高考英語(yǔ)備考：十個(gè)方法寫出更加生動(dòng)、直接、簡(jiǎn)潔的文章Herearetenwaystoproducemorevivid（生動(dòng)的），direct，concise（簡(jiǎn)潔的）compositionbychoosingfewerwordsandwellorganizedsentences.Butconcisenessdoesn’tmeanthatyouwriteshort，choppy（支離破碎的）sentences，orthatyoucutout（裁剪）details.Itmeansthatyousimplytakeout（取出）emptywordsandphrases.以下有十個(gè)方法用盡量少的詞語(yǔ)和組織好的句子來(lái)寫出更加生動(dòng)、直接、簡(jiǎn)潔的文章。但簡(jiǎn)煉并不意味著你寫短的，不連貫的句子，或者把細(xì)節(jié)裁掉，而是指取出無(wú)意義的單詞和短語(yǔ)。1.Useactivevoice使用主動(dòng)的語(yǔ)態(tài)Activeverbsputtheactorfirstandsoundlivelierthanpassive（被動(dòng)的）verbs，whichcansoundstatic（靜止的）orabstract（抽象的）.Activeverbsaremucheasiertounderstandandmuchmorepowerful.Trytousetheactivevoicewheneverpossible.主動(dòng)動(dòng)詞把動(dòng)作實(shí)行者放在首位，這樣的句子聽(tīng)起來(lái)更加生動(dòng)，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)顯得靜止和抽象。主動(dòng)句更容易讓人理解，更富有威力。請(qǐng)盡可能使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。原句：Themeetingwasseenbyusasaploy（策略）todelaytheproject.（這個(gè)會(huì)議被我們當(dāng)做拖延該項(xiàng)目的一種策略。）修改后：Wesawthemeetingasaploytodelaytheproject.（我們把這個(gè)會(huì)議當(dāng)成拖延該項(xiàng)目的一種策略。）2.Avoidvaguenouns避免使用含糊不清的名詞Phrasesformedaroundgeneralnouns（一般名詞）suchasaspect，degree，andsituationclutter（使……凌亂）sentenceseasily.Avoidthosenounswhichexpressavague（含糊的）conceptoranabstractideaandcannotpictureaspecificaction.由諸如方面、程度、狀態(tài)等一般名詞組成的短語(yǔ)容易使句子變得雜亂。請(qǐng)避免使用這些描述模糊或抽象的概念，不能夠明確說(shuō)明行動(dòng)的名詞。原句：Sheisanexpertintheareaofinternationalrelations.（在國(guó)際關(guān)系的領(lǐng)域中她是個(gè)專家。）修改后：Sheisanexpertininternationalrelations.（她是國(guó)際關(guān)系方面的專家。）3.Usewords，nottheirdefinitions使用單詞，而不是他們的定義Replaceexplanatory（解釋的）phraseswithasinglewordthatencapsulates（概括）thatexplanation.用可以概括整個(gè)解釋的一個(gè)詞來(lái)代替解釋性的短語(yǔ)。原句：Thecropsalsoneededtobemarketablesothatfamilieswouldbeabletosellanyyieldsthatexceeded（超出）whattheypersonallyrequired.（通過(guò)市場(chǎng)買賣，那些家庭才能賣掉超過(guò)個(gè)人需求的收成。）修改后：Thecropsalsoneededtobemarketablesothatfamilieswouldbeabletosellanysurplus（過(guò)剩產(chǎn)品）.（通過(guò)市場(chǎng)買賣，那些家庭才能賣掉過(guò)剩產(chǎn)品。）4.Avoidlongnounstrings避免過(guò)長(zhǎng)的名詞語(yǔ)串Whennounsareusedtomodifyothernouns，readershavedifficultydeterminingthelogicalrelationshipsamongthewordsinthestring.Thelongerthenounstring（名詞語(yǔ)串）is，thelongerittakesareaderunfamiliarwiththetermtofigureitout（解決;弄明白）.Sorewritesentencestoeliminate（消除）nounsthatarenotneededinthenounstring.當(dāng)用名詞來(lái)修飾其他名詞時(shí)，讀者難以確定語(yǔ)串中詞語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。