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初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總

目錄第一部份 語(yǔ)法概論TOC\o"1-5"\h\z第一節(jié)詞類 2第二節(jié) 句子……………..……….3第三節(jié) 從句…………………..….3第二部份 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)第一節(jié) 名詞 4第二節(jié) 冠詞 7第三節(jié) 代詞…………….….…….10第四節(jié) 數(shù)詞………….…………..15第五節(jié) 介詞 17第六節(jié) 連詞 20第七節(jié) 形容詞和副詞…………….24第八節(jié) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 27第九節(jié) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) 29第十節(jié) 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài) 36第三部份 句子種類……………..….38第四部份 主從復(fù)合句………..…….43第五部份 直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ) 46第一部份語(yǔ)法概論英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法主要分作詞法和句法兩類,換而言之,詞類和句子兩要素在語(yǔ)法中起著關(guān)鍵作用。因此,我們首先必須弄清詞類,句子的基本構(gòu)成、分類及其共性。第一節(jié)詞類1、詞的分類英語(yǔ)中的詞根據(jù)其形式特征、詞義以及句法作用,分成十類:詞類英語(yǔ)名稱縮寫(xiě)形式例詞名詞nounn.Paper,bike代詞Pronounpron.They,everyone動(dòng)詞verbv.Play,learn副詞adverbadv.Often,quite形容詞adjectiveAdj.Great,long數(shù)詞numeralnum.nine,first冠詞articleart.a(an),the介詞prepositionprep.in,on連詞conjunctionconj.but,though感嘆詞interjectionint.oh,aha2、詞類關(guān)系(1)冠詞、介詞、連接詞和感嘆詞不能在句中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)成份,稱為虛詞;名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞能在句中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)成份,稱為實(shí)詞。(2)副詞常修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞本身。(3)代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞和冠詞常修飾名詞,形容詞也可修飾某些代詞(如不定代詞),但要后置。第二節(jié)句子句子分類句子具有一定的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),比單詞和詞組復(fù)雜,能表達(dá)相對(duì)獨(dú)立和完整的意義。句簡(jiǎn)單句Tomusuallyplaysfootballinafternoon湯姆經(jīng)常下午踢足子球。結(jié)并例句HeistallbutIamshort.他高可是我矮。

構(gòu)主從復(fù)合句Itisobviousthathedidthatthing.他顯然做了件事。句陳述句Shehasnothadherlunch.她還沒(méi)吃早餐。子疑問(wèn)句Canyougivemeapieceofpaper?你能給我一張紙嗎?功祈使句Let'sgoswimming.讓我去游泳吧。能感嘆句Whataninterestingstoryitis.多么有趣的故事??!2、句子成分英語(yǔ)的句子成分可由單詞、詞組或從句構(gòu)成,具體劃分與漢語(yǔ)相差較大,需特別注意。(1)主語(yǔ)(1)主語(yǔ)(TheSubject)⑶賓語(yǔ)(TheObject)⑸表語(yǔ)(ThePredicative)⑺狀語(yǔ)(TheAdverbial)(2)謂語(yǔ)(ThePredicate)(4)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(TheComplement)(6)定語(yǔ)(TheAttribute)第三節(jié)從句從句有以下幾種:分類例句主語(yǔ)從句Whetherhe'scomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.他是否來(lái)無(wú)關(guān)緊要。表語(yǔ)從句Thatiswhathemeant.這是他的意思。賓語(yǔ)從句SheaskedmewhichIlikebest.她問(wèn)我喜歡哪一個(gè)。定語(yǔ)從句TheletterwhichIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommymother.昨天我收的信是我的母親來(lái)的。狀語(yǔ)從句Wemusthurryofflestweshouldmissthetrain.我們是趕快走了,以免誤了火車。同位語(yǔ)從句Thefactthatyoutoldalieisunforgiveable.你撒謊這一事實(shí)不可原諒。第二部份 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)第一節(jié)名詞名詞是表示人或物名稱的詞,它分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。具體情況見(jiàn)下表:普通名詞(commonnoun)專有名詞如:China,LiHua,London個(gè)體名詞如:student,computer集體名詞如team,family,class物質(zhì)名詞如:water,milkenergy(精力)抽象名詞如information,Anger一般可數(shù),有單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般不可.數(shù),沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)形式、可數(shù)名詞1.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化A)名詞直接加s變復(fù)數(shù);8)以s,x,sh,o結(jié)尾的單詞加es變復(fù)數(shù);如bus,watch,fish,tomato,potato等。注意:zoo,radio,photo直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。C)輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞,把y改為i再加6$;如baby,factory,library等。D)以f或fe結(jié)尾,去掉f或fe,變v再加6$;如knife,wife,leaf,life,shelf等??蓴?shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化。