大學(xué)英語四級寫作Bear,SchoolofForeignLanguages,CSU大學(xué)英語四級考試題型/

試卷結(jié)構(gòu)測試內(nèi)容測試題型分值比例考試時間寫作寫作短文寫作15%30分鐘聽力理解聽力對話短對話選擇題（單選題)8%30分鐘長對話選擇題（單選題)7%聽力短文短文理解選擇題（單選題)10%短文聽寫單詞及詞組聽寫10%閱讀理解詞匯理解選詞填空5%40分鐘長篇閱讀匹配10%仔細閱讀選擇題（單選題)20%翻譯漢譯英段落翻譯15%30分鐘總計100%130分鐘1.大學(xué)英語四級考試寫作要求目前指導(dǎo)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的大學(xué)英語教學(xué)要求中規(guī)定，一般要求（一般要求是高等院校非英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)生應(yīng)達到的基本要求，也就是四級要達到的水平）的英語書面表達能力為：能用常見的應(yīng)用文體完成一般的寫作任務(wù)，能描述個人經(jīng)歷、事件、觀感、情感等，能就一般性話題或提綱在半小時內(nèi)寫出120詞的短文，內(nèi)容基本完整、用詞恰當(dāng)，語篇連貫。能在一般或應(yīng)用寫作中使用恰當(dāng)?shù)膶懽骷寄堋?.四級寫作評分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2.1.評分原則：CET作文題采用總體評分方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎勵分,而不是按語言點的錯誤數(shù)目扣分。從內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體，作文應(yīng)表達題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達思想，也要考慮是否用英語清楚而確切地表達思想，也就是要考慮語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙。本題滿分為15分,閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對照樣卷評分，若認為與某一分數(shù)（如8分）相似，及定位該分數(shù)（即8分）；若認為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分數(shù)則可加一分（即9分）或減一分（即7分）。但不得加或減半分。2.2.評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

2分—條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤5分—基本切題。表達思想不清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴重語言錯誤。8分—基本切題。有些地方表達思想不夠清楚，文字勉強連貫；語言錯誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴重錯誤。11分—切題。表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。14分—切題。表達思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性好，基本上無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯。Example2011.12You'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime."You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.2分

Whythesomepeoplenothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill?Inmyviewtheyarenothardgotosomething.Ontheonehandtheyarenotability.Ontheotherhandtheyarenottofacetheymyself.inotherwordstheyarenottorunthedream,asweallknow,havedreampeoplecanbesucceeder,inmyview,itisnecessaryforustodothedream.

Themorenothingsucceedsthemorenotdream.Wearenotonlyderiverdreamsbutalsogotohard,thisistherewearehavesucceeds.iftheoneonthehumorous“quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I’vedoneithundredsoftimes”wearehavetosucceeds. Allinall,wearenotthedream,wearehavetofair,generallyspeakingthepeoplegotothedream,weareknow.5分“Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld,I’vedoneithundredsoftimes.”It’sahumoroussaying,butactuallythetrueisseriousanddifficult.Aseverybodyknow,“Romewasnotbuiltinoneday.BeforeitbecameRomer,therewasalongwaytothrough.Whetheryoucanarrivethefinalplace,itdependsonwhetheryourheartdeeplystickwithastrongwill.

Numbersofsuccessfulpeopleinhistorydepressedoursbywhattheydo.Welookupthem,listentheirstoriesbutwemustknoweveryonesucceedhadastrongwillwhentheywereyoung.Whatweneedtodoisthisconfirmwhatyourgoalis,makeitawillandpayforitwithyouraction.Don’tgiveupanytimeyouweretriedandworried.Practicemakesperfect,youcangetridoftheinconfidencebydoingallrightthings. Nothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill.Thewillneedn’tsobigbutsostrong.8分

