriststosee.(InfrontofYiyunguan(ChamberofMortalBeings)thiswaswhereEmpressandempressdowagerofChina`sfeudalsystem.However,EmperorGuanxuwasnotthelastemperoroftheQingDynasty.ThelastinthelinewasEmperorPuyi,whoascendedthethronein1908attheageofthree,tooyoungtobemarried.In1912,hewasforcedtoabdicate.DuringtheshortreignofEmperorPuyi.EmpressLongyuhandledstateaffairsonhisbehalfinthenameofEmpressDowager.In1911,arevolutionledbyDr.SunYat-sunsucceeded,andtheyearafter,EmpressLongyuannouncedtheabdicationofthelastemperorofChina.(IntheHallofHappinessandLongevity)theagedempressDowagerCixiwassofondoftheSummerPalacethatshedecidedtoliveherefromAprilthroughOctoberofeveryyear.Thisgroupofbuildingsservedasherresidence.Thisgroupofcourtyarddwellingsconsistsofaforecourtandabackyardwithannexcourtsoneachside.Thewholecompoundwasbasicallymadeofwood,whichisidealforventilationandlighting.Withitsquietandtastefullayout,theHallofHappinessandLongevitymadelifeveryeasyandconvenient.NowonderoneofEmpressDowagerCixi`spleasureboat.Onthepierthereisatalllanternpost.Flankingthestaircaseleadingtothemainentranceofthehall,therearebronzecranes,deerandvases,symbolizinguniversalpeace.Theinteriorlayoutisthesameastheimperialcourt,withthrone,alargetableandincenseburnersplacedinthemiddle.Atmealtime,eunuchs-in–waitingwouldmakeagigantictableoutofthistableandEmpressDowagerCixiwoulddineon128courses.Becauseofthismorethan1,800talesofsilverwouldbespenteachmonthonmeals.OntheeastsideoftheLivingRoomistheCloakRoom.Thebedroominonitswest.Infrontoftheyaoyue(InvitingtheMoon)GateoftheLongCorridorThefamedLongCorridorisahead.FacingKunminglakeandintheforegroundofLongevityHill,theLongCorridorstretchesfromYaoyue(InvitingtheMoon)GatetoShizhang(StonyOldMan)Pavilion.ITis728metersinlengthandconsistof273sectionsandconnectsfouroctagonalpavilions.In1990,itwaslistedinGuinnessBookofWorldRecords.(StrollingalongtheLongCorridor)TheLongCorridorisoneofthemajorstructuresoftheSummerPalace.SincethecorridorwasdesignedtofollowthephysicalfeaturesofthesouthernslopeofLongevityHill,fourmultiple-eaved,octagonalpavilions(Beauty-RetainingPavilion,Enjoy-theRipplesPavilion,AutumnWaterPavilionandClarityDistancePavilion)wereplacedatbendsandundulation.Thussightseerswillhardlynoticetheriseandfalloftheterrain.AsamajorpartofthearchitecturalstyleoftheSummerPalace,theLongCorridorservesasaningeniousconnectorbetweentheLakeandthehill.Scatteredbuildingsonthesouthernslopewerelinkedtocreataunifiedcomplex.Thiscorridorcanalsobecalleda“corridorofpaintings”Therearemorethan14,000paintingsonitsbeams.Someofthemareofbirds,flowersandlandscapesoftheWestlakeinHangzhou,ZhejianProvince.Otherspresentscenesfromliteraryclassics.ThemajorityofthelandscapepaintingweredoneundertheorderofEmperorQianlong,whopreperredthesceneryofSouthChina.(Bythedoorleadingtotheexhibitionofculturalrelics)thisgroupoftemple-shapedstructuresareknownasQinghua(ClarifiedChina)Hall,alsoknownasArhatHallduringthereignofEmperorQianlong.Theoriginalhallburneddownin1860.Afteritwasreconstructed,itwasrenamed.QinghuaHallisnowusedasaexhibitionhalldisplayingrareculturalrelicscollectedintheSummerPalace.Thehallconsistsof6exhibitionroomswithtensofthousandsofarticlesoftreasureondisplayinturn.Amongtheexhibitstherearebronzeware,porcelain,jadeassemblagesfromtheMingandQingdynasties,andrareandpaintings.Thereisalsoagiganticstoneslab,whichismorethan3metersinheightandwidth.ItbearsthehandwritteninscriptionsofEmperorQianlongiscommemorationofthesuppressionofarebellionintheXinjiangregion.OnlythisslabsurvivedwhentheAngle-FrenchalliedforcessetfiretotheSummerPalace.