A)改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母,如:Foot-feetman-mentooth-teethmouse-miceB)在詞尾加-en,如:Child—Childrenox—oxen(公牛)有少數(shù)名詞是單復(fù)數(shù)同形,如:SheepfishpeopleC)表示“某國(guó)人”的單復(fù)數(shù)變化①單復(fù)數(shù)同形,如:Chinese,Japanese②詞尾加-s,如:German—GermansAmerican—AmericansRoman-Romans③變-man為-men,如:Englishman-EnglishmenD)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化:①變中心詞,如:Ason-in-law-sons-in-law②在最后加-s,如:agrow-up-grow-ups③前后名詞都變,如:woman-doctor-women-doctors④boy/girl在前時(shí),變后面的詞,如:aboy-student-boy-students二、不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞用[U]表示,包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞,一般只有單數(shù)形式,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但它們也有以下特殊形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞借助單位詞表示一定的數(shù)量,如:Acupofteaasheetofpaperaloafofbreadapieceofadvice有些物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)后意義有所不同,如:air-airs神氣good-goods商品paper-papers考卷time-times時(shí)代三、常用國(guó)籍的單、復(fù)數(shù)名稱總稱(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))一個(gè)人二個(gè)人中國(guó)人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese法國(guó)人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen英國(guó)人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen澳大利亞人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄國(guó)人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians

美國(guó)人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans德國(guó)人theGermansaGermantwoGermans歸納記憶:中國(guó)人和日本人單復(fù)數(shù)相同,英國(guó)人和法國(guó)人把a(bǔ)改為e,其余的在后面加-s。四、名詞所有格A)名詞所有格用于人或動(dòng)物的名詞詞尾,以及表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命的名詞后。Tom'spens,LucyandLily'sroom(共同所有),Lily'sandLucy'sroom(各自所有),Children’sDay,twentyminutes’walk,Guangzhou’sbuilding.B)當(dāng)表示兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)人共同所有的人或物時(shí),只在最后一個(gè)人或物后加's。C)of所有格(名詞+of+名詞):常用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的名詞所有關(guān)系。如:ThewindowsofthehousethephotoofthefamilyaplanofJim'sD)有些名詞如診所、家、店鋪所有格后加's后,可以省去名詞。如:Thedoctor's(醫(yī)生診所) atWhite's(在懷特先生家)thebook-seller's(書(shū)店)、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.September10is Day.A.Teacher'sB.Teachers'C.theteachers'D.theteacher's()2.Everymorninghetakesa tohisoffice.A.20minuteswalk B.20-minute'swalkC.20minutes'walkD.20-minutewalk()3.Thereisonlyone doctorandthree nurseshere.A.man;womanB.man;womenC.men;womanD.men;women()4.Howmany arethereinthose ?A.tomatos;photosB.tomatoes;photosC.tomatoes;photoD.tomato;photos()5.Haveyouseen atthefootofthehill?A.anysheepB.somesheepsC.anysheepsD.somesheep()6.Iamthirsty.Wouldyoubringme ,please?A.somebreadB.somewaterC.somecakesD.someeggs()7.Ifthese aretoobig,buyasmallerpair.A.trouser B.trousersC.trouseres D.trouserses()8.Thispairofshoes much.D.costedA.costB.costsC.costesD.costed()9.Thenews()9.Thenews formyfather.A.wereB.areC.be()10.What badweathertoday!()11.MyEnglishteachergaveus .A.aadviceB.anadvice()12.Thereisso milkintheglass.D.isA.anB.aC.theD./C.someadviceD.someadvicesA.muchB.manyC.lotofD.fewA.muchB.manyC.lotofD.few()13.Mr.Kingisafriendof .A.Mr.Wang’sB.Mr.WangsC.theWangsD.Mr.Wang()14.Heoftengivesus bye-mail.A.agoodinformation B.someinformationsC.somegoodinformationD.somegoodinformations()15. workhasbeendonetoday.A.Agreatdealof B.AlotC.ManyD.Alargenumberof第二節(jié)冠詞冠詞的定義:冠詞是一種虛詞,用在名詞或名詞詞組的前面,表示名詞是特指或泛指。冠詞可分為不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種形式。①不定冠詞的用法1、不定冠詞a,an的用法:A)冠詞a和an都用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前,表示某一類人或事物中的一個(gè),或第一次提到的人或事,如:LiPinghasanappleinherhand.李平手里拿著一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。Therearetwelvemonthsinayear.一年有十二個(gè)月。B)冠詞用a在以輔音開(kāi)始的名詞或名詞詞組之前,而冠詞an則用在以元音開(kāi)始的名詞或名詞詞組之前,如:aphoto,aking,anexample,anEnglishclass.注意:上面講的冠詞an在以元音開(kāi)始的名詞或名詞詞組之前,指的是“元音”而不是“元音字母”,因此以元音字母u開(kāi)始的名詞之前只能用a而不用an(字母u的發(fā)音是/ju:/,它的第一個(gè)音素/j/是輔音而不是元音)。有些詞雖然不是以元音字母開(kāi)始,但如果它的第一個(gè)音是元音音素則用不定冠詞an,關(guān)鍵是以發(fā)音為準(zhǔn)。如:auniversity,anhour等。