lessonsevencriminallaw1/13/20231法律英語itisbettertofightforjusticethantorailattheill.

alfredstennyson,britishwriter

與其責(zé)罵罪惡，不如伸張正義。

英國作家丁尼生a

1/13/20232background1/13/20233刑法的三個主要問題crime—felony;misdemeanorpunishment–guidelinesforsentencing(量刑指南)criminalliabilitycapitalpunishmentdeathpenalty1/13/202341/13/202351/13/20236insanitydefense

精神不正常辯護(hù)johnhinckleyronaldreagan1/13/20237textthecrimeofhomicidenotallhomicidesarecriminal.justifiablehomicide

——正當(dāng)殺人excusablehomicide

——可寬恕的殺人1/13/20238justifiablehomicideself-defense正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)policeofficer……topreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony警察預(yù)防暴力性重罪topreventadangerousfelonescaping防止危險(xiǎn)的重罪犯逃跑1/13/20239excusablehomicideapersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.沒有嚴(yán)重過失1/13/202310criminalhomicide——有罪殺人akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.murdermanslaughter惡意殺人

謀殺非惡意殺人

非預(yù)謀殺人1/13/202311theelementsofthecrimesofmurdercourtsdecisionslegislaturesseparatestatutecriminalcodecommonlawby1/13/202312summaryquestions1.whatishomicide?areallhomicidescriminal?inwhatsituationarehomicidescriminal?2.bywhichmeanswastheelementsofcrimesstipulatedintheearlydaysofthecountry?1/13/2023131.murderkillingahumanbeingwith“malice”惡意、預(yù)謀殺人californiapenalcodesection187-199：murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.1/13/202314maliceexpressmalice——明示惡意impliedmalice——暗示惡意adeliberateintentiontotakeawaythelifeofafellowcreature

故意剝奪他人生命noconsiderableprovocation

沒有出現(xiàn)相當(dāng)程度的挑釁

anabandonedandmalignantheart

冷酷邪惡的心1/13/202315expressmalicevs.

impliedmalice

firearifleatamovingpassengertrainpushanotheroffthesideofamountain1/13/202316penaltyformurderdeathpenalty死刑prisontermsextendingto“l(fā)ife”終身監(jiān)禁prisontoaspecialnumberofyears一定年限的監(jiān)禁1/13/202317(a)felony–murder重罪中的謀殺1/13/202318killingduringthecourseofafelonysuchasrobbery.在搶劫這樣的重罪過程中殺人gungoesoffaccidentallykillingtherobberyvictim,orabystander,orapoliceofficer.手槍意外走火，殺死被搶劫的受害者、旁觀者或警察adangerouscrimeasrobberysatisfiestherequirementofmalice搶劫這樣的危險(xiǎn)犯罪構(gòu)成惡意的條件1/13/202319co-felonsguiltyofmurder

重罪共犯謀殺inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.在搶劫者與警察的交火過程中，一個警察意外地被另一個警察打死。1/13/202320malicemalicemayalsobeattributedtoarobberwhosepartnerinthecrimeintentionallykillssomeoneduringthecommissionofthecrimeortheattemptedescape.在搶劫犯罪或試圖逃跑的過程中，搶劫者的同伙故意殺死人，那么搶劫者也屬于有惡意。1/13/202321每個參與者都有惡意thedangerousnessoftherobberyitselfactasanagentfortheothersinaccomplishingtheirobjective1/13/202322deathpenalty死刑在一些廢除了死刑的州，考慮到只要有殺人的結(jié)果，對搶劫的處罰就應(yīng)該重得多，因此，立法機(jī)關(guān)規(guī)定，對殺人搶劫的處罰比無致命搶劫的處罰多15年以上。1/13/202323(b)degreesofmurder

惡意殺人罪的等級varyingpenaltiesformurderpunishablebydeathorlongimprisonmentfirstdegreemurderseconddegreemurderpunishablewithalesserpenalty1/13/202324firstdegreemurdera“willful,deliberateandpremeditated”killing,suchasapoisoningorakillingduringthecommissionofadangerousfelony有意的、故意的、有預(yù)謀的殺人，比如投毒，或者在危險(xiǎn)的重罪發(fā)生過程中殺人。1/13/202325commonlawmurder

惡意殺人manslaughter

非惡意殺人1/13/202326summaryquestions1.whatisthedifferencebetweenmurderandmanslaughter?2.whatisfelony-murder?3.accordingtothecommonlaw,howmanydegreesofmurderwerethere?1/13/2023272.manslaughterunlawfulkillingofanotherwithoutmalice.