Asisknowntoall,wherethereisawill,thereisaway.However,therearealsomanypeoplefailtoachievetheirdreams.Manypeoplewillsay,it’sbecausetheyhavenotgoodconditionortheyhavenotluckchance.Infact,theyjusthavenotthestrongwilltosucceed.Takequittingsmokingforexample.Ithasbeenaworld-wideproblemthatthousandsofmillionspeople’shealthisbeendestroyedbysmoking.Atthesametime,wealwaysseemanypeoplewhohavetakenactiontoquitsmokingbutfailinthetime.Becausetheycan’tforgetthefeelingofsmoking,andtheyhavenotstrongwilltoinsistit.Onlyiftheonewhohasstrongwill,willhesucceedinquittingsmoking. Toconclude,nopains,nogains.Wewillhaveourdreamcometruebyourstrongwill,andnothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill.11分

Asahumoroussayinggoes,“Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I’vedoneithundredsoftimes.”Thisis,ofcoursethefact,butitalsotellsusthatwithoutstrongwill,nobodycanachievesuccess.

Nomatterwhatwayyouchoose,youwillsurelymeetmanydifficulties.Lifeisnotonlyfilledwithvictory.Takethesayingforexampleagain.Onceyoustartquitsmoking,youwillfaceadifficultchoiceeverytimeotherspassyouacigarette.Suchadilemmamaymakeyoupickyourformerhabitifyoudon’thaveastrongwill.Itisstrongwillthathelpsusovercomedifficulties.Besides,strongwillcanmakeyouknowwhatyouareseekingfor.

MadamCurieexperiencedmanytimesoffailureduringherstudyonradium.Newtonwasregardedasafool.Theygainconfidence,bravery,andalsoachievementsfromtheirstrongwill.

Asyouhaveseen,strongwillplaysanimportantroleinlife,soIsaynothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill.14分

Thehumoroussaying,“Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I’vedoneithundredsoftimes”,illustratestheastonishingyetcommonoccurrencethatmanypeopletryhardtogiveupabadhabitbutinvain.Theyfailbecausetheylackastrongwill.Infact,nothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill. TakeThomasEdisonforexample.Heiswell-knownforhislargenumberofinventionswhichwerecreatedthroughthousandsofunsuccessfulexperiments.Haditnotbeenforhisstrongwill,hewouldhavemerelybeenwastingtimeandmoneyachievingnothing.Notsurprisingly,Edison’sperseveranceisactuallyacommonqualityamongsuccessfulpeople.

Ascollegestudents,weshouldbearinmindthatastrongwillhelpssetacleargoalforpeopleandprovideitsownerwiththemotivationandencouragementinfaceofdifficulties.Indeed,successgoestothosewhoareequippedwithastrongwill.Amanwithastrongwillisamanwhocannotbedefeated.(164words)

3.四級寫作題材和類型四級寫作的題材具有顯著的現(xiàn)實性，基本可以分為兩大類：

1.貼近大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)工作及課余生活的校園題材2.論及當(dāng)前社會的現(xiàn)象、發(fā)展變化及進步的熱點話題。2011.6OnlineShopping1．現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已成為一種時尚2．網(wǎng)上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題3．我的建議2011.12You'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime."You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.2012.6On

Excessive

Packaging

1.目前許多商品存在過度包裝的現(xiàn)象2.出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的原因3.我對這一現(xiàn)象的看法和建議2012.12ALetterApplyingforaBankLoan

1.你的基本情況2.你申請貸款的原因、數(shù)額及用途3.你如何保證?？顚Ｓ靡约澳愕倪€款打算

2013年6月對白：

子：Dad,I'mabitworriedaboutdisposingofnuclearwaste（處理核廢料）

父：Ifyoucanemptythedustbin（垃圾筒）here,youcandoanything2013年12月2014年6月Supposeaforeignfriendofyoursisgoingtovisityourhometown/yourcampus/China（多題多卷的三個不同）,whatisthemostinterestingplaceyouwouldliketotakehim/hertoseeandwhy?1.現(xiàn)象分析型2.問題解決型3.對比論述型4.應(yīng)用文類5.圖表分析型