C)一些固定搭配必須帶不定冠詞a,如:haveawalk散步 haveameeting開(kāi)會(huì) havealook看一下 havearest休息一下 haveatalk談心 haveaparty舉行晚會(huì)alotof許多 apieceof一片的 apairof一雙的abottleof一瓶的acupof一茶杯的aglassof一水杯的aboxof一箱的 haveafever發(fā)燒haveaheadache頭疼haveagoodtime過(guò)得快活②定冠詞的用法定冠詞the有this,that,these,those等意義,用于單數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。主要用來(lái)特指。使一個(gè)或幾個(gè)事物區(qū)別于所有其他同名的事物。定冠詞特指某(些)人或某(些)事物,以區(qū)別于同類中其他的人或事物。Isthisthebookyouarelookingfor?這是你要找的書(shū)嗎?定冠詞用來(lái)指上文中已提到過(guò)的人或事物。Isawafilmyesterday.Thefilmwasendedateighto’clock.我昨天看了一場(chǎng)電影。電影八點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束的。

定冠詞用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或用于自然界現(xiàn)象或方位名詞之前。thesun/themoon/theearth/thesky/theworld/thewinternightthesunisbiggerthanthemoon.太陽(yáng)比月亮大。定冠詞與單數(shù)名詞連用,表示毫米一類人或物。Thedogisnottoodangerous.狗不太危險(xiǎn)。定冠詞與某些形容詞連用,使形容詞名詞化,表示某一類人。therich富人theyoung年輕人thenew新和事物therich富人theyoung年輕人thenew新和事物thepoor窮人thesick病人theright正確的東西thetrue真的東西thebeautiful美的東西用在序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)的表示方位的名詞前。Thisisthemostinterestingbookonmyhand.這是我手中最有趣的一本書(shū)。定冠詞用在演奏樂(lè)器的名稱的文藝活動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所的名稱前。Thearegoingtothecinematonight.他們今晚要去影院看電影。定冠詞用在江河,海洋,山脈,群島的名稱之前。TheChangjiangRiveristhebiggestoneinChina.長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最大的河。定冠詞用有姓名復(fù)數(shù)之前,表示一家人。TheGreensareverykindtous.格林一家人待我們很好。③不定冠詞(零冠詞)的場(chǎng)合在交通工具、學(xué)科名稱的名詞前不加冠詞,如:ByplanebyboatChineseAmericanhistory在節(jié)日、假日、星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前不加冠詞,如:NationalDayMondayspringOctober在一日三餐、體育類等名詞前不加冠詞,如:Heprefersmilkandeggforbreakfast.他寧可早餐吃雞蛋,喝牛奶。Icookedsomenoodlesforsupper.我晚餐煮了一些面條。一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.IsCanada Englishspeakingcountry?TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA.a B.an C.the D./()2.Canadais Englishspeakingcountry?A.a B.an C.the D./()3.Icanseealittlewhitesheepinthefield. sheepisNancy’s.A.A B.The C.An D./()4.Thatis usefulbook.A.a B.an C.the D./()5.Thereis “s”intheword“bus”.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA.a B.an C.the D./()6.Mybrotheris driver.A.a B.an C.the D./()7. elephantismuchheavierthanahorse.A.AB.An C.The D./()8.Whenhewasintroubleyesterday, youngmangavehimahand.A.a B.an C.the D./()9.Heranattwokilometers hour.A.a B.an C.the D./()10.Theboyon bikeisJim.A.a B.an C.the D./()11.TheYellowRiveris secondlongestriverinChina.A.a B.an C.the D./()12. moongoesround earth,and earthgoesround sun.A.A;a;a;aB.An;an;an;anC.The;the;the;theD./;/;/;/()13.Thereis eggontheplate. eggisforyou.A.a;A B.an;An C.an;The C.an;An()14.Onemorninghefoundabag.Therewas “s”onthecornerof bag.A.a;a B.a;the C.an;a D.an;the()15.Peopleoftengoswimmingin summer.A./ B.a C.an D.the()16. Isthere mapofChinaonthewall? Yes,thereis.A.aB.an C.the D./()17. Haveyouhad lunchyet. No,notyet.A./ B.a C.the D.an()18. appleonthetableisWeiFang’s.A.AnB.A C./ D.The()19.Whatcanyouseebythelake?Icansee oldmansittingonthechair.A.aB.an C.the D./()20. SeptemberisTeachers’Day.A.ThetenB.ThetenthC.Theten’sD.Ten第三節(jié)代詞①代詞的分類名詞的表示人,事物和抽象概念的詞類。根椐名詞表達(dá)的意義和用法,常見(jiàn)名詞可做以下分類:名稱單詞人稱你詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格Me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them物主代詞形容詞性單數(shù):My,your,his,her,its復(fù)數(shù):our,your,their名詞性單數(shù):Mine,yours,his,hers,its,復(fù)數(shù):Ours,yours,theirs.反身代詞單數(shù):myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself復(fù)數(shù):ourselves,yourselves,themselves指示代詞this,that,these,those,such疑問(wèn)代詞Who,whom,whose,which,what不定代詞Some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,no,noone,every,everything,each,much,many,little,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither.關(guān)系代詞Who,whom,whose,which,that.As相互代詞Eachother,oneanother連接代詞What,which,who,that下面是部分代詞的用法:Few,little;afew,alittle的用法:Few和little表示沒(méi)有多少,含否定意義;afew和alittle表示有一些,有幾個(gè),含肯定意義。另外,F(xiàn)ew和afew修飾可數(shù)名詞;little和alittle修飾不可數(shù)名詞。他們?cè)诰渲谐W鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。如:HeknowsalittleEnglish.(定語(yǔ))FewofthemcouldspeakEnglish.(主語(yǔ))IknowlittleaboutJapanese.(賓語(yǔ))other和another的用法Other泛指“另外的”,作定語(yǔ),常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞連用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,none,one,or以及形容詞性物主代詞時(shí),則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。例如:Otherboys,allotherbeauty,nootherway,theotheroneanyotherplant,everyotherday,someotherreason等。Others是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式泛之“別的人或物”(但不是全部)。例如:Somearecarrywater,otherarewateringthetrees.Theother指"兩者中的另一個(gè)”,常與one連用,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),表示另一方中的“全部其全余的”。例如:Heheldabowinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Theothers是theother的復(fù)數(shù)形式,特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如:Ihavegottenpencils.Twoofthemarered,theothersareblue。Another指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的“任何一個(gè)”,“再一……”,“別一個(gè)”;作代詞或形容詞。例如:Ihavefinishedthisnovel,pleasegivemeanother.One...theother指兩個(gè)人或物構(gòu)成的一組中的個(gè)體;one...another指同一組內(nèi)的兩個(gè)個(gè)體。例如:Herearetwobooks.OneisforMary,theotherisforJack.Onepersonmayliketospendhisholidayattheseashore,while,anothermaypreferthemountains.all和both的用法這兩個(gè)詞都表示整體,但both指兩個(gè)人或物,而all指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物;要句中都可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如:Allofusshouldworkhard.(主語(yǔ))Webothliketogo.(同位語(yǔ))Welikebothofthebooks.(賓語(yǔ))Thatisallfortoday.(表語(yǔ))All表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Both和all加否定是部分否定,如果要表示全部否定,分別用neither和none。例如:Bothofusarenotteachers.我們倆不都是老師。(部分否定)Neitherofusisateacher.我們倆都不是老師。(全部否定)neither和either的用法neither表示兩者都不;either表示兩者中的任何一個(gè);兩個(gè)詞都表示單數(shù),在句中可作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如:Neitheroftheanswersiswrong.(主語(yǔ))Eithersentenceisright.(定語(yǔ))Youmaytakeeitherofthebooks.(賓語(yǔ))It的主要用法Whatisthis?Itisaharvester.(剛提到的事物)Whoismakingthenoise?Itmustbethechildren.(指未明身份的人或物)Itwillbelovelyintheparktoday.(環(huán)境情況等,天氣等自然現(xiàn)象)Itis6o’clock.(時(shí)間,季節(jié))ItisaboutfivemilestotheSummerPlace.(距離)Itisfoolishofyoutobestillworryingaboutit.(形式主語(yǔ))Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.HefounditdifficulttolearnEnglish.(形式主語(yǔ))

Hemadeitclearinhisspeechthathetooknointerestinpolitics.It’sthoughstrugglethatwelearnthistruth.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)ItwastheWorldtradeTowersthattheterroristsattackedonSept.11th,2001.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成:Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(或人或物,或主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ))+who/that+其它部分。、單項(xiàng)選擇。D.hers;yours()1.Shehaslost pen.Willyoulendher .D.hers;yoursA.her;youB.hers;yourC.her;yours()2.Isthiscarfor ?A.weB.myC.me D.mine()3.Whoteaches French?A.weB.ourC.us D.ours()4.Isaw playinginthestreetatthattime.A.themB.theyC.theirD.theirs()5.Mikelost newwatchwhilehewasplayingfootballatachool.A.his B.he C.himD.himself()6. bookisnewand isnew,too.A.Our;heB.Ours;his C.My;hisD.My;herTOC\o"1-5"\h\z()7.Theyaregoingtoseeateacherof .A.themB.their C.theirs D.themselves()8.Thisroomisours,andthatoneis .A.theyB.themC.theirs D.their()9.IlikethiskindofcolorTV,soIwanttobuy .A.it B.oneC.this D.that()10.Twofriendsof wouldgotohelpyou.A.IB.meC.mineD.my()11.Thereisn’t paperinthebox.Willyougoandget forus?A.some;muchB.any;manyC.any;muchD.any;some()12.Therearethirtystudentsintheclass.Somearegirls, areboys.A.anotherB.other C.others D.theother()13.HaveyouanyMends(改進(jìn))hereinGuangdong? Yes,Ihave .A.littleB.alittle C.fewD.afew()14. ofthemknewabouttheaccidentbecauseitwaskeptasecret.A.EachB.AnyC.All D.None()15.Wehavefound difficulttolearnJapanese.A.itB.itsC.that D.this、在空格處填上適當(dāng)?shù)姆瓷泶~。