(InfrontoftheGateofDispellingClouds)Nowweareapproachingthecentralpartofthestructuresonthelakesideslope,theTowerofBuddhistIncensewithintheHallofDispellingClouds.TheHallofDispellingCloudswaswherenumerouspalatineskowtowedtoEmpressDowagerCixi.Itwassurroundedbygalleriesandflankedbyannexhalls.Intheforecourtthereisapoolandmarblebridges.Startingfromthelakeside,thereliesinsuccessionamemorialarchway,theGateofDispellingClouds,theHallofDispellingCloudsandtheTowerofBuddhistIncense.Allofthesestructuresarebuiltonacentralaxisandeachistallerthanitspredecessor.Thiswasdesignedtogiveprominencetothelaststructure,theTowerofBuddhistIncense,whichwasasymbolofimperialpower.ThelayoutofthisgroupofarchitectureswasbasedonscenesdescribedinBuddhistsutras.ThisgroupofstructureareamongthemostmagnificentlyconstructedhereintheSummerPalace.(InsidetheHallofDispellingClouds)TheoriginalbuildingsonthissitewereburneddownbytheAnglo-Frenchalliedforcesin1860.AnewsetofstructureswasbuiltduringthereignofEmperorGuanxu,andwascalledtheHallofDispellingClouds,suggestingthatitwasafairyland.Thehallwasbuiltonahighterrace,andhas21room.Insidethehallareathrone,screens,tripodsandmandarinfans.Onaplatformyouwillseebronzedragons,phoenixesandtripods.Atthefootoftheplatformtherearefourbronzewatervats,theancientformoffireextinguishers.The10thdayoflunarOctoberwas,EmpressDowagerCixi`sbirthday.Onthatday,shesatonthethroneheretoreceivecongratulationsandgifts.NowwearegoingtopayavisittothehighlightoftheSummerPalace-theTowerofBuddhistIncense.Whatwearenowstandingonisastoneterracewhichis20metersinheight.Ithasasemihousedstairwayof100steps,youwilllivefor100years.So,let`sgo!(InthefrontoftheTowerofBuddhistIncense)Anoctagonalstructurewiththreestoreysandquadrupleeaves,theTowerofBuddhistIncenseistheverycenteroftheSummerPalace,andisoneofthemasterpiecesofancientChinesearchitecture.Thetoweris41metersinheight,andisbuttressedby8solidpillarsmadeoflignumvitaelogs.Withitscomplexstructure,ingeniouslayout,toweringterraceandconvincinggrandeur,theTowerofBuddhistIncensewasartfullysetoutbytheimperialgardensandbeautifulscenerysurroundingit.TheToweroverlooksKunmingLakeandotherpicturesquespotswithinanareaoftensofkilometers.OnthewestsideoftheTowerstandsBaoyunge(PreciousCloudPavilion).ITismadeofbronzeandis7.5metersinheightand270tonsinweight.Itresemblesitswoodencounterpartsineverydetail.ItisoneofthelargestandmostexquisitebronzepavilionsstillonexistenceinChina.LamasprayedhereduringthereignofEmperorQianlonginhonorofthemonarchsandtheirfamilies.Attheturnofthecentury10bronzewindowswerespiritedabroad.In1992anAmericancompanyboughtthewindowsandreturnedthemintacttoChina.(OnahilltopleadingfromthebackdoorofTowerofBuddhistIncense)NowwecanseethelongandsnakingWesternCausewayandashorterdikethatdividesKunmingLakeintothreeareasthatcontainSouthLakeIsland,Seaweed-viewingIslandandcirclecityisland.ThethreeislandrepresentthreemountaininancientChinesemythology,i.e.penglai,FangzhangandYingzhou.ThispeculiarmethodofincorporatingalakeathreemountainswithinasinglegardenwasabrainchildofEmperorWudioftheHanDynastymorethan2,000yearsago,bearingtestimonytofeudalmonarchs`slongingforlongevity.Asthelegendgoesmanyheavenlyelixirsgrewonthethreemythicalislands.Usingartificialbuildingtechniques,theancientChinesebuiltthismasterpiecebasedonthemythtomakethemythicalonappeartobeaccessibletohumans.(InsidetheGardenofHarmoniousInterest)SettingagardenwithinalargergardenhasbeenoneofChinatraditionalarchitecturalstyles.TheGardenofHarmoniousInterestservesasafineexampleofthis.ThisGardenwasbuiltundertheorderofEmperorQianlongandmodeledaftertheJichangGarden(GardenofEaseofMind)atthefootofMountHuishan,JiansuProvince.ITwasrenamedbyhissonEmperorJiaqingin1811.TheexistingGardenwasrebuiltbyEmperororGuangxu.EmpressDowagerCixiusedtogofishinghere.TheGardenfeatures10waterfrontplatforms,pavilionsandhallsaswellashundredsofgalleriesWithallofitsstructuresfacingthelakeandpools,theGardenofHarmoniousInterestisbasicallyagardenofwaterscape.Spanningthevastexpanseofthelakeandpoolsarefivebridges,eachquitedifferentfromtheothers.Themostfamousofthemisthebridgeknownas“Knowing–theFishing-bridge.”ITissaidthatmorethan2,500yearsagoduringtheWarringStatesPeriod,twophilosopherenamedZhuangZihadaninterestingargumentbythesideofapond.Zhangsaid,”Fishswimtoandfrointhewater.Whathappyfish!”Huiasked,”Youarenotafish.Howdoyouknowtheyarehappy?”Zhuangreplied,“Youarenotme.HowdoyouknowIdon’tknow?”Huisigned,“Iamnotyou,therefore,Idon’tknowyou.Andyouarenotafish,sohowdoyouknowthatfisharehappy?”Zhangsaid,“youaskmehowIknowfisharehappy,whydoyoukeepingmethesamequestion?”AlthoughTheGardenofHarmoniousInterestwasdesignedafterJichangGarden,itnotonlyabsorbedtheoriginaldesigns,butexceededit.