PastcontinuousandpresentperfectcontinuousPastcontinuousandpresentperfectcontinuousForyoutojudge:IwasmeetingalotofinterestingpeoplewhileIwasworkinginNorway.Beinginlargecrowdswasalwaysmakingherfellnervous.Howlongareyouwearingglasses?We’vebeenstayingwithPaulandJennyuntillastweekend.That’stwicethatI’vebeenforgettingtobringmydiarytoworkthisweek.I’veneverbeenlisteningtoanyofAguado’smusicbefore.Pastcontinuousandpastsimple

Whendoweusepastcontinuous?Whenwetalkabouta1.temporarysituationthatexistedatoraroundaparticulartimeinthepast:Atthetimeofrobbery,theywerestayingwithmyparents.Myheadwasachingagain,soIwenthome.DifferencebetweenPastcontinuousandpastsimple

Compare:

Shewasshakingwithangerassheleftthehotel.WhenherealizedIwaslookingathim,heturnedaway.Erikadroppedherbagwhileshewasgettingintohercar.

AcompletedpasteventThesituationthatexistedatthetimePastcontinuousandpastsimplePastsimpleforapermanentorlong-termsituationexistinginthepast,butpastcontinuousforatemporarysituation.WhenIwasachildIplayed

theviolin.Iwasworkinginacarfactoryduringthesummerof1976.(orIworked---)He

worked

hardallhislife.

PastcontinuousandpastsimpleShegot

upwhenthealarmclockwentoff.Hejumpedoutofbedandrantoseewhotheparcelwasfor.Whentalkingabouttwoormorepastcompletedeventsthatfollowedeachother,weusepastsimpleforboth.Presentperfectcontinuousandpresentperfect

Whendoweusepresentperfectcontinuous?Whenwetalkaboutthingsstartedinthepast,andhavebeeninprogressuntilnow.Itmaystopormaycontinuetogoon.She’sbeenlivinginNewZealandforoverayearnow.

Differencebetweenpresentcontinuousandpresentperfectthingsstartedinthepast,butitfocusesontheeffectthatmayhaveachievedhowmanytimesthingsstartedinthepast,andhavebeeninprogressuntilnow.ItmaystopormaycontinuetogoonhowlongTheguestshavebeenarrivingsinceabout6o’clock.Sincetheoperationtwomonthsago,Joehasbeenlearningtowalkagain.Hecanalreadytaketwoorthreestepsunaided.She’s

beendrivingfor3yearsnow.MarkandHelenahavearrived--they’reinthesittingroom.IhavelearntalotaboutpaintingfromPaul.Wehavedrivenallthewayherewithoutabreak.Difference:presentperfectcontinuousfocusesontheactivityoreventwhichmayormaynotbefinished.Presentperfectfocusesontheeffectoftheactivityorevent,orthefactthatsomethinghasbeenachieved.

ComparecompareI’vebumpedintoSusan3timesthisweek.Hehasplayedforthenationalteamin65matchessofar.Ifwementionthenumberoftimestheactivityoreventwasrepeated,weusethepresentperfectratherthanthepresentperfectcontinuous.Whenwewanttoemphasizethatasituationhaschangedoveraperiodoftimeuptonow,andmaycontinuetochange,wepreferthepresentperfectcontinuous.SaleshavebeenincreasingforsometimePresentperfectcontinuousThesituationoractivitymaystillbegoingon,oritmayjusthavestopped.Compare:We’ve

beendiscussingtheproposalsforanumberofyears.(=stillgoingon)andYoureyesarered-haveyoubeencrying?(=recentlystopped)PresentperfectcontinuousPresentperfectcontinuoususedwhenaskingquestionswithHowlong-:Howlong

haveyoubeenwaitingforme?Howlong

havetheybeenlivingnextdoortoyou?Unemploymenthasbeenrisingsteadilysincethehugeincreaseinoilprices.summaryInformationthatistreatedaspartofthebackgroundwilltendtobeexpressedinthepasttense.Informationthatisofcurrentconcern,intheforeground,willbeexpressedinthepresenttense.Backgroundscene-setting,particularlyinstories,isoftenexpressedinthepastprogressive,andongoingcurrentsituationaredescribedinthepresentprogressive.Viewingrecentchangesfromthecurrentsituationistypicallyexpressedbyperfectaspect.Thedominantcontrast,however,isbetweenbackgroundandforegroundinformation.Once,morethanonce,orallthetime?1.Hesuddenlyjumpedintothewater.2.Hae-YoungunderstandsKorean.3.Sheiskickingthecartirerightnow.4.Mysisterhatesfish.5.Someone’scoughing.6.Somethingbrokethewindow.7.Buckydroppedtheball.8.SooYanghasacar.ExerciseLookatthewaythepastprogressiveandthesimplepastareusedinthefollowing.1.Findasentencewithonlyoneverbinthesimplepast.Writeitonthelinebelow.____________________________2.Findasentencewithonesimplepastverbandonepastprogressive.Writeitonthelinebelow._____________________________3.Lookatthewaythepastprogressiveandthesimplepastareused.Canyoutelladifferenceinmeaning?Kewin:Iwaswalkingonenight.Itwasbitterlycold,aroundChristmas1978,andIwaswalking.IthinkIwaswalkingdowntotheriverjusttoclearmyheadortogoforawalk.Ilovetowalk.TherewasamanontheheatingventacrossthestreetfromtheStateDept.at21standEwhichwasonlyablockfrommyapartment,andhecalledouttome.Hesaidhewantedabucktobuysomethingtoeat.Iwasveryirritatedwithhimforcallingoutafterme.Ididn’twanttobebotheredandIdidn’tbelievehimeither.Ithought,‘wellI’llfixhim.I’llgoandgethimsomethingtoeatandthatwayhe’llbefrustratedandangryanddidn’tgetwhathewantedbutatleastI’llgivehimwhatheaskedfor.’SoIwentuptomyapartment,gothimabowlofsoup,gothimandsandwichandacupoftea,andbroughtitdown.Isetitdownandwalkedaway.