I’mlearningEnglishallby Help tosomechicken,children.MaryandJackallenjoyed intheparklastSunday.Heistooyoungtotakecareof .MissLisaidtous,“Theworkishard,butyoumustfinishit Mylittlesistercandress now.Thestory isveryinteresting,butLiLeididn’ttellitwell.Wecan’trepairtheradio .第四節(jié)數(shù)詞①數(shù)詞的分類名稱例詞基數(shù)詞Eight,nine,nineteen,fourthousand,amillion序數(shù)詞Eighth,ninth,nineteenth,fourthousandth,amillionth特殊數(shù)詞類分?jǐn)?shù)2/3twothirds百分?jǐn)?shù)6%sixpercent小數(shù)0.5zeropointfive1.基數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。如:Threeofthemwillplaybasketball.他們中三個(gè)人要去打籃球。ameighteenthisyear.今年我18歲了。2.序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞除了幾個(gè)特殊形式外,其余的在基數(shù)詞后加后綴-th構(gòu)成,也可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。如:Hewasthesecondtoleave.他是第二個(gè)離開(kāi)的。OctoberthefirstisNationalDay.10月1號(hào)是國(guó)慶節(jié)。順口溜:“一二三”特殊記,“-th”從“四”加起,怎么加?很容易,八去“t",九去“e”,“f”來(lái)把“ve”替,“ty”改為tie,若是遇到“幾十幾”,只變個(gè)位就可以。②數(shù)詞的用法1.可以表示年、月、日。在表示年、月、日時(shí),“年”用基數(shù)詞,“日”用序數(shù)詞。如:2007-6-8:June24,2007或Juneeighth,20072.?dāng)?shù)詞可以表示時(shí)刻。如:Sixo’clock6點(diǎn)整aquarterpastsix6點(diǎn)一刻aquartertosix6點(diǎn)差一刻基數(shù)詞hundred,thousand和million前面有數(shù)字時(shí)所表示的是實(shí)數(shù)意義,詞尾不得加S。反之可加S。如:Threehundredpeople三百人Hundredsofpeople數(shù)以百計(jì)的人Twothousandpeople兩千人Thousandsofpeople成千上萬(wàn)的人

分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法。如:分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子大于一,分母加S,如:1/6:one-fifth2/6:two-fifths倍數(shù)表示法。如:表示三以上的倍數(shù)用time,表示兩倍時(shí)用twice。如:twinsThreetimesthreeisnine.3乘3得9。Thisroomistwiceasthatone.這個(gè)房間有那個(gè)房間兩個(gè)大。Theearthis49timethesizeofthemoon.地球有49個(gè)月球那么大。幾個(gè)與數(shù)目有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)。如:Half一半 several,afew幾個(gè)Adozen一打 somedozen十幾Ascore二十 dozens幾十Severalhundred幾百一、單詞拼寫(xiě)。Rosehas (三只)dogs.Thereare (十五個(gè))windowsinthatbuildings.Thefishcostabout (十一)yuan.Wearegoingtostudy (第九)lessontomorrow.Lesson (九)isverydifficult.Thereare (四十三)classesinourschool.Wehavelearned (六百五十四)Englishwords.Whoisthegirlinthe (第二)row.Thereare (成千上萬(wàn))ofpeopleinthestreet.Hebought (二百)stampslastweek.二、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.HunMeiandLucyaregoodfriends.Theyarein A.ClassThreeB.ThreeClassB.ClassThirdD.Thirdclass()2. Howfarisit,please? It’sabout away.A.hundredofmetres B.ahundredofmetresC.hundredsofmetres D.hundredsofmetre()3.Peteroftengetsupat .A.halfpastsix B.halfpastfiveC.aquartertosixD.aquartertofive()4.Samsaidwewouldmeetat infrontofthemuseum.A.onethirtyB.halfanhourC.oneandthirtyD.onepasthalf()5. ofthestudentsaregirlsinourclass.A.TwothreeB.TwothreesC.TwothirdsD.SecondthreeA.TwothreeB.TwothreesC.TwothirdsD.Secondthree()6.About oftheworkersintheclothesfactoryarewomen.A.thirdfifthsB.thirdfifthC.threefifths D.threefifth()7.He’sbeenasoldierfornearly .A.halfandtwoyears B.twoandhalfyearC.twoyearsandahalf D.twoyearsandhalfayear()8.Thebuildingismorethan high.A.20-metreB.20-metresC.20metresD.20metre()9.In MarxbegantolearnRussian.A.1870B.1870sC.theyearof1870D.the1870’s()10.WhenMr.Linwas ,hebecameafamouswriter.A.onhisthirties B.inhisthirtiesC.inthetwenty D.inhistwenty第五節(jié)介詞介詞是虛詞,不能單獨(dú)做句子的成分,其后面一般有名詞、代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)做它的賓語(yǔ)。介詞與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞常有比較固定的搭配。一、介詞的種類.簡(jiǎn)單介詞:at,in,off,on,about,under,of,over,past,after,before.合成介詞:into,inside,onto,without,outside.短語(yǔ)介詞:accordingto,becauseof,infrontof,outof,insteadof二、下面是部份常用介詞的用法:?