3.四級寫作題材和類型現(xiàn)象分析型作文命題是關(guān)于某個社會現(xiàn)象或社會問題的，要求考生分析該問題所產(chǎn)生的原因或造成的后果。例

2012.6On

Excessive

Packaging

1.目前許多商品存在過度包裝的現(xiàn)象2.出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的原因3.我對這一現(xiàn)象的看法和建議

Iassumethatyouarefamiliarwiththephenomenonof“ExcessivePackaging”.Takingalookaround,wecanfindexampleswithease：asmallcomputerispackedinathickandheavycarton，clothesareputtedinawell-designedplasticbagsandmoon-cakesareusuallyplacedindelicateboxes.

Whatarethecausesofthisproblem?Ontheonehand,toearnmoreeconomicgains,aconsiderablenumberofmanufacturesusuallywraptheirproductswithunnecessarybutappealingmaterialsaimingatattractingcustomer’sattention,arousingtheircuriosityandthenstimulatingtheirpurchasingdesire.Ontheotherhand,quiteafewcustomersbelievethatthemoredelicatethepackageseems，thesuperiorthequalitywillbe,thenotionhasalsoencouragedthetrendofexcessivepackaging.Tochangethissituation,Ithinkweshouldtakethefollowingmeasures.First,lawsmustbemadeandimplementedtoimposerestrictiononexcessivepackaging.Moreover,apubliceducationcampaignshouldbelaunchedtoarousecustomers'consciousnessthatpackagingdoesn'tequaltoquality.Onlyinthiswaycanweputanendtothistrend.

On

Excessive

PackagingRecently,…h(huán)asbecomethefocusofthesociety.…h(huán)asbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Nowadaysthereisagrowingconcernfor…Nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtobeawareoftheseriousnessof…

Manyfactorsleadtothetrendof…Thereareseveralreasonswhy….Therearethreereasons,Ithink,for…Whatistoaccountfor…?Infactthereasonsarenotdifficulttoget.First,….Second….問題解決型問題解決型作文通常首先提出一個有待解決的問題，然后要求考生就該問題提出解決方法、途徑，有時還要求考生最后談?wù)撨m合自己的方法。這種題型常見的結(jié)構(gòu)模式是： 第一段：導(dǎo)言。描述現(xiàn)狀、困難，提出問題。 第二段：方法。列舉說明處理某事的方法或解決某個問題的途徑。 第三段：評價、建議或個人選擇。針對第二段所闡述的方法給予簡要的評論，也可提出個人建議或選擇，并簡述理由。

例2010.12HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?1.目前不少父母為孩子包辦一切2.為了讓孩子獨立,父母應(yīng)該……h(huán)owshouldparentshelpchildrentobeindependent?

Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernoversuchaphenomenon,thatis,someparentstakecareofalmosteverythingconcernedwiththeirchildren,includingstudy,workandmarriage.Someparentsbelievethatthisislove,however,itisonlytodestroychildren’sindependencethoroughly.Forthefutureofthenextgeneration,moreeffortsshouldbemadebyparentstohelptheirchildrentobeindependent.Thefundamentaloneistocultivatetheawareness,namely,theimportanceandnecessityofbeingindependent,whichissupposedtobeginfromchildhood.Childrenshouldbetaughtthatnoonecanbestrongerandmorehelpfulthanthemselvesinthisworld.Thequalityofindependenceissoindispensableforusthatparentshadbetteractasatutor,notadictator.Andonlywithparents'trust,canthenextgenerationaccumulateconfidencestepbystep.Itishightimethatsomethingwasdoneabout…Onthewhole,itishightimethateveryone…Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresbetakento…Inshort/Inaword/Inconclusion/Insummary/Inbrief/Tosumup/Toconclude/Allinall…對比論述型這類作文多為提綱式作文，議論文體裁。通過論述相反的兩個觀點，或分析評論某一社會現(xiàn)象的優(yōu)缺點，然后給出自己的見解和看法，是四級考試寫作中很常見的作文形式。例

IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary? 1.很多人認為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是。。。

2.也有人持不用的意見。。。

3.我的看法和打算

WhenitcomestothetestofspokenEnglish,people’sopinionsdiffer.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnecessarytoadoptsuchatest.Foronething,fluentspeakingabilityisbadlyneededintoday’ssocietythatisexperiencingreformandopening-up.Foranother,inamorecompetitivesocietysuchasourstoday,fluentspokenEnglishmeansmoreadvantageyouhavetobeatyourrivalincompetingforapositionwithmuchappealtobothofyou.

Somepeople,however,takeadifferentattitude.Theyregardthetestasbeingunnecessary.Intheirviews,fluentspokenEnglishdoesnotnecessarilymeanabetterjob;sometimes,opportunityplaysamoreimportantrole.Furthermore,manypeopledonotusespokenEnglishatallintheirwork.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Iamreallyinfavorofthetest.Ontheonehand,itcanencouragecollegestudentstotryeverymeanstoimprovetheirspokenEnglish.Ontheotherhand,collegestudentswillbenefitendlesslyintheirfuturecareeriftheycanspeakfluentEnglish.SoIdecidetomakeuseofeveryopportunitytopracticemyspokenEnglish,andsurelyitwilldomemuchgood.IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?（1）Thereisnoconsensusofopinionamongpeopleasto_______________.(2)Somepeoplewhoareinfavoroftheideaof________________holdthat___________.(3)Foronething,_______________.(4)Foranother,_______________.(5)Therefore,______________(6)However,thosewhoinsiston_____arguethat___________.(7)Intheiropinion,______________.(8)Inaddition,________.(9）Thus,___________.(10)Inmyviewpoint,______________.(11)Thatistosay,_______________.(12)Inaword,____________________

(1)Thereisaheateddebateover________.(2)Itiscommonlyacceptedthat____________.(3)Incontrast,othersthink_______________.

(4)Thosewhoholdthefirstopinionsuggestthat______________.(5)Intheirviews,______________.(6)However,othersthink_____________.(7)Theyarguethat________________.(8)Consideringoneafteranother,Istandonthesideof________.(9)Firstofall,_______________.(10)Furthermore,__________________.(11)Thirdly,______.(12)Therefore,_________________.

圖表分析型圖表作文的命題形式是根據(jù)圖畫或者圖表，要求考生用簡潔、生動的語言把圖表中所提供的信息準(zhǔn)確、完整地表達出來。然后進行分析和評論，并得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。圖表作文是一種信息的轉(zhuǎn)換。也就是說，寫圖表作文時，首先要以題目中的要求為指導(dǎo)，審慎讀圖，準(zhǔn)確把握圖表傳達的信息，將其擴展成文。圖表作文往往是以說明為主，圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)是為了說明某個問題而提供的，只要問題能闡釋清楚，就不必面面俱到地把所有數(shù)據(jù)都在文章中引用出來。考生要切忌毫無目的地引用圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)。引用數(shù)據(jù)過多的同學(xué)往往得分很低。圖表作文的段落設(shè)計

1.開頭段—--說明該圖表反映的概況，選擇能充分說明主題的典型數(shù)據(jù)進行概述；

2.中間段—--對數(shù)據(jù)進行仔細地分析比較，歸納出增減速率，找出產(chǎn)生變化的原因；

3.結(jié)尾段—--寫出看完圖表后的想法或評論，得出自己的結(jié)論。圖表分析型上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2000年某校大學(xué)生使用計算機的情況，請描述其變化；請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計算機的用途、價格或社會發(fā)展等方面加以說明）；你認為目前大學(xué)生在計算機使用中有什么困難或問題。

Thechartshowsthatstudentsarenowspendingmuchmoretimeonthecomputer,fromonehourtofourhoursperweekfrom1990to1995.Itisself-evidentthatitincreasessharplytotwentyhoursintheyearof2000.Threepossiblereasonscontributetothisphenomenon.