無惡意的非法殺人voluntaryinvoluntaryprisonterm:1-14years1/13/202328(a)voluntarymanslaughter

自愿性非惡意殺人，故意殺人anintentionalkillingupon“greatprovocation”andintheheatof“passion”巨大挑釁激情之下故意殺人1/13/202329voluntarymanslaughter1/13/2023301/13/202331aclassicexampleakillingofparamourorofthespouse,orbothmanslaughtertheprovocationwasgreatinthe“heatofpassion”1/13/202332betreatedlessharshlythanmurderfrailtiesofthehumannature人類的脆弱性instinctivereaction本能的反應(yīng)bediscouragedbycriminalsanction通過刑事處分加以阻攔

1/13/202333insuchparamourkillingcasestheconvictionrateisquitelow.在殺死奸夫（婦）的案例中，定罪率很低concoctedexplanationofself-defense編造的有關(guān)自衛(wèi)的解釋acquittalbyreasonof“theunwrittenlaw”根據(jù)“不成文法”作出的無罪判決1/13/202334inapplyingtestwhetheranintentionalkillingwasupongreatprovocationandintheheatofpassion,thequestionisputtothejury,ortothejudgeinnon-jurycases,astowhethertheaccusedreactedasa“reasonableman”.對故意殺人是否由于受到極大的刺激和處于激情之下的判斷，是由陪審團(tuán)作出的，在沒有陪審團(tuán)的案件中，由法官作出判斷。由他們決定被告是否是一個“理性的人”。1/13/202335(b)involuntarymanslaughter

非自愿性非惡意殺人，過失殺人unintentionalkilling無意的殺人resultingfromgrossnegligence,重大過失orasaresultofdangerous

unlawfulconduct非法的危險(xiǎn)行為1/13/202336vehicularmanslaughtermanslaughter1/13/202337negligenthomicide

過失殺人罪recklesshomicide

疏忽大意殺人罪forapplicationtokillingsbymotoristswhoweredrivinginarecklessorgrosslynegligentmanneranumberofstateshavecreatedcrimesas1/13/202338becauseofthedifficultyencounteredinconvictingmotoristsforthemorerevoltinglylabeledoffenseofmanslaughter之所以制定這種特殊的有關(guān)殺人法律，是因?yàn)殡y以將撞死人的有罪司機(jī)劃歸比較令人討厭的殺人犯罪。thisspecialkindofhomicidelegislationwasenactedaminimumpenaltyof

oneyearinpenitentiary1/13/202339advisable(明智的)tocategorizesuchconductwithlessrevoltinglabelofrecklessornegligenthomicideandalsotopermittheimpositionoflesserpenaltiesthanoneprescribedformanslaughter.將這種行為劃歸不那么令人討厭的疏忽大意殺人罪或過失殺人罪，對其施加比一般殺人罪更輕的處罰。1/13/202340thepermissiblerangeofpenaltiesinrecklesshomicideornegligenthomicidestatutesisgenerallyafineupto$1000,罰款1000美元orincarcerationotherthaninapenitentiaryforanyperioduptooneyear,禁閉，而不是監(jiān)獄，時(shí)間最多1年orimprisonmentinapenitentiaryuptofiveyears.關(guān)押在監(jiān)獄，刑期最長5年1/13/202341theflexibilityofpenaltiesintrafficdeathcaseshastheeffectofencouragingpleasofguiltyfromoffenders,anditresultsinconvictionsthatmightnotbesecuredifajudgeorjuryhadnochoiceotherthanapenitentiarysentenceoranacquittal.對交通事故致死案處罰的靈活性會鼓勵罪犯認(rèn)罪，并導(dǎo)致那些如果法官或陪審團(tuán)除監(jiān)禁判決或無罪釋放外別無選擇時(shí)，可能無法得出有罪判決。1/13/202342summaryquestions1.whatisvoluntarymanslaughter?2.whatisinvoluntarymanslaughter?3.whatisthepunishmentofmanslaughter?4.whyhaveanumberofstatescreatedarelatedcrimeof“recklesshomicide”or“negligenthomicide?1/13/2023433.federalhomicidelawnogeneralfederalhomicidelaw聯(lián)邦沒有涉及殺人的一般法律exceptionkillingwithinafederalterritory,