表示時(shí)間時(shí):at強(qiáng)調(diào)“點(diǎn)鐘”,on強(qiáng)調(diào)“日”和“某日的早、中、晚“,in強(qiáng)調(diào)“段”,與表示月份、季節(jié)、年等詞連用。例:Helefthomeonacoldwinterevening.WecametoGuangzhouinJuly,1992.Shegotupatsixo’clockthismorning.?表示在一段時(shí)間之后時(shí),“in+時(shí)間段”用于將來(lái)時(shí),“after+時(shí)間段”用于過(guò)去時(shí)。例:Hewillbebackintwoweeks.Shewentshoppingafterhissupper.?表示“直到??.”或表示“…才”時(shí),用“till(until)+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”。Not…until是“直到.…才例:Hedidn’tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.?"During+時(shí)間段”是表示“在.一期間",而“by+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”表示“到.…為止”,“在.…之前”例:Mydaughterwantshimtogivehersomeworktododuringtheholiday.?表示“延緩的一段時(shí)間",用for+時(shí)間段,表示將來(lái)時(shí)間,而since+過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。例:HehasbeeninGuangzhouin1995.?表地點(diǎn)時(shí),at表示在“范圍較小的地方”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“點(diǎn)”;in表示“范圍較大的地方”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“空間”或“范圍”。例:—WhendidyourfatherarriveinChina?—HegottoShenzhenonthemorningofthe4thofApril.?"across+表面”表示“橫過(guò)”;“through+空間”表示“穿過(guò)";over表示從上面“越過(guò)”例:Thebirdisflyingthroughthewindow.表示“之間”時(shí),between表示“在兩者之間”,而among表示“三者或三者以上之中”。在與方位名詞”east,west,south,north”連用時(shí),“on”強(qiáng)調(diào)“接鄰”;“in”表示“在內(nèi)部”,而“to”則表示“在外部”例:JapanliestotheeastofChina.日本位于中國(guó)東部。表示“用”時(shí),“with+手段”,“by+交通工具”,“in+語(yǔ)言。“in+顏色”如:inred,inablueshirt",“on+電器",如onTV,ontheinternet,onthetelephone.to,of,for,with接人稱代詞,表示不同意義,to強(qiáng)調(diào)方位轉(zhuǎn)移,of本身,for為,with和。above表示“高出,在……之上(位置)”,“以上,超過(guò),高于(數(shù)量、年齡等)。常用的介詞短語(yǔ):帶about的短語(yǔ):talkabout(談?wù)?,議論,討論),throwabout(至U處扔),thinkabout(考慮,回想),worryabout(擔(dān)心),whatabout...(怎樣)?,beexcitedabout(對(duì)某事感到興奮)。帶with的短語(yǔ):talkwith(與…交談,想說(shuō)服),agreewith(同意),quarrel亞此(跟...吵架,不同意)comeupwith(趕上,提出),help.With(幫助某人),catchupwith(趕上,逮捕,處罰),beangrywith(對(duì)某人生氣),befilledwith(充滿著),befedupwith(厭煩),bepleasedwith(對(duì)...喜歡,滿意于),getonwellwith(融洽相處)。帶over的短語(yǔ):goover(復(fù)習(xí)),allover(全部結(jié)束,到處),tripover(被。。。絆倒),lookover(從...上面看察看,調(diào)查),comeover(過(guò)來(lái),抓?。?turn.over(打翻,周轉(zhuǎn),移交給,翻閱)。帶down的短語(yǔ):sitdown(坐下),getdown(從...)下來(lái),cutdown(砍倒),turndown(向下折轉(zhuǎn)),slowdown(使)慢下來(lái),shutdown(關(guān)閉),falldown(倒下),comedown(下來(lái),病倒),writedown(寫(xiě)下),upanddown(上下地),put(something)down(放下某物)。一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.Hewillcome aweek.A.inB.onC.atD.for()2.Sheoftenhelps ourmaths.A.with B.on C.at D.in()3.TheTVplayhasbeenon twohours.A.for B.to C.in D.at()4.WeusuallybegintowatchTV seven Sunday.A.in;in B.at;in C.in;on D.at;on()5.I’mgladtomakefriends you.A.about B.for C.by D.with()6.Haveyouheard yourmother?A.in B.with C.by D.from()7.What’swrong you.A.with B.aboutC.()8.Hewillgiveusareport thehistoryofourtown.forD.byA.in B.on C.at D.for()9.Sheis hertwenties.A.onB.atC.inD.for()10.Summercomes spring.A.beforeB.behind C.with D.after()11.Eatingtoomuchisbad yourhealth.A.withB.toC.of D.for()12.Thereisatalltree thehouse.A.onfrontof B.beforeC.afterD.infrontof()13.Canyouwritealetter English?A.withB.by C.at D.in()14.Thankyou givingmesomuchhelp.A.forB.to C.on D.with()15.Wouldyouliketogo awalk?A.for B.to D.over D.about()16.Whenhewasaboy,hewasinterested science.A.in B.at C.withD.about()17.It’sfoolish youtogiveupwhatyoushouldhave.A.ofB.withC.at D.to()18.Tomorrowmorningwe’llleave Beijing.A.fromB.toC.overD.for()19.Payattention yourspelling.A.forB.byC.of D.to()20.Howdoyougotowork, footor bus?A.on;withB.with;onC.by;on D.on;by二、用of,to,for,in填空。Theywentintoashop clothes.Haveyoufoundthekey theroom.Hereisaletter you,Rose.Thereisahospitalattheend theroad.Pleaselookatthenotes thetext.Sheaskedme“What’shomework today?It’sverykind youtocomehere.It’squitegood youtogoonmorningswimming.Itseemsimpossible metofinishsuchajobwithouthelp.Whichistheway thepostoffice?