Onereasonisthatmostcollegestudentsnowcanaffordapersonalcomputerduetothesharpdeclineinitsprice.Anotherreasonisthattheyfindthecomputerawonderfulthingtohavefunwith.Forinstance,theycanchatthroughQQorplayinggamesonline.What’smore,fromInternet,theycanlearnthingsmuchmorequicklythansimplyfromreadingbookssothattheycansecureagoodjobinthefuture.Asaresult,alltheseleadtomuchmoretimespentonusingcomputers.

However,inmyopinion,therearesomecomplaintsfrombothteachersandstudents.Foronething,studentscomplainaboutthelessavailabilityofcomputersandslowspeedofthenetwork.Foranother,someteachersworrythatthemuchmoretimespentplayingcomputergamesorsurfingonlinewillleadstudentstoignoretheirstudiesandevendocheatinginsteadofdoingresearchbytheirown.Tosumup,inspiteofproblemsconcerningtheuseofcomputer,computerisstillofmoremeritsthandefects.

應(yīng)用文類型四級考試中的應(yīng)用文一般會給出一個特定的情景，要求考生根據(jù)該情景寫一封短信、倡議書或演說詞等。應(yīng)用文涉及的內(nèi)容多種多樣，但大部分都與日常生活比較貼近,主要包括：投訴信、求職信、求學(xué)信、拒絕信、道歉信、感謝信、祝賀信、邀請信、求職信、演說辭、倡議書、海報、景點介紹和日程安排等。從歷年真題來看，應(yīng)用文的考查以信函為主，但近幾年也常涉及其他類型，如倡議書、景點介紹等。（1）Iwouldliketosuggestthat…/Iamwritingwithmysuggestion/proposalabout…/Iamwritingtoexpressmyviewsconcerning…

我想建議……。/我寫信來想就……一事提出我的建議。/我寫信來表達我關(guān)于……的看法。(2)Youhaveaskedmeformyadvicewithregardto…andIwilltrytomakesomeconducivesuggestions.

關(guān)于……你讓我提一些建議，我盡量提一些有益的建議。(3)Ifeelthatitwouldbebeneficialif…

我覺得如果……將會很有好處。(4)IfIwereyou,Iwould…

如果我是你，我將……(5)Itwouldseemtomethatyoucould…. 在我看來，你可以……(6)Asyoumayagreethat…

或許你會同意……。(7)Ihopeyouwillfindthesesuggestions/proposals/recommendationshelpful/practical/useful.

我希望你會覺得這些意見/提議/建議是有幫助的/實際的/有用的。(8)Itrustyouwilltakemysuggestionintoaccount.

我相信你會考慮我的建議的。(9)Iwouldbemorethanhappytoseeimprovementsinthisregard.

我會很高興看到這方面的改善。(10)Iwouldbereadytodiscussthismattertofurtherdetails.

我會準(zhǔn)備好與你進一步詳談此事。Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterinreplytoafriend’sinquiryaboutapplyingforadmissiontoyourcollegeoruniversity.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.建議報考的專業(yè)級理由

2.報考該專業(yè)的基本條件

3.應(yīng)當(dāng)如何報考ALetterinReplytoaFriendDecember27,2008

DearTom,

Iamverypleasedtoknowthatyouaregoingtoapplyforadmissiontooneuniversity.Ithasbeenseveralyearssincewepartedlasttime,andsoonwewillprobablymeetagain.Inmyopinion,youshouldmajorinEnglish.Ononehand,Englishisaverypopularmajoratouruniversityandwehavemodernteachingmethodsandprestigiousprofessors.Ontheotherhand,youseemtohaveagiftforlanguagelearningandyouarereallygoodatEnglish.