總結(jié)

現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的第二種用法（即表示動作的延續(xù)）相似，而且常常可以互換。它們的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成進行時比現(xiàn)在完成時更強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性和不間斷性，前者可以說是后者的強調(diào)形式。試比較：We’vebeenlivingherefortenyears.We’velivedherefortenyears.（2）在不用時間狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作仍在進行，而現(xiàn)在完成時（即表示過去動作對現(xiàn)在影響）則表示動作在過去已結(jié)束。例如：Thestudentshavebeenpreparingfortheexam.(=stillgoingon)Thestudentshavepreparedfortheexam.(=completed)（3）現(xiàn)在完成進行時一般不適用于狀態(tài)動詞。要表示狀態(tài)動詞的延續(xù)，只可用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：Hehashopedthathehasanopportunitytohavecollegeeducation.注：狀態(tài)動詞見Unit2AMay,might,can,couldThemeaningsofcan

Box4.4

Coreconcept:potentialcanCircumstancesinterpretationexamplesAnimateagent–subjectassourcePhysicalaction,mentalactivityabilityJimcan

speakSpanish.SocialauthorityassourceSocialtransaction(root)permissionTheteachersaysyoucanleavehere.Absenceofagent-sourceSituationallyspecifiedpossibilityGrammarcanbefun!(epistemic)ThepossibilityofmayTwomainuses:1.socially-oriented(root)andhastodowithpermission.2.Knowledge-oriented(epistemic認知)andhastodowithwhethersomethingwillhappenornot.3.todowithconcession.permissionMayItakeoneofthese?Youmayonlyregisterfortwoclasses.(Note:lesscommonineverydayspokenEnglish,canwouldbemorefrequent.)Possibility

Weakpossibilityinterpretation:Ourflightmaybedelayed.Theymaycomelaterortheymaynot.Concession

Youmayhavegoodreasons,butthatdoesn’tmakealegal.Hemaybeold,buthe’sstillfit.(=Althoughhe’sold,he’sstillfit.)might

ifnotusedinthepasttimecontext,‘might’isasignofatactfultone委婉):WemightaskJohntochairthemeeting.(不妨)Youmightbealittlemorecarefulinfuture.(slightblaming)exerciseIdentifytheusesofmayandmightinthefollowingsentencesintermsof‘permission’,‘weakpossibility(ofoccurrence)’,or“concession”.1.Imaybewrong,butthat’swhatIthink.(concession)2.Thesepillsmaycausedizziness.(weakpossibility)3.I’dliketotakethischair,ifImay.(permission)4.Wemaybeold-fashioned,butwebelieveingoodmanners.(concession)5.MightItroubleyouforaglassofwater?(permission)6.Theymightdecideitisn’tworththeeffort.(weakpossibility)7.Customersmaysmokeindesignatedareasonly.(permission)8.Theseexercises,asdifficultastheymayseemtobe,arereallygoodforyou.Yeah,right!(concession)May/might/coulddosth.(=presentorfuturepossibility):Example:Imay/might/couldforgetit.may/might/couldhavedonesth.(=pastpossibility)Example:Shemay/might/couldhaveforgottenaboutthemeeting.might/couldhavedonesth.(=pastpossibility,butdidn’tinfacthappen)Example:IfIhadn’tcomealongatthatmoment,Jimmight/couldhavebeentheonearrestedinsteadoftherealthief.may/might/couldhavedonesth.

(=futurepossibility,sth.willhavehappened)BynextFriday,Imay/mighthavecompletedthereport.may/mightbedoing:

(=sth.happeningnow,possiblefuturearrangement):WhenIgotoViennaImay/mightbestayingwithRichard,butI’mnotsureyet.Exercise1.Tom___awayfromShanghaiforfiveyears.(be)(hasbeen)2.Hesaidhe___theresince1950.(live)(hadlived)3.Hetoldmehenever___herbefore.(meet)(hadnevermet)4.Youareexhausted,aren’tyou”Yes,Iam.I___football.(play)(havebeenplaying)5.She___(lookfor)herewatchallthetime,butshenot___(find)ityet.(hasbeenlookingfor),(hasn’tfound)6.Mywalletismissing.Ijust___it.(lose)(havejustlost)7.Bythetimehegothome,hisfather__.(die)(haddied)8.Thepupilsweretalkingloudlywhentheteacher__.(come)(came)9.Whilethechildrenwereplayinginthegarden,theirmother__inthekitchen.(cook)(wascooking)10.Margaretwillsoonretire.She__ateach