第六節(jié)連詞含義:連詞是一種虛詞,它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞,短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)及句子與句子的作用。按其意義可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩大類:種類功能連詞并列連詞連接平行的詞、詞組及句子。And,but,or,aswellas,both…and,notonly…butalso,either…or,neither…nor.等。從屬連詞引導(dǎo)從句That,if,whether,when,after,assoonas,since,nowthat,sothat等。下面是關(guān)于從屬連詞的種類說(shuō)明:①引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:as,when,whenever,while,before,after,till,until,assoonas...Example:Thedaysgetlongerwhenspringcomes.②引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:if,unless(除非),as/solongas,incase(萬(wàn)一)…Example:Pleasetellmeifheisathome.Weshallgotheretomorrowunlessitrains.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.注意:條件狀語(yǔ)從句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí);用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)。Example:Ifyouleaveat6o’clocktomorrowmorning,you’dbettergettobednow.Youcannotleaveuntilyouhavefinishedyourhomework.③引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:that,sothat,inorderthat,lest=forfearthat(唯恐,以免),…Example:IshallwritedownyourphonenumberthatImaynotforget.Wewilltellyouthetruthsothatyoucanjudge(判斷)foryourself.④引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:sothat,so.that,such.that,…注意so…that和such…that的區(qū)別:Example:Itissuchaninterestingnovelthatallofuswanttotreadit.(such是形容詞,后接名詞)。=Itissointerestingnovelthatallofuswanttoreadit.(so是副詞,后接形容詞或副詞)。⑤引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:because,as,since,nowthat,...Example:IdonotwanttogobecauseIamtiredofanyparty.(betiredof厭煩)Ashedidn’tknowmuchEnglish,helookedupthewordinthedictionary.注意:①英語(yǔ)中because和so兩者不能并用,二者只可用其一。②because,for,since和as作為連詞,都有“因?yàn)椤钡囊馑?,都可以用?lái)作為一個(gè)動(dòng)作或情況提供原因或理由,但它們從用法上是有區(qū)別的:Because是從屬連詞,接表示直接原因的從句,往往放在句末(有時(shí)也放在句首,直接明白地說(shuō)明因果關(guān)系。因此,在回答why的提問(wèn)時(shí)或原句的just,only,not.butall等副詞強(qiáng)調(diào)原因時(shí)必須用because.For是并列連詞,接表示間接原因的并列分句,所說(shuō)的理由是一種補(bǔ)充。說(shuō)明For引導(dǎo)的句子一般放在句尾。③as和since是從屬連詞,說(shuō)明的是已為人們所知的理由。Since的語(yǔ)氣比Because弱,但比as強(qiáng)。as和since引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開(kāi)頭。⑥引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:though,although(雖然),evenif(即使),eventhough(即使),while,whether…or,however,nomatterhow/what/who,…Example:Iwillnottrustyoualthoughyouhavetoldmethetruth.Wewerenottiredthough(although)wehadworkedallday.注意:“雖然……但是”是中文中常用的結(jié)構(gòu),但在英文中“雖然(though,although)”“但是(but)”兩者不能并用,二者只可用其一。⑦引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:as,justas(正象),asif(好象),asthough(好象...似的),theway(方式,意愿),…Example:IwasneverallowedtodothingsthewayIwantedtodothem.他們從不讓我按自己的意愿行事。Shelooksasifsheisill.看上去她好像是生病了。⑧引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:where,wherever,…Example:Wherethereiswaterthereislife.哪里有水,哪里就有生命。Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.你可以隨意到你喜歡的任何地方去。⑨弓〕導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:as…as…,notas/so…as,thesame…as,such…as,…Example:Maryisasoldasmysister.Mary和我姐姐一樣大。并列連詞的種類:.并列連詞and和or:Example:Weweresinginganddancingallevening..表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞:but,yet:Example:IwouldliketocomebutIamsobusy..表示因果關(guān)系的連詞:for,so,therefore:Itrained,thereforethegamewascancelled.一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.Ourhouseissmall, it’squitewarmandclean.A.andB.soC.or D.but()2.Hedidn’tgotoschool, hewasill.A.forB.butC.and D.so()3.Thatwasourfirstlesson, shedidn’tknowallournames.A.forB.but C.so D.or()4.Workhard, you’llcatchupwithothers.A.orB.andC.but D.because()5.Mygrandfathercould read writebecausehewastoopoortogotoschoolintheolddays.