infederalbuildingsoruponfederalproperty,orkillingoffederalofficialsorofficers.1/13/202344銀行搶劫犯殺死聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局人員在郵局殺人1/13/2023454.modernmurder-manslaughterlegislationillinoiscriminalcode避免使用“惡意”和“冷酷而邪惡的心”這樣的概念，而是使用了更精確、更好理解的術(shù)語。

1/13/202346murder:apersonwhokillsanotherindividualwithoutlawfulexcuse

commitsmurder(a)ifheintendedtokillhimordogreatbodilyharm故意殺死他人，或造成嚴(yán)重身體傷害；1/13/202347(b)if,withoutintendingtokill,itclearlyappearsthathemusthaveknownthathisconductprobablywouldcausedeath不是故意殺人，但顯然他能夠預(yù)見他的行為會導(dǎo)致死亡；1/13/202348(c)ifdeathresultedfromthecommissionofaveryseriouscrimelikerobbery,burglaryorrape.實(shí)施嚴(yán)重的犯罪而導(dǎo)致他人死亡，如搶劫、入室搶劫和強(qiáng)奸。1/13/2023495.capitalpunishmentmuchcontroversy

whethercapitalpunishmentservesitsintendedpurpose——adeterrenttomurder.死刑是否能實(shí)現(xiàn)其預(yù)期的目的——威懾殺人案件的發(fā)生ratheracademic1/13/202350therapiddeclineinexecutions1966年執(zhí)行1例死刑

1967年執(zhí)行2例死刑

1968年執(zhí)行0例死刑判決的死刑有400多例executionsentenceofdeath死刑判決多，執(zhí)行少1/13/202351anincreasingunwillingnesstoexecutemurdererswhohavebeensentencedtodeath越來越不愿意對被判死刑的人執(zhí)行死刑alegalconceptregardingjuryselectionincapitalcasesthatwillmakejuryimpositionofthedeathpenaltymuchmoredifficulttoobtain在死刑案件中對陪審員的挑選，使得死刑判決越來越難以作出。1/13/202352thesupremecourtheld:即任陪審員不得僅僅因?yàn)槠浞磳λ佬痰牧夹念櫦啥灰笸顺雠銓張F(tuán)。prospectivejurorsconscientiousscruplesdeathpenalty1/13/202353thecourtsaidthattodoso,constitutesadeprivationofdueprocess,becausethedefendantwouldnotthenbeaccordedatrialbya“fairandimpartialjury”.這樣做構(gòu)成了對正當(dāng)程序的剝奪，因?yàn)閷Ρ桓娴膶徟袑⒉皇怯伞肮?、公平的陪審團(tuán)”做出的。1/13/202354exclusionbecauseofsuchbeliefsaloneispermissibleonlywhentheprospectivejuroustatesthathewouldnotconsidersettingthemasideintheparticularcaseforwhichhewascalledforjuryservice.當(dāng)即任陪審員陳述，他在擔(dān)任陪審員的特定案件中不會考慮放棄反對死刑的良心顧忌時(shí)，是個唯一的例外，這時(shí)可以要求該即任陪審員退出陪審團(tuán)。1/13/202355summaryquestions1.whatisafederalcrimeofmurder?2.whatismurderaccordingtothe1961illinoiscriminalcode?3.whatlegalconceptwasdevelopedbytheussupreme

courtin1960’s?1/13/202356專業(yè)詞匯criminallawmodelpenalcodecrimepunishment