(OutsidethesouthentrancetoSuzhouShoppingStreet)NowletshavealookatlongevityHill.OnthebackslopeoftheHillstandsagroupofarchitectures.ThecenterpieceofstructuresthereareknownastheFourContinentsandarededicatedtoBuddhism.ThisgroupwaslaidoutandarrangedinaccordancewithBuddhistcosmology.AsidefromamainshrineandstructuresembodyingtheFourContinents,thereareeighttowersrepresentingMinorContinents.TheshrineissurroundedbyfourLamaistpagodasandbetweenthemajorandminorcontinents,theretwoplatformsrepresentingthesunandthemoon.TheQingauthorityattachedgreatimportancetoBuddhism.TofurtherstrengthentieswiththeethnicminoritieswhopracticedBuddhism,themonarchsincorporatedbothHanandTibetanstylesofarchitectureintothisgroupoftemples.FurthernorthatthefootoftheFourMajorContinentliestheSuzhouShoppingStreet.BuiltalongtheBackLakeoftheSummerPalace,thisstreetstretchesabout300metersandfeaturesmorethan60stores.Itincludesrestaurants,teahouses,pawnshopsbanks,drugstoresdyehousesandpublishinghouses.Inordertorecreatetheatmosphereofancienttimes,visitorswillhavethechancetoexchangetheirmoneytoancientstyleChinesecoinsforusehere.Storefrontsaretrimmedwithtraditionalsignboardsandornaments.Thecommercialcultureofthemid-18thcenturyhasthusbeenrecreated.(AtopthestonebridgeinsidetheSuzhouShoppingStreet)visitorsmaybesurprisetoseethatthisshoppingstreetisalmostthesameasthatinSouthChina.Asamatteroffact,thisstreetwasdesignedaftertheshopsalongthecanalsinSuhzhou.OriginallyknownasEmperor`sShoppingStreet,itwasbuiltduringthereignofEmperorQianlong.AftermakingseveralinspectiontourstoSouthChinaandbeingdulyimpressedbyitscommercialprosperity,EmperorQianlongorderedtheconstructionofthisstreet.TheimperialshoppingstreetwasburntdownbyAnglo-Frenchalliedforcesin1860.Thesiteremaineddesolateduntil1987,whenreconstructionbegan.ItwasopenedtothepublicinSeptember1990.Withcommercialcultureasitshallmark,theSuzhouShoppingStreetisavividrepresentationofChina`straditionalcultures.(Ontheroadfromthesouthfateofthesuzhoushoppingstreettothemarbleboat)ThisisthehallofPines.FromittothewestwecanwalktotheMarbleBoat.ThepathweareetakingstretchesbetweenLongevityHillandBackLake.Monarchsandtheircohortsusedtostrollalongit.HenceitwasnamedCentralImperialPath.Alongthispathyouwillseelilacsallaround.Hence,thisroadisalsoknownasthePathofLilac.(InfrontoftheruinsoftheGardenofcompletespring)QuiteafewuniquestructureswereburntdownduringthereignofemperorQianlong,amongwhichtheGardenofCompleteSpringwasoneofthemostfamous.Theruinedanddesolatecourtyardbytheroadsidewasitsoriginalsite,itremainstoberestored.Thisgroupofstructurescoveranareaof4,000squaremetersandfeaturesanumberofhallsbuiltonthreedifferentlevels.Allofthestructureswereconnectedwithgalleriesandstonestaircases.Withitsnaturalandingeniouscombinationofpavilions,ahall,galleriesandrooms,theGardenofCompleteSpringservesasafinemodelforothergardens.EmperorQianlongfrequentlyvisitedthiscompound.(AlongthelakesidebytheMarbleBoat)NowwehavereturnedfromthebackofLongevityHilltothefront.ThereisthefamousMarbleBoat.Thisstructureis36metersinlengthanditsbodywasmadeofmarble.Ontopofitisatwostoreyedstructure.Thefloorwaspavedwithcoloredbricks.Allofthewindowsareinlaidwithmulti-coloredglassandtheceilingwasdecoratedwithcarvedbricks.Thedrainagesystemchannelsrainwaterdownthroughfourhollowconcretepillarsandintothelakethroughthemouthofdragonheads.AccordingtoabookwrittenbyEmperorQianlong,theboatwasusedforenjoyingthesceneryandwassupposedtobesymbolicofthestabilityoftheQi