A.either…orB.neitherA.either…orB.neither…norC.both...andD.notonly…butalso()6.Johntoldtheshopkeeperthattheshoeswere toobig toosmall.Sohecouldn’tbuythem.A.neither;orB.either;norC.not;notD.either;or()7.Youshould helpeachother learnfromeachother.A.neither…norB.notonly…butalso C.either…or D.both…and()8.I’llgivethenotetoher shecomesback.A.untilB.assoonas C.before D.since()9. youeatbadfood,youmaybeill.A.BeforeB.Why C.If D.Which()10.I’m busygettingreadyforChristmas Ihavenotimetowritetoyou.A.not;untilB.too;toC.so;thatD.neither;nor()11.Heknewnothingaboutthematter Marytoldhimyesterday.A.becauseB.if C.until D.since()12.Mr.Readhastaughtinthatsmalltown heleftCanadain1988.A.whenB.after C.for D.since()13.Heislisteningtothemusic heiswashingclothes.A.after B.beforeC.that D.while()14. WhydidLiPingborrowherapencil? hispenwasbroken.A.Because B.When C.Until D.If()15.Canyoutellme theRedStarHospitalis?A.what B.whichC.where D.how()16.Alicewantstoknow hergrandmalikedthepresent.A.that B.if C.which D.what()17.Idon’tknow Janewaslateforclassthismorning.A.who B.what C.whom D.why()18.Mr.Greenaskedme IwasgoingtospeakatthemeetingandIsaid“Yes”.A.how B.when C.whether D.why()19.Mymotherwascooking Icamein.A.whenB.whatC.why D.where()20. Isthataboyswimminginthelake? Ican’tfindout it’saboy agirl.A.if;andB.that;and C.whether;orD.either;or第七節(jié)形容詞和副詞1.形容詞修飾名詞,副詞修飾動(dòng)詞。形容詞用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征,在句中可以做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。副詞用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其它副詞或全句,在句中可以作狀語(yǔ)。2.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成。單音節(jié)的在詞尾加-er和-est。雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞,在詞前加more和most。不規(guī)則及不雙寫(xiě)字母。Little,well等常用形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形式是不規(guī)則的,需要重點(diǎn)記。New,slow,few等詞不雙寫(xiě)w,因ow和ew是“字母組合音節(jié)”,而不是“閉音節(jié)”。如果一個(gè)單詞是重讀閉音節(jié),但詞末是兩輔音字母,也不雙寫(xiě)最后字母,而直接加-er和-est。Good/well—better—best,bad/badly—worse—worst,many/much—more—most,little—less—least,far—farther/further—farthest/furthest,old—older/elder—oldest/eldestlate—later/latter—latest/last..形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞Anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,none,nothing時(shí),應(yīng)放在復(fù)合不定代詞之后。Example:SuddenlyLilycameinandsaidhehadsomethingimportanttotelltheclass..Enough放在后面。形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞前;但enough作副詞時(shí),它必須放在它所修飾的形容詞或副詞之后。Example:Iwasnotcarefulenoughwiththeknife.Icutmyself..原級(jí)。Very,quite,enough后接原級(jí),as+原級(jí)+as(和...一樣);notso/as原級(jí)+as(不如...)句型也用原級(jí)。Example:YoushouldstudyashardasTom..★兩者比較用比較級(jí)。Than,or(連接兩個(gè))表示“較.一一些”等兩者之間的比較用比較級(jí)形式?!锶呋蛉咭陨嫌米罡呒?jí)。表示“在?…中最...”用最高級(jí)形式。常與in,of,among,or(連接三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上)短語(yǔ)連用。"thesecond/thirdbiggest...”也用最高級(jí)。.降級(jí)less/theleast+原級(jí)。降級(jí)比較時(shí),無(wú)論是單音節(jié)詞還是雙音節(jié)詞、多音節(jié)詞,無(wú)論是規(guī)則詞還是雙音節(jié)不規(guī)則詞,一律用“l(fā)ess+原級(jí)+than從句”表示“不如...",用“theleast+原級(jí)+in/of/among”等短語(yǔ)表示“最不…”。.在比較級(jí)前邊,可以使用一個(gè)副詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示程度。如:alittle,abit,alot,far,much,even,still,fouryears等。Example:Nowtheairinourhometownismuchworsethanitwasbefore..句型“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”或者“moreandmore+比較級(jí)”,表示越來(lái)越.一說(shuō)明本身程度的改變。.句型“由《+比較級(jí)...the+比較級(jí)..”表示“越.…越?一說(shuō)明隨著前面條件的變化而變化。Example:Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.Thiskindofshirtlooks andsells .A.nice;wellB.nice;goodC.well;wellD.good;nice()2. Canyouunderstandme? Sorry,Ican understandyou.A.hardlyB.almostC.nearlyD.ever()3.Whichonedoyoulike ,thisoneorthatone?A.well B.goodC.bestD.better()4.Thisradiois ofthethree.A.cheapB.cheaper C.cheapestD.thecheapest()5.Thisisthethird cityinEngland.A.largest B.largerC.large D.thelarge()6.Shedoesn’tfell ,thoughsheis .A.alone;lonely B.lonely;lonesome C.lonely;aloneD.alone;lone()7.Itwasreallyawonderthat littl

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