1Chapter14BankLending:PoliciesandProcedures銀行貸款政策和程序2

BankLending:PoliciesandProcedures

銀行貸款政策和貸款程序

§1.TypesofLoansMadeByBanks銀行貸款的類型§2.RegulationofLending銀行貸款的監(jiān)管§3.StepsinLendingProcess銀行貸款的程序§4.HandlingProblemLoan有問(wèn)題貸款的處理3§1.TypesofLoansMadeByBanks

銀行貸款的類型RealEstateLoans房地產(chǎn)貸款FinancialInstitutionLoans金融機(jī)構(gòu)貸款A(yù)gricultureLoans農(nóng)業(yè)貸款CommercialandIndustrialLoans工商業(yè)貸款LoanstoIndividuals個(gè)人貸款MiscellaneousLoans其他貸款LeaseFinancingReceivables融資性租賃4§2.RegulationofLending

銀行貸款的監(jiān)管

Possibleratingoflending貸款可能給予的評(píng)級(jí)Strongperformance優(yōu)秀Satisfactoryperformance滿意Fairperformance較好Marginalperformance一般Unsatisfactoryperformance不滿意5CriticizedLoans(notfolloweditspolicy)批評(píng)貸款（不遵循貸款政策）ScheduledLoans(concentrationofcreditinoneindustry)備案貸款（貸款過(guò)分集中于某一行業(yè)或某一借款人）AdverselyClassifiedLoans(notpayingoutasplanned)不利貸款SubstandardLoans次級(jí)貸款(inadequateincollateralorinrepaymentabilities)（抵押或還款能力不足）DoubtfulLoans(astrongprobabilityofloss)可疑貸款（貸款損失的可能性很大）LossLoans(uncollectible)損失貸款（貸款收不回來(lái)）AssetQuality資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量6CAMELSRatingSystem

駱駝評(píng)級(jí)體系CapitalAdequacy資本充足率AssetQuality資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量ManagementQuality管理質(zhì)量EarningsRecord盈利記錄LiquidityPosition流動(dòng)頭寸SensitivitytoMarketRisk對(duì)市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的敏感度7§3.StepsinLendingProcess

銀行貸款的程序Filloutaloanapplication填寫貸款申請(qǐng)書（借款金額、借款用途、償還能力、還款方式）Aninterviewwithaloanofficer與貸款申請(qǐng)人會(huì)談Asitevisit現(xiàn)場(chǎng)訪問(wèn)Submitseveralcrucialdocuments提交重要文件Checkonthepropertyorotherassetsascollateral檢查抵押資產(chǎn)或其他資產(chǎn)評(píng)估借款人的信用等級(jí)（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的素質(zhì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、資金結(jié)構(gòu)、履約情況、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、發(fā)展前景）貸款審批（“審貸分離,分級(jí)審批”的貸款管理制度）Signloanagreement簽署貸款協(xié)議Visitcustomer’sbusinessperiodically定期訪問(wèn)貸款客戶8借款人應(yīng)向銀行提供的資料董事會(huì)的借款決議或證明文件借款人及保證人的基本情況會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所核準(zhǔn)的上一期的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告抵押物的清單、產(chǎn)權(quán)證明及其所有人同意抵押的證明文件保證人同意保證的證明文件項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)文件及可行性報(bào)告,等9TheSixBasicC’sofLending

貸款審查6個(gè)基本的CCharacter借款人的品質(zhì)–Specificpurposeofloanandseriousintenttorepayloan有明確的貸款目的和認(rèn)真的還款態(tài)度Capacity借款人的能力

–legalauthoritytosignbindingcontract在法律上有能力簽署具有約束力的貸款協(xié)議Cash現(xiàn)金

–abilitytogenerateenoughcashtorepayloan有能力獲得足夠的現(xiàn)金還款Collateral擔(dān)保–adequateassetstosupporttheloan擁有足夠的資產(chǎn)支持貸款Conditions環(huán)境–economicconditionsfacedbyborrower借款人面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境Control控制–doesloanmeetwrittenloanpolicyandhowwouldloanbeaffectedbychanginglawsandregulations貸款申請(qǐng)是否符合貸款政策？是否受法律法規(guī)變化的影響？10CommonTypesofLoanCollateral

貸款抵押的常見類型AccountsReceivables應(yīng)收帳款Factoring代理融通Bankpurchasesaccountsreceivable銀行購(gòu)買應(yīng)收帳款I(lǐng)nventory存貨Floatinglien浮動(dòng)質(zhì)押RealProperty房地產(chǎn)PersonalProperty個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)PersonalGuarantees個(gè)人擔(dān)保11PartsofaTypicalLoanAgreement

貸款協(xié)議的結(jié)構(gòu)TheNote票據(jù)signedbytheborrower,specifiesprincipalamount,interestrateandterm由借款人簽名，寫明貸款金額、利率和期限LoanCommitmentAgreement貸款承諾協(xié)議Collateral抵押Covenants限制性條款A(yù)ffirmativeCovenants肯定的限制性條款NegativeCovenants否定的限制性條款BorrowerGuarantiesandWarranties借款保證或擔(dān)保EventsofDefault違約事項(xiàng)12

貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分類

五類貸款的定義

正常(Formal)：借款人能夠履行合同，有充分把握按時(shí)足額償還本息

關(guān)注(Attention)：借款人目前有能力償還貸款本息，但存在一些可能對(duì)償還貸款產(chǎn)生不利影響的因素

次級(jí)(Substandard):借款人的還款能力出現(xiàn)明顯問(wèn)題，依靠其正常經(jīng)營(yíng)收入已無(wú)法保證足額償還本息

可疑(Doubtful)：借款人無(wú)法足額償還本息，即使執(zhí)行抵押或擔(dān)保，也肯定要造成一部分損失

損失(Loss)：在采取所有可能的措施和一切必要的法律程序之后，本息仍然無(wú)法收回，或只能收回極少部分13貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分類正常關(guān)注次級(jí)可疑損失充分把握按時(shí)足額償還本息存在一些可能對(duì)償還貸款產(chǎn)生不利影響的因素依靠正常經(jīng)營(yíng)收入無(wú)法保證足額償還本息執(zhí)行抵押或擔(dān)保也肯定要造成一部分損失采取所有措施和一切必要的法律程序之后本息仍然無(wú)法收回或只能收回極少部分14五類貸款的主要特征

正常：借款人能正常還本付息，履行貸款合同。關(guān)注：

1.凈現(xiàn)金流量減少2.銷售收入、利潤(rùn)下降或凈值下降，或出現(xiàn)流動(dòng)性不足的征兆3.關(guān)鍵財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)低于行業(yè)平均水平4.經(jīng)營(yíng)管理有嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題，或未按規(guī)定用途使用貸款5.還款意原差，不與銀行積極合作6.抵押金、質(zhì)押品價(jià)值下降7.銀行對(duì)抵押品失去控制15次級(jí)：1.借款人支付出現(xiàn)困難2.借款人不能償還對(duì)其他債權(quán)人的債務(wù)3.借款人內(nèi)部管理問(wèn)題未解決，影響債務(wù)清償4.借款人采取隱瞞事實(shí)等不正當(dāng)手段套取貸款可疑：1.借款人處以停產(chǎn)、半停產(chǎn)狀態(tài)2.借款人已資不抵債3.銀行已訴諸法律收回貸款4.貸款經(jīng)過(guò)重組，仍逾期，或還款狀況仍未明顯改善損失：1.借款人無(wú)力償還，抵押品價(jià)值低于貸款額2.抵押品價(jià)值不確定3.借款人已停止借款活動(dòng)16LoanReview貸款審查Examinationofoutstandingloanstomakesureborrowersareadheringtotheircreditagreementsandthebankisfollowingitsownloanpolicies是對(duì)未清償貸款的檢查，以確定借款人是否遵循貸款協(xié)議的規(guī)定以及銀行是否遵循其貸款政策17§4.HandlingProblemLoan有問(wèn)題貸款的處理WarningSignsofProblemLoans有問(wèn)題貸款的預(yù)警信號(hào)LoanWorkoutProcess有問(wèn)題貸款的處理過(guò)程18WarningSignsofProblemLoans

有問(wèn)題貸款的預(yù)警信號(hào)

Unexpecteddelaysinreceivingfinancialstatementsandpayments銀行在接受借款人財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表和本息支付時(shí)，非預(yù)期的延期Forbusinessloans,anysuddenchangesinmethodstodepreciate,makepensionplancontribution企業(yè)突然改變折舊、年金支付等Restructuringdebtoreliminatingdividendpaymentsorchangesincreditrating債務(wù)重組、取消紅利支付或改變信用評(píng)級(jí)Decreaseinthepriceofstock股票價(jià)格下跌Netearningslossesinoneormoreyears(ROA,ROE,EBIT)一年以上的凈收益損失Adversechangesincapitalstructure資本結(jié)構(gòu)的不利變化equity/debt,liquidityratio,ratioofsalestoinventoryDeviationsinactualsalesfrompredictions實(shí)際銷售偏離預(yù)定計(jì)劃Unexpectedandunexplainedchangesindeposits非預(yù)期和無(wú)法解釋的借款人的存款變化

19LoanWorkouts有問(wèn)題貸款的處理

TheprocessofrecoveringabankfundsfromatroubledLoan銀行收回有問(wèn)題貸款的過(guò)程20ProblemLoanWorkoutProcess

有問(wèn)題貸款的處理過(guò)程

Rapiddetectionandreportingofproblems迅速查清有問(wèn)題貸款，并提出報(bào)告Loanworkoutresponsibilityshouldbeseparatefromlendingfunction貸款處理的職責(zé)應(yīng)該與貸款發(fā)放分開Shouldconsultwithcustomerquicklyonpossibleoptions(cuttingexpense,increasecashflow,improvingmanagement)盡快與客戶協(xié)商作出可能的選擇Estimateresourcesavailabletocollectonloan,includingliquidationvalueofassetsanddeposits估計(jì)償還貸款的資金來(lái)源，包括資產(chǎn)和存款清算的價(jià)值Conducttaxandlitigationsearchtoseeiftheborrowerhasotherunpaidobligations稅務(wù)和訴訟調(diào)查，看借款人是否