Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthorsnamesandaffiliations（關(guān)系）fromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Nolonger.TheInternet…ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsaIfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservants.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericanernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.→Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph TeamstersstillhavealargebodyofJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivil分詞、（動名詞、不定式分詞的語Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonline（2006Text4）Afterall,whatisonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompleydedicatedtodepicting*Waitingforabus,abrickfellonmyGivenmoretime,IwouldbeabletocompleteReadingtheletter,sheburstoutMockedbyeverybody,hehadmyExhaustedbythewalk,hecontinuedhisTimepermitting,wearegoingtoBeijingBotanicalAcarroaredpastwithsmokepouringfromtheexhaust排氣管（1999Text1）Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.TheimportancerepresentedtheillegalwealthdetachedfromthelandanditsThisdrawingleavesusadeepimpression.(主語)Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.(賓語)Confidenceinyourselfisthefirststepontheroadtosuccess表語LiMing,themostbrilliantboyintheclassisadmiredbyhisclassmates同位語GettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtoReallyusingalanguageisnotaneasyToerrishuman;toforgive,ItiseasytobewiseaftertheHepromisednottolanyoneaboutIthinkithardtoanswerthequestioninoneThereasonsareclearWhyhemurderedhiswifeisclear(1998Text5)Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyond(2005Text2)Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthe’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingHehasmadecleartheHehasmadeclearwhattheydidItisaThediscussioniswhetherthebookisworthWefoundoutthemurderer,WefoundoutthefactthathewasTheideathattherecentmassiveearthquakeisthepreludeofthedisasterfrightensAcenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6months(1995翻譯)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformation.（2005Text1）However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.Oneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillbethedominantformofwork，andthatemploymentwilleavailable,isthatworkingtimewillcontinuetofall.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresortto（訴諸于、采取）pushWefindtheNETEMdifficult.（形容詞做賓語補足語）Thegirlstoodthere,fulloffear.（形容詞短語做狀語）Heisahandsomeboy.（形容詞做定語）Heisaboywhoishandsome.（從句做定語）HewholaughslastlaughsManyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.GeorgeW.Bushjunior,whoseIQwassaidtobelowerthan85,waselectedastheAmerican,whichsurprisedthe例：Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlater關(guān)系代詞：that引導(dǎo)、which引導(dǎo)、who引導(dǎo)、whom引導(dǎo)、whoseThereasonthatshegivesisunbelievable.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.Theonewhowastalkingtoyouaminuteagoisa(2005.49)Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric(組織)oftheOldContinent（歐洲大陸）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.Stepladderscarrylabelsseveralthatareincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--fallThereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbe關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句：when引導(dǎo)、where引導(dǎo)、why引導(dǎo)、wherebyThedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenweLiteratureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethe(2004Text4)Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanin(2008Text2)Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.c．a(chǎn)sas如所修飾的名詞前有such、thesame、as出現(xiàn)，后面的從句將由as引導(dǎo)。例如：He’llrepeatsuchquestionsasarediscussedinthebook.SuchastudentasworkshardwillbesuretoTheymadethesamemistakeasotherswouldhavemadeonsuchanoccasion.Hetriedtomakeasfewmistakesashecouldavoid.TheAmericansocietyrequiressuchgameruleswhichregularsthebehaviorsofcitizens self-constrain,self-dignityandA. as(1997Text2)Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialrelationships.Asisshowninthepictures,…Asisseenfromthechart,…Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoon(1990.66)Behavioristsuggeststhatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterinlectualdevelopment.(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhis(2007Text3)Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.（2006翻譯）TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.（2003完型）…need thatcomesfromachieving[A] [B] [D]TheLaborDepartmentsaid thatconsumerspaidforgoodsandservicesinJulyA. B. C. D.(1994填空)LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblem, obtainingwaterisnottheleastA.ofwhich B.forwhat D.whose第四章副詞及狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when,while,as,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas;themoment,theminute,theday,everytime;nosooner...than...,hardly...when,scarcely...when.(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellers（2002完形）Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小冊子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodicalA. B. C. D.Thebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshis(2004Text1)Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminatead.(2005完形Ournosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearedilutedtofarbelowonepartinone(2004閱讀EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerican’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.(1999passage4)Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeen(2007Text2)Thedefiningtermofin ligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.(2006完形)Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers, notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeverydaysurvivalskillsneededtoturntheirlivesaround.A. B. C. D.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother, othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.A. B. C. D.（2006.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehis plishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Nomatterwhathappens,hewillnotchangehisHoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeonlyifif 例（2000完形）Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhis heproducesa[A]only [B]much [C]long （2010text2）Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.(((（2004完形）Alltheseconditionsincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,arelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.A. B. C. D.（2002Text4）Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.介詞：Becauseof/dueto/owing ）hiscarelessnesswehadan引導(dǎo)詞：becausesinceasforinthatnowthatseeingthatnowthat),consideringthatgiventhat)(2004text2)This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscrimination…補充：(2010新題型)However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablehatnowthatseeingthatnowthat),consideringthat),given(that)等。Seeingthatit’sraininghard,we’llhavetostayherefortheSeeingsheislawfulenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.Theydidthejobverywell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience.Giventhattheyareinexperienced,they’vedoneagoodNowthatwehaveallthematerialsready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskat（2004完形）Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionwithothers.A. B. C. D.（2001翻譯）Andhomeapplianceswillalso esosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.(2004.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata. esweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalked ithasallbutlostwillandtheskilltospeakforA. B. C. D.shall/should,will/would,can/could等。(2005Text1)Whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.（2003.35）Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.A.if B.now C.so D.evenWherethereisawill,thereisa(2006翻譯)Teachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymany lectualsearntheiraslikeasifasthough,thewayWorklikeyoudon’tneedmoney,lovelikeyou’veneverbeenhurt,anddancelikenobody’sAshehasneverfeltanyilleffectsafterflyinghimself,theschedulehelaysdownissotightthattheemployeeistooexhaustedtocarryitoutsatisfactorily.Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeoplewhospokethemdiedoutor eassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,foralthoughthehadbeenorderedtostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.Ifindividualsareawakenedeachtimeastheybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelyto eirritableeventhoughtheirtotalamountofsleephasbeensufficient.結(jié)(1996Text1)Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayed.(1998Text1)Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvethese (1999.71)Therearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryasthereare(1994.74)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.more...than...；less...than...；nomore...than...；noless...than...ThepopulationinAmericaissmallerthanthatinChina.MiceObamaislessbeautifulthaninSheisnomoreinligentthanhersister.Sheisnolessinligentthanhersister.Thepresentcrisisisnomoreaneconomiccrisisthanapoliticalcrisis.sheisnolessbeautifulthaninligent。The“failed”experimentsareasmuchapartoftheprocessastheexperimentthat y(1999Text5)Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.(2005Text4)Thegradualdisappearanceof“whom”isnaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofOld(2002Text3)TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.(2003.65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isan whichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.(2006.47)