201821日雅思考試回憶SectionThebuffetcanholdatleast35Time:everySaturdayisHoname:HoLimerick4.Location:businessarea5.Theroomsarein5thfloor6.Advantages:haveagoodviewNeedtobook:holdbookingforaweekinAsmallExpensetopayfor:immediaypay35%deposit,restof65%expensefinalpaidin10daysbeforemoveinephoneSectionCvaluableforSouthAmericatripforasecondAACwhenyoufirstmeetyourtourAafterconsultedthetourDGBAESection海洋實AtoomanyBtooFtime-DwellGinsufficientHnoopportunitiesforCgoodforpotentialEdamagetoseaBsourceofEhistoryoftheSectioncommunicationforeignquitelongworkinghighindustrialernmentoffices閱PassagePassage題目古埃及壁畫PassageCommunicationinscience/科學界交流話題分類人文科學內容回憶參考原文：AScienceplaysanincreasinglysignificantroleinpeople’slives,makingthefaithfulcommunicationofscientificdevelopmentsmoreimportantthanever.Yetsuchcommunicationisfraughtwithchallengesthatcaneasilydistortdiscussions,leadingtounnecessaryconfusionand BSomeproblemsstemfromtheesotericnatureofcurrentresearchandtheassociateddifficultyoffindingsufficientlyfaithfulterminology. ionandcomplexityarenotsignsthatagivenscientificdirectioniswrong,assomecommentatorshavesuggested,butareinsteadatributetothesuccessofhumaningenuityinmeetingtheincreasinglycomplexchallengesthatnaturepresents.Theycan,however,makecommunicationmoredifficult.Butmanyofthebiggestchallengesforsciencereportingarisebecauseinareasofevolvingresearch,scientiststhemselvesoftenonlypartlyunderstandthefullimplicationsofanyparticularadvanceordevelopment.Sincethatdynamicappliestomostofthescientificdevelopmentsthatdirectlyaffectpeople’slivesglobalwarming,cancerresearch,dietstudies—learninghowto eitiscriticaltospurringamoreinformedscientificdebateamongthebroaderpublic. wordchoicesarethesourceofsomemisunderstandings.Scientistsoftenemploycolloquialterminology,whichtheythenassignaspecificmeaningthatisimpossibletofathomwithoutpropertraining.Theterm“relativity,”forexample,isintrinsicallymisleading.Manyinterpretthetheorytomeanthateverythingisrelativeandtherearenoabsolutes.Yetalthoughthemeasurementsanyobservermakesdependonhiscoordinatesandreferenceframe,thephysicalphenomenahemeasureshaveaninvariantdescriptionthattranscendsthatobserver’sparticularcoordinates.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityisreallyaboutfindinganinvariantdescriptionofphysicalphenomena.True,Einsteinagreedwiththeideathathistheorywouldhavebeenbetternamed“Invariantentheorie.”Buttheterm“relativity”wasalreadyentrenchedatthetimeforhimtochange. D“Theuncertaintyprinciple”isanotherfrequentlyabusedterm.Itissometimesinterpretedasalimitationonobserversandtheirabilitytomake EButitisnotaboutintrinsiclimitationsonanyoneparticularmeasurement;itisabouttheinabilitytopreciselymeasureparticularpairsoftiessimultaneously?Thefirstinterpretationisperhapsmoreengagingfromphilosophicalorpolitical.It’sjustnotwhatthescienceisabout. FEventheword“theory”canbeaproblem.Unlikemostpeople,whousethewordtodescribeapassingconjecturethattheyoftenregardas,physicistshaveveryspecificideasinmindwhentheytalkabouttheories.Forphysicists,theoriesentailadefinitephysicalframeworkembodiedinassetoffundamentalassumptionsabouttheworldthatleadtoaspecificsetofequationsandpredictions—onesthatareborneoutbysuccessfulpredictions.Theoriesarena’tnecessarilyshowntobecorrectorcompleteimmedia y.EvenEinsteintookthebetterpartofadecadetodevelopthecorrectversionofhistheoryofgeneralrelativity.Buteventuallyboththeideasandthemeasurementssettledownandtheoriesareeitherprovencorrect,abandonedorabsorbedintoother, passingtheories. G“Globalwarming”isanotherexampleofproblematicterminology.Climatologistspredictmoredrasticfluctuationsintemperatureandrainfall—notnecessarilythateveryplacewillbewarmer.Thenamesometimessubvertsthedebate,sinceitletspeoplearguethattheirwinterwasworse,sohowcouldtherebeglobalwarming?Clearly“globalclimatechange”wouldhavebeenabettername.Butnotallproblemsstemsolelyfrompoorwordchoices.Somestemfromtheintrinsicallycomplexnatureofmuchofmodernscience.Sciencesometimestranscendsthislimitation:remarkably,chemistswereabletodetailtheprecisechemicalprocessesinvolvedinthedestructionoftheozonelayer,makingtheevidencethatchlorofluorocarbongases(Freon,forexample)weredestroyingtheozonelayerindisputable. HAbetterunderstandingofthemathematicalsignificanceofresultsandlessinsistenceonasimplestorywouldhelptoclarifymanyscientificdiscussions.Forseveralmonths,Harvardwastorturedmonths,Harvardwastorturedbyemptydebatesovertherelativeintrinsicscientificabilitiesofmenadwomen.Oneofthemoreamusingaspectsofthediscussionwasthatthosewhobelievedinthedifferencesandthosewhodid’tusedthesameevidenceaboutgender-specificspecialability.Howcouldthatbe?Theansweristhatthedatashowsnosubstantialeffects.Socialfactorsmightaccountforthesetinydifferences,whichinanycasehaveanunclearconnectiontoscientificability.Notmuchofaheadlinewhenphrasedthatway,isit?Eachtypeofsciencehasitsownsourceofcomplexityandpotentialfor munication.Yettherearestepswecantaketoimprovepublicunderstandinginallcases.Thefirstwouldbetoinculcategreaterunderstandingandacceptanceofindirectscientificevidence.Theinformationfromanunmannedspacemissionisnoelslegitimatethantheinformationfromoneinwhichpeopleareon IThisdoes’tmeanneverquestioninganinterpretation,butitalsodoes’meanequatingindirectevidencewithblindbelief,aspeoplesometimessuggest.Second,wemightneeddifferentstandardsforevaluatingsciencewithurgentpolicyimplicationsthanresearchwithpurelytheoreticalvalue.Whenscientistssaytheyarenotcertainabouttheirpredictions,itdoes’tnecessarilymeanthey’vetfoundnothingsubstantial.Itwouldbebetterifscientistsweremoreopenaboutthemathematicalsignificanceoftheirresultsandifthepublicdid’ttreatmathasquitesoscary;statisticsanderrors,which lustheuncertaintyinameasurement,giveusthetoolstoevaluatenewdevelopments JButmostimportant,peoplehavetorecognizethatsciencecanbecomplex.Ifweacceptonlysimplestories,thedescriptionwillnecessarilybedistorted.Whenadvancesaresubtleorcomplicated,scientistsshouldbewillingtogotheextradistancetogiveproperexplanationsandthepublicshouldbemorepatientaboutthetruth.Evenso,somedifficultiesareunavoidable.Mostdevelopmentsreflectworkinprogress,sothestoryiscomplexbecausenooneyetknowsthebigpicture.whythefaithfulsciencecommunicationimportant?Answer:Scienceplaysanincreasinglysignificantroleinpeople'slives.whatisthereasonthattheantherbelieveforthebiggestchallengesforsciencereporting?Answer:CScientistsdonottotallycomprehendthemeaningofcertainscientificevolution.acc