AstothepreparationforapplyingfortheEnglishmajorofouruniversity,IsuggestyoupaymoreattentiontospokenEnglish.Ifyoumakeagoodperformanceinoraltest,youwillhavethepriority.Itisunnecessaryforyoutobenervous.Inaddition,whenmakingpreparationyoushoulddomoremodeltests.Iamsureyouwillsucceedintheexam.

PleaseinformmeifthereissomethingIcandoforyou.Iamlookingforwardtomeetingyouonourcampus. Sincerelyyours, LiMing4.四級作文中的常見錯誤4.1.基礎(chǔ)語法方面時態(tài)，語態(tài)，比較級，非謂語形式，冠詞用法，可數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞，不定代詞單復(fù)數(shù)……

Attheageofsix,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.WhenIwassixyearsold,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.Havingcarriedouteconomicreformsinourcountry,people’slivingstandardhasgreatlyimproved.Sinceeconomicreformshavebeencarriedoutinourcountry,people’slivingstandardhasgreatlyimproved.Toimproveone’swritingskill,regularpracticeisessential.Toimproveone’swritingskill,onemustmakearegularpractice.4.2.修飾語不當(dāng)4.3.少用連詞

Peoplehavedebatedwhetherweshouldcancelitformanyyears.Opinionsvaryfrompersontoperson.Peoplehavedebatedwhetherweshouldcancelitformanyyearsandtheopinionsvaryfrompersontoperson.TVbecomesanimportantpartinoutdailylife.Becausewecannotlivewithoutit.TVbecomesanimportantpartinoutdailylife,becausewecannotlivewithoutit..4.4.指代不當(dāng)PeoplehavebeenfightingagainsttheinfluencesofTVcommercials,butitoftenprovesuseless.PeoplehavebeenfightingagainsttheinfluencesofTVcommercials,butthiseffortoftenprovesuseless.Televisionprovidesuswithavivid,colorfulworld,whichenablesustoenjoylifethoroughly.Byprovidinguswithavivid,colorfulworld,televisionenablesustoenjoylifethoroughly.4.5.句子意思表達不完整

Weshouldrealizethatsmartphoneisadouble-edgedswordwhenweenjoyitsconvenienceandjoy.Inaddition,thecorruptionisalsoanimportantreason.Havemoneycandomanythings.Therearemanypeopledomorningexerciseinthepark.Hisjokemademelaughtodeath.Chinesepeoplearedevotingthemselvestothephysicalexercise.Why?Becausetheythinkitisveryimportanttotheirhealth.Howmanydifferencesaretherebetweenthem?Letmetellyou.4.6.中式英語句子.4.7語篇層面偏離主題段落缺乏統(tǒng)一性缺少連貫性

缺乏邏輯性Withtheeconomicgrowth,people’slifequalityhavebeenimproved.Manypeoplehaveextramoney.Sothequestioniscoming.Thatis,whatweshoulddo,spendthemoneyorsaveit?Gotocollegeornot,thatisaproblem.WhatdoChinesecollegegraduateshaveincommonwithants?Bothofthemarecountless！GettingjobisabigproblemforcollegegraduatesinChina.

