OperatingtroublesandtheirremediesLesson11Troublesmayoccurwhentheengineisrunning.柴油機(jī)在運(yùn)行時(shí)可能會發(fā)生故障。Iftheenginedoesnotstartonair,itmaybeduetooneormoreofthefollowingcauses:如果柴油機(jī)用空氣不能起動，可能是由于以下的因素引起的。startingairpressuretoolow,incorrecttimingofstartingairvalves,oneormoreofthestartingvalvesordistributorvalves

stuckinclosedposition,mastervalvenotactuated,stopvalveonairlineisclosed,orifstartingafterworkingontheengine,theturning

gearstillengaged.起動空氣壓力過低，起動空氣閥定時(shí)不準(zhǔn)確，一個(gè)或者多個(gè)起動閥或者分配閥卡在關(guān)閉的位置，主閥不動作，空氣管路中的截止閥關(guān)閉，或是在柴油機(jī)維修后起動，盤車機(jī)仍處于閉合狀態(tài)。Iftheengineturnstooslowlyorirregularlyonstartingair,thepossiblecausesmaybethepistonsinstartingairdistributorsticking,startingvalvesincylindercoversdefective,faultytimingofthedistributor.Thestartingairpressuretoolowmayalsobeanothercause.如果柴油機(jī)用空氣起動過慢或者不規(guī)則（有時(shí)能起動，有時(shí)不能起動），可能的原因是空氣分配器柱塞卡住，氣缸起動閥缺陷，空氣分配器定時(shí)錯(cuò)誤。起動空氣壓力過低可能是另外一個(gè)原因Iftheenginedoesstartonair,butcombustiondoesnotimmediatelybegin,thecausemaybelowcompression,failureofthefuelpumpstodischargeoilintothefuelvalvesorincorrecttimingoffuelpumps.如果柴油機(jī)能夠空氣起動，但是不能立即開始燃燒，可能是因?yàn)閴嚎s壓力低，燃油泵不能向燃油閥注入燃油或者是燃油泵定時(shí)錯(cuò)誤。Failureoffuelinjectionisusuallyduetothetroublesinthefuelinjectionpumps.However,theinjectionmaybedelayed,thoughthepumpsareingoodorder,ifthefuellines

totheinjectionvalveshavenotbeenclearedofair.不能噴油通常是由于燃油噴射泵故障。但是，如果通向噴油閥的燃油管路不能清除空氣，即使噴射泵良好，燃油的注入可能也會延遲。Ifthereisnofuelinjectedintothecylinders,thepossiblecausesarefuelgasification(汽化)

duetoexcesstemperature,pressurebeforefuelinjectionpumpstoolow,fueltoocold,exceptthetroublesintheinjectionpumps.Sluggish(行動遲緩的)movementofmaneuvringgear,incorrectadjustmentofmaneuvringgear,shut-downdevicesonenginehavingoperated,maneuvringairpressuretogovernortoolow,failureingovernormaybethecasealso.Thesecanbeindicatedbytoolowfuelpumpindex.如果沒有燃油注入氣缸，除了油泵的原因外，可能是由于燃油溫度過高導(dǎo)致燃油氣化，燃油噴油泵前壓力過低，燃油過冷。操縱機(jī)構(gòu)遲緩，調(diào)節(jié)不當(dāng)，機(jī)器停車設(shè)備動作，調(diào)速器操縱壓力過低，調(diào)速器失效?？赏ㄟ^燃油泵刻度過低表示。Iftheactionoftheengineindicatesthatsomeofthecylindersarenotfiring,theonesaffectedmaybedeterminedbywatchtheexhausttemperature.如果柴油機(jī)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)顯示某些氣缸不點(diǎn)火，可通過觀察排氣溫度確定該失效氣缸。

Acommontroublewiththefuelpumpplungersorfuelvalvespindlesisoilleakage.Goodstrainersandfiltersshouldbeprovidedinthefueloilsystemandtheyshouldbecleanedatintervals,soastopreventdirtfromgetting

underafuelinjectionpumpvalveandcausingittoleak.燃油泵柱塞或者是燃油閥軸的常見問題是油泄露。在燃油系統(tǒng)中需要提供良好的粗濾器以及細(xì)濾器，并且定期清潔，以防止臟污進(jìn)入噴油泵閥而導(dǎo)致泄露。Itisnot

uncommonforthelubricatingoilpumpsuctiontobecloggedwiththedirtleftinthecrankcaseafterworkhasbeendoneontheengine.Excessiveclearancesinthemainorcrankpinbearingswillsometimesbeindicatedbylossofpressureinthelubricatingsystembeforeanybearingknockisheard.在柴油機(jī)檢修后，因曲軸箱中殘留的臟污阻塞潤滑油泵吸入端也是常見的。主軸承以及曲軸銷軸承的過大間隙，在聽見敲擊聲之前，有時(shí)可通過潤滑油系統(tǒng)中壓力的降低來表示。Theenginemaylosepowerorslowdownwhenrunning.Whenthisoccurs,thefirstcausepossiblemaybehotbearingsandseizuresofthepistonsinthecylinders.Failureofthefuelsupplytooneormorecylindersmaybeanothercause.柴油機(jī)在運(yùn)行過程在可能會出現(xiàn)功率不足或者轉(zhuǎn)速降低。當(dāng)上述情況發(fā)生時(shí)，首要的可能原因是軸承過熱以及氣缸中活塞咬缸。另一個(gè)原因可能是燃油無法向氣缸提供。Cracksinthecylindersandcylindercoversmayresultfrom

unequalheating.Thecylindercoversshouldberegularlyventedbyopeningtheventcocks.Cracksusuallyresultingfromlocal

overloadingarecausedbytroubleswiththefuelpumpsoroneormorecylindersnotfiring.Ifindicatordiagramsaretakenatregularintervals,anyunequaldistributionofloadwillbeeasilyfoundout.氣缸以及氣缸蓋的裂紋可能是因?yàn)椴痪鶆蚣訜帷飧咨w通過打開放氣旋塞，進(jìn)行定期放氣。局部過熱所導(dǎo)致的裂紋是由于燃油泵故障或者氣缸不點(diǎn)火。如果定期測取示功圖，將會很容易找出載荷不均勻分布。

Bearingknocksarelikelytooccurfrombearingwear.Valvegearknocksaremoreeasilylocatedwhiletheengineisrunning.Knockingthatoccursbetweencamsandrollersmaybecausedbytroublessuchasexcessiveclearancesandwornorbrokenrollers,orthetroublemaybeinthevalves.軸承敲擊可能是由于軸承磨損。柴油機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)，閥件敲擊容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在凸輪和滾輪之間的敲擊可能是由于過大間隙，滾輪磨損或者破壞，或者也可能是閥件引起的。Blow-off(起跳)ofthereliefvalvesofthemaincylindersduringoperationindicatesthatthecamsarenotproperlyset,iftheblowing-offisnotduetoleakagesorslackening(松弛)ofthesprings.Insuchcasethecylinderaffectedshouldbeimmediatelycut-offandthecauseofthetroubletraced(查找、尋跡)bytakingindicatordiagrams.在工作時(shí)，主氣缸安全閥起跳，如果不是因?yàn)樾孤痘蛘邚椈傻乃沙?，那么意味著凸輪設(shè)置不當(dāng)。在這種情況下，氣缸需要立即關(guān)閉通過示功圖查找故障原因。Mosttroubleslikelytooccurwithmarinedieselenginecan,iflocatedintime