名詞語(yǔ)串越長(zhǎng)，不熟悉這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的讀者弄明白它所花的時(shí)間就越長(zhǎng)。因此應(yīng)改寫句子，消除名詞語(yǔ)串中不需要的名詞。原句：Thelackofasecuretransfermayhamper（妨礙;限制）computersecurityincidentresponseefforts.（安全傳輸?shù)娜笔Э赡軙?huì)妨礙計(jì)算機(jī)安全事件響應(yīng)的措施。）修改后：Thelackofasecuretransfermayhamperresponsestocomputer-securityincidents.（安全傳輸?shù)娜笔Э赡軙?huì)妨礙計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)安全事件的響應(yīng)。）5.Convertnounstoverbs名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞Whenasentenceincludesanounendingin“-tion”，changethenountoaverbtosimplifythesentence.當(dāng)句子中包含“-tion”結(jié)尾的名詞時(shí)，可以將名詞變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞以簡(jiǎn)化句子。原句：Theywillcollaborate（合作;協(xié)作）inthecreationofnewguidelines.（他們將在制定新的指導(dǎo)方針?lè)矫孢M(jìn)行合作。）修改后：Theywillcollaboratetocreatenewguidelines.（他們將協(xié)作制定新的指導(dǎo)方針。）6.Reduceverbphrasestosimpleverbs把動(dòng)詞詞組簡(jiǎn)化為簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞Avoidverbphrases.Identifytheverbburiedinaverbphraseandsubstitute（用……代替）thephrasewithasuccinct（簡(jiǎn)明的）singleverb.Useactionverbsinsteadofverbsofbeing（is，are，was，were，be，being，been）.避免使用動(dòng)詞詞組。分辨隱藏在動(dòng)詞詞組中的動(dòng)詞并用簡(jiǎn)明的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞代替整個(gè)詞組。用行為動(dòng)詞代替be動(dòng)詞（is，are，was，were，be，being，been）。原句：Theresultsaresuggestiveof（暗示;使聯(lián)想）thefactthattheyareright.（結(jié)果表明他們是對(duì)的。）修改后：Theresultssuggestthattamperinghasoccurred.（結(jié)果表明他們是對(duì)的。）7.Replacecomplexwordswithsimpleones用簡(jiǎn)單的單詞取代復(fù)雜詞Choosesimplersynonyms（同義詞）forcomplexwords.選擇更簡(jiǎn)單的同義詞替代復(fù)雜詞。原句：Thedepartmentwilldisseminate（散布;傳播）theformssoon.（該部門會(huì)馬上把表格發(fā)下去。）修改后：Thedepartmentwillpassouttheformssoon.（該部門會(huì)馬上把表格發(fā)下去。）8.Avoidexcessive“therebe...”sentences避免過(guò)多的“therebe”句Don’talwaysstartsentenceswith“Thereis”，“Thereare”...不要總是以“Thereis”，“Thereare”等為句子的開(kāi)頭。原句：Therearemanyfactorsintheproductsfailure.（產(chǎn)品的失敗有很多因素。）修改后：Manyfactorscontributedtotheproductsfailure.（很多因素造成了產(chǎn)品的失敗。）9.Eliminateprepositionalphrases消除前置定語(yǔ)Replace“（noun1）ofthe（noun2）”phrasingwith“（noun2）s（noun1）”phrasing.用“（noun2）s（noun1）”短語(yǔ)替換“（noun1）ofthe（noun2）”短語(yǔ)。原句：Thedecisionofthecommitteeisfinal.（委員會(huì)的決定為最終決定。）修改后：Thecommitteesdecisionisfinal.（委員會(huì)的決定為最終決定。）10.Reducewordyphrasestosinglewords把冗長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)化成簡(jiǎn)單的詞Replacephrasesthatsignalatransitionwithsimpleconjunctions，verbs，orotherlinkingwords.使用簡(jiǎn)單的連詞、動(dòng)詞或者其他連接詞，代替有連接標(biāo)志的短語(yǔ)。原句：Duet