語言學(xué)-形態(tài)學(xué)1.什么是形態(tài)學(xué)？研究范圍？形態(tài)學(xué)是涉及語素系統(tǒng)的研究，它研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)造規(guī)則Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Q1.Whatismorphology?Q2.Adistinctionismadebetweenopenclassandclosedclassconcerningthecategorizationofwordsinalanguage.Howdoesthisdistinctionrelateitselftomorphologyinyouropinion?Openclasswords:contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs.E.g.hacker,email,internet,surf,spam,blogsphere,songlifting(song+shoplifting),

workaholic,surgiholic,tree-huggerTaikonaut,ginormous,fantabulous菜鳥、驢友、槍手、做秀、粉絲、帖子、拍磚、下課、前衛(wèi)、PK、丁克、爽、酷、飯局、充電、月光族、黃牛、房奴Closedclasswords:grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.“e”“偶”Q3.語素的定義語素是語言最小的意義單位。句子是由單詞構(gòu)成的，詞可以被分成更小的成分。我們把這些處于單詞最低一層的、有意義的成分稱為”語素”。Q3:Whatismorpheme?Q3:Whatismorpheme?Morpheme:theminimalmeaningfulunitHowmanymorphemesdoeseachofthefollowingwordscontain?boy,desireboyish,desirableboyishness,desirabilitygentlemanliness,undesirabilityantidisestablishmentarianism根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)語素分為自由語素和粘著語素(morpheme)

(freemorpheme)(boundmorpheme)具有完整詞匯意義具有一定詞匯意義能夠獨(dú)立使用不能單獨(dú)使用根據(jù)語義語素分為詞根(root）和詞綴(affix）自由，粘著屈折，派生

freeroot,boundrootinflectionalaffix,derivationalaffix

前綴，后綴

prefix，suffix詞根、詞綴、自由語素和粘著語素的關(guān)系

Freevs.boundmorphemeFreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance.Boundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“-al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“-ed”in“recorded”.Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemesaremorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofthewordstowhichtheyareconjoined,orchangetheirlexicalordictionarymeaning.E.g.modern:modernize;length:lengthen;fool:foolish;do:undo;selfish:unselfishetc.InflectionalmorphemesWhenawordchangesinformbutnotinlexicalmeaning,wesayithasundergoneaninflection.E.g?Inflectional

morphemesaremorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsasperson,number,gender,case,tense,aspectandsoon;theyneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofthebasewordsortheirlexicalmeaning.3.詞根、詞基和詞干去掉派生詞綴得到的詞是詞基，去掉屈折詞綴得到的詞為詞干。如果去掉詞綴后的單詞在不改變身份和詞義的情況下不能再去任何詞綴，則這個詞是個詞根。4.構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞方法(wordformation)復(fù)合法(compound)混合法(blending)派生法(derivation)縮略法(abbreviation)逆構(gòu)法(backformation)借詞法(borrowing)造詞法(invention)Q4.Affix:prefixvs.suffixandsomeotherterms:root,stem,baseArootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectionalaswellasderivational)areremoved.E.g.___in“desirable”,___in“unbelievable”Astemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.E.g.___in“undesirables”,___in“enriched”Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.E.g.“desire”in“desired”isa___?“enrich”in“enriches”isa___?Basicways/rulesofformingwordsinEnglish1.Freemorphemeformingaword自由語素成詞2.Derivation派生---afreemorphemeplusatleastaderivationalmorpheme(bound),aderivative3.Compounding復(fù)合---twofreemorphemesmerged,acompoundExamplesofCompoundingNouncompoundsdaybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)Verbcompoundsbrainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)Adjectivecompoundsmaneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)dutyfree(N+adj.)Prepositioncompoundsinto(P+P)throughout(P+P)SomepointsaboutcompoundsWhenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,e.g.postbox,landlady,icy-coldWhenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound,e.g.head-strong,pickpocketCompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordsequence,e.g.redcoat,greenhouseThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitspartsChinesemorphologyDothereexistaffixes,freevsboundmorphemes,derivationalvsinflectionalmorphemes,andcompoundsinChinese?one-morphemewordsthatmaycomprisetwoormoreChinesecharacters單純詞：人，水，走，吃，紅琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，猶豫，巧克力，蘇維埃Derivatives派生詞老-;小-；阿-；第-；初-；見--子；-頭；-兒；-者；-員；-士；-手；-化Compounds復(fù)合詞思想，動靜，看見，紙張，車輛，注意，關(guān)心，筆試Chineseinflectionalmorphemes?DotheleelementinthefollowingtwoChinesesentencesexpressthesamegrammaticalizedmeaning?他吃壞肚子了。他吃壞了肚子。Leisundoubtedlyagrammaticalmarker.Butisitanaspectmarkeroratenseindicator?Adebatablematter.Anditseemsthatthesentencefinallediffersfromthelefollowingtheverbphraseinthattheyareassociatedwithdifferentmeanings.Changeofstateorcontrarytoexpectation?Whatdoyouthinkistheprogressiveaspectmarker?Zaiorzhe?Whatdoestheguo