Lecture6Verb：

TenseandAspectReview英語(yǔ)句子的基本架構(gòu)：SVXS:SubjectNounsornounphrasesV:VerbVerbs:GrammaticalfeaturesofVerbs:Tense（時(shí)）Aspect（體）Voice（態(tài)）Mood（式）陳述/祈使/虛擬主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)today’stopic教材14、15講TenseandAspect中學(xué)學(xué)過(guò)的時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Simplepresent一般過(guò)去時(shí)Simplepast一般將來(lái)時(shí)Simplefuture現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)presentprogressive過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)pastprogressive將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)futureprogressivedo/doesdidwill/shalldois/am/aredoingwas/weredoingwillbedoingverb中學(xué)學(xué)過(guò)的時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)presentperfect過(guò)去完成時(shí)pastperfect將來(lái)完成時(shí)futureperfect現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)presentperfectprogressive過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)pastperfectprogressive將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)futureperfectprogressivehas/havedonehaddonewillhavedonehas/havebeendoinghadbeendoingwillhavebeendoing傳統(tǒng)的“時(shí)”和“體”：傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法以拉丁語(yǔ)法為模式；認(rèn)為“時(shí)”和“體”是不可分的，tense包含了aspect，因此Tense一般被譯作“時(shí)態(tài)”；教材中的Tense和Aspect：1)認(rèn)為T(mén)ense和Aspect是兩個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)法范疇，兩者是可分的；時(shí)：動(dòng)作行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間體：動(dòng)作行為所處的狀態(tài)兩個(gè)“時(shí)”：現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)；兩個(gè)“體”：進(jìn)行體和完成體；教材中的Tense和Aspect：2)認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有“將來(lái)時(shí)”，從而也沒(méi)有“過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)”；認(rèn)為will和shall主要表示情態(tài)意義e.g.:Hewilldoitwhateveryousay.A:Who’sknocking?B:ThatwillbeJohn.(表示堅(jiān)持)(表示推測(cè))Forexample:Heiswritingaletter.Hehaswrittenaletter.Tense：Aspect：現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的事；前者表示動(dòng)作還在進(jìn)行；后者表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)處于完成的狀態(tài)Hewaswritingaletter.Hehadwrittenaletter.Tense：Aspect：時(shí)發(fā)生了改變，變成過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的事；體并沒(méi)有變化；總結(jié)：上述四句中的is/waswriting和has/hadwritten并不是四個(gè)不同的Tense，而是四個(gè)不同的時(shí)-體結(jié)合形式。下列時(shí)態(tài)都可以分解為兩部分：現(xiàn)在 進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去 進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái) 進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在 完成時(shí)過(guò)去 完成時(shí)將來(lái) 完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)+體簡(jiǎn)單形式：一般 現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般 過(guò)去時(shí)一般 將來(lái)時(shí)只有“時(shí)”，沒(méi)有“體”“時(shí)態(tài)”是“時(shí)”“體”組合： 過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái)一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行小結(jié)：“時(shí)態(tài)”：“時(shí)”和“體”的組合時(shí)：動(dòng)作行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間體：動(dòng)作行為所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)：先確定時(shí)，再確定體，二者疊加。幾組區(qū)別：1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體：HelivesinShanghai.HeisnowlivinginShanghai.2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行體：Heworkedallthroughthenight.Hewasworkingallthroughthenight.長(zhǎng)久居住，一般事實(shí)暫時(shí)居住過(guò)去發(fā)生某事強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)3)現(xiàn)在完成體的用法：Hehasturnedoffthelight.Hehaslivedheresince1960.“已完成”：動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，并與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系；“未完成”：動(dòng)作發(fā)生從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能繼續(xù)下去，也可能剛剛結(jié)束。動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)仍然關(guān)著動(dòng)作的持續(xù)，至今還住這里4)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體的用法：用法與完成體的“未完成”用法相仿。I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.前者：動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去；后者：動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話(huà)之前剛剛結(jié)束。5）現(xiàn)在完成（進(jìn)行）體與過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別Hissisterhasbeenaninvalidallherlife.Hissisterwasaninvalidallherlife.她現(xiàn)在還活著她現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)死了完成體用法的幾點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：1)when/after/until/before等引導(dǎo)的分句，用過(guò)去完成體：WhenIreachedthestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Ireachedthestationafterthetrainhadleft.Ididn’treachthestationuntilthetrainhadleft.Thetrainhadleft

beforeIreachedthestation.2)Since引導(dǎo)的分句，

主句常用現(xiàn)在完成體，表示自從某一“時(shí)點(diǎn)”以來(lái)一直存在著某種時(shí)態(tài)。HehastaughtusEnglishsince2006.Wehaveknowneachothersincewewereatcollege.3)Itis/wasthefirsttimethat–分句中，用完成體It’sthefirsttimeI’vebeenhere.Itwasthefirsttimeshehadbeenatasummerschool.ExerciseWhenI_____(open)thedoorI____(see)amanonhisknees.Heclearly________(listen)toourconversationandI_______(wonder)howmuchhe_______(hear).WhenI____(ask)himwhathe_______(do),he____(say)thathe___________(drop)a50ppieceoutsidethedoorand____________(look)forit.openedsawhadbeenlisteningwonderedhadheardaskedwasdoingsaidhaddroppedhadbeenlookingExerciseI_______(notsee)anysignofthemoney,butI____(find)asmallnotebookandapencilwhichheprobably_______(drop)whenthedoor____(open)suddenly.Sohe_______(take)notesofourconversation!Thenotes____(be)writteninaforeignlanguage,soI____(turn)tothestrangerand_____(ask)himtotranslate.didn’tseefoundhaddroppedopenedhadbeentakingwasturnedaskedButhe____(pull)myhatovermyeyesand____(run)offdownthecorridor.BythetimeI____(recover)fromtheshockhe____________(disappear)roundthecorner.Curiouslyenough,whenI____(mov