Somepeoplethinkitisuselesstostudyincollege,……4.8.拼寫錯誤environment（環(huán)境，容易寫成enviroment）government（政府，容易誤拼成goverment）modern（現(xiàn)代的，容易拼成morden）respectable（受人尊敬的），respectful（尊敬別人的），respective（各自的）economic（有關(guān)經(jīng)濟的），economical（節(jié)儉的）delighted（感到高興的），delightful（使人高興的）.historic（有歷史意義的），historical（關(guān)于歷史的）considerate（關(guān)心別人的），considerable（相當(dāng)大的，相當(dāng)多的）sensible（合理的，可感知的），sensitive（敏感的）credible（可信的），credulous（容易輕信的）continual（持續(xù)的，中間有間隔），continuous（持續(xù)的，中間沒有間隔）satisfied（滿意的），satisfactory（令人滿意的）farther（更遠，表示距離），further（更進一步，表示程度）imaginary（虛構(gòu)的，想象中的），imaginative（想象力豐富的），imaginable（可以想象的）1長句和短句變換2主動句和被動句變換3非謂語從句變換4比較句變換5松散到緊湊變換文章優(yōu)化 變換句式短句變長句 受漢語思維習(xí)慣影響，很多考生往往會直接將腦子里的意思譯成英語，而忽略句與句之間的聯(lián)系，,因此，在平時寫作時，考生要注意前后句子之間是否存在聯(lián)系，善于發(fā)現(xiàn)各個簡單句之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞將簡單句連接起來，組成準(zhǔn)確地道的復(fù)雜長句，增加文章的氣勢?！纠?】【原文】Liesdoharmtothosewhoarebeingtoldlies.Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.

【優(yōu)化】Liesnotonlydoharmtothosewhoarebeingtoldlies,butalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.

【例2】【例3】【原文】Usually,afactisdefinedasatruth.Thetruthcanbetestedbyobservationorexperimentation.

【優(yōu)化】Usually,afactisdefinedasatruth,whichcanbetestedbyobservationorexperimentation.

【原文】Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.

【優(yōu)化】

Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.

【例4】

【原文】WhenIturnedrightonthecorner,amotorbikeknockedintoasmallcar.Themotorbikewasred.Thereweretwopersonsonthemotorbike.Thecarwasyellow.Themotorbikefelldown.Thetwopersonsonthemotorbikewereslightlyinjured.Thedrivercameoutofthecaratonce,andaskedaboutthetwopersons’injuries.AssoonasIsawthat,Imadeatelephonecallto110.Thetrafficpolicearrivedinashorttime.

【優(yōu)化】WhenIturnedrightonthecorner,aredmotorbike

withtwopersonsknockedintoasmallyellowcar.Immediately,themotorbikefelldown,andthetwopersonsonthemotorbikewereslightlyinjured.Atthattime,thecardrivercameoutofthecar,andaskedaboutthetwopersons’injuries.Seeingthis,Idialedthe110.Inashorttime,thetrafficpolicearrived.

2.長句變短句

長句固然能表達出復(fù)雜而縝密的思想，但如果片面追求復(fù)雜句子，反而會顯得華而不實，成為表達的累贅。寫作中句子的長短應(yīng)根據(jù)表達的需要而定。短句不僅指句子長度較短，也指句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)精煉，簡潔是寫作的一個重要原則，用詞累贅則是寫作的大忌?！纠?】【原文】Hisfather,whoisasalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.【優(yōu)化】Hisfather,asalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.

【例2】【原文】Perhapstheybasicallydistrustedourcapacitytojudgecorrectly.【優(yōu)化】Theydistrustedourjudgment.

一、將下面的長句和短句進行優(yōu)化改寫，使其更符合表達要求。

【原句】 【優(yōu)化】Thecaptain,atall,thinmanwithabigmustache,waspacingthebridgewithalookofimportance.

Thegradingsystematourcollegeshouldbeabolished,becauseneitherthestudentsnortheinstructorslikeit.1.Thecaptainwasatall,thinmanwithabigmustache.Hewaspacingthebridgewithalookofimportance.

2.Thegradingsystematourcollegeshouldbeabolished.Thestudentsdon’tlikegettinggrades.The

instructorsdon’tenjoygivinggrades.

與漢語相比，英語更注重動作本身，而不是動作的執(zhí)行者，因此在英語中被動語態(tài)的使用相對多一些，但這并不表明要一味地追求被動語態(tài)的使用。主動變被動

1）不需要體現(xiàn)動作的執(zhí)行者【原文】 Weshouldpaymoreattentiontotheelderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandenergytoourcountry.

【優(yōu)化】

Moreattentionshouldbepaidtotheelderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandenergytoourcountry.

主動句和被動句變換

【原文】 【優(yōu)化】Theseriousnessoftheproblemonthereservesofrawmaterialsshowsthatitisimportanttosetupaplantoconserveanddivideupfairlynaturalresourcesonaworldwidescale.Thosewhodon’tlikehavingroommatesarguethatseveralpeoplelivingtogethercausessomeunpleasantnessbecauseeverypersonhashisorherownway.5.Naturalresourcesareverylimited.Theywillbeexhaustedinthenearfuture.Itisnottrue.Butitbecomesamajorconcernaroundtheworld.Thisisawidelyacceptedfact.

4.Somestudentsdon’tlikehavingroommates.Theythinkeverypersonhashisorherownway.Andseveralpeoplelivingtogethercausessomeunpleasantness.

3.Theproblemofthereserveofrawmaterialsisbecomingmoreserious.Itshowsitisimportanttobeginaplan.Weshouldconserveanddivideupthenaturalresourcesonaworldwidescale.

Itisawidelyacceptedfactthatthereisamajorconcernaroundtheworldfortheexhaustionoflimitednaturalresourcesinthenearfuture,thoughitisunlikelytobetrue.2）需要強調(diào)動作的承受者【原文】 TheemployeeselectedMr.Lichairmanofthecommitteelastweek.【優(yōu)化】

Mr.Liwaselectedchairmanofthecommitteebytheemployeeslastweek.

3）保持陳述對象的一致，以求行文通順

【原文】 WhenthePrimeMinisterarrivedattheairport,hundredsofreporterssurroundedhimimmediately.【優(yōu)化】 WhenthePrimeMinisterarrivedattheairport,hewasimmediatelysurroundedbyhundredsofreporters.2.被動變主動1）需要體現(xiàn)動作的執(zhí)行者【原文】 Ifyouarefriendlytoothers,youwillbeheldhospitableattitudetowardsbythemandviceversa.【優(yōu)化】 Ifyouarefriendlytoothers,theywillholdhospitableattitudetowardsyouandviceversa.

2）保持陳述對象的一致，以求行文通順【原文】 Oneveryimportantqualitydevelopedbymanyindividualsduringafirstjobisself-reliance.ThisqualitywascultivatedbymewhenIwasallowedbymysupervisortosetupandconductmyownsurveyproject.【優(yōu)化】 Duringtheirfirstjob,manyindividualsdeveloptheirveryimportantqualityofself-reliance.Icultivatedthisqualitywhenmysupervisorallowedmetosetupandconductmyownsurveyproject.一、要求：請將下面句子中語態(tài)使用不當(dāng)?shù)牡胤竭M行優(yōu)化改寫，使其更符合表達需要?！驹摹俊緝?yōu)化】

1.Weknowthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Weshouldadvisepeopletoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements3.Nowadays,publicplacesandadvertisementsofanykindforbidsmoking.2.Peopleshouldbeadvisedtoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements.

3.Nowadays,smokingisforbiddeninpublicplacesandadvertisementsofanykind.

1.Itisalmostknownthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.

4.Computersmayhelpscientistsinanalyzingdataanddoingcomplexcalculation,whileengineersmakeuseofsomecomputersindesigningaplane,oraspaceship.

5.Thoseinfavorofuniversitymarriagearguethatweshouldgivecollegestudentstherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.

4.Computersmayhelpscientistinanalyzingdataanddoingcomplexcalculation,whilesomecomputersaremadeuseofbyengineersindesigningaplane,oraspaceship.

5.Thoseinfavorofuniversitymarriagearguethatcollegestudentsshouldbegiventherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.

非謂語動詞包括不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?！纠?】【原文】 WhenIlookintothefuture,