臨床預(yù)防性使用抗生素大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總

/大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總名詞以S結(jié)尾的名詞做主語(yǔ)的主謂一致以s結(jié)尾的疾病和游戲arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用單數(shù)形式。例：Arthritiscausespaininthejoints.特殊情況：有一些疾病/游戲名詞作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)：measles,ricketsCards做主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；darts,marbles指游戲使用的具體的鏢和彈子意義時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞marbles可單可復(fù)，darts用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例：Measlesalwayscccur/occursamongkids.Ninedartsarethrownateachturn.以s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,etc做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。例：Mathematicsisalwaysaheadacheforgirls.Politicsalwaysattractsboys.特殊情況：如果這些詞并不是只帶“學(xué)科”等意義，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞便可做復(fù)數(shù)使用。例如，mathematics運(yùn)算能力,athletic體育運(yùn)動(dòng),acoustics音響效果,tactics策略,economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義。例:TheacousticsinBonJovi’sTulsaconcertwerebeyondcriticismlastspring.以s結(jié)尾的地理名稱TheStates,theunitedstates,theNetherlands,thePhilippines,theUnitedArabEmirates,theUnitedNation做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。例：TheNetherlandsisaEuroupeancountry.TheSatesisadevelopedcountry特殊情況：如果主語(yǔ)是群島archipelago,山脈mountains,海峽straits,瀑布waterfalls,運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)games等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則使用復(fù)數(shù)。例：TheNanshaIslands(TheSpratlyIslands)areintegralpartofChina.TheWuyimountainsarepicturesque.TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears.其他以S結(jié)尾的名詞成雙成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)：例如jeans,compasses(圓規(guī)）scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù).例：Theslacksaresocompleteful.TheHengdaliglassesaresopricey.但是加上單位詞則使用單數(shù)。例：Onepairofglassesisfarfromenoughwhenyoutravelabroad.英語(yǔ)中還有一些以s結(jié)尾的名詞，如archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thanks等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)。例：Thefirecrackersaresoloud.Manythanksgotomywifeandherfloks.Ings結(jié)尾的名詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般使用復(fù)數(shù)。如，clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc例：Hisearningsareprettygood.特殊情況：tidings(舊）做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)。例Goodtidingsarecheerful.英語(yǔ)中有一些詞，單復(fù)數(shù)同形，例如barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。例：Thismeansoftransportationdoesnotworkforme.Thismeanshavebeentried.TheseendangeredspeciesarewellprotectedinmainlandChina.少數(shù)的名詞做單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)意義不一樣。例：Whatistheodds?(有什么要緊）Theoddsareinourfavors.(形式對(duì)我們有利）特殊情況：Remains做“遺體”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)，如果當(dāng)“遺跡”“剩余物”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)。例：Theprimeminister’sremainswereburiedinthevicinityofthechurch.Thereremainsoftheancientcapitalhasbeenreducedtodebrisafterthemassivequake.Theremainsofthemealwas/werefedtothedog.集體名詞做主語(yǔ)的主謂一致通常做復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin等做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)。例：Theclergyremaindividedontheissueofwomenpriests.Thepersonal(總稱：?jiǎn)T工）arereluctanttoaltertherules.通常做單數(shù)的集體名詞：foliage（葉子總稱）,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing(clothes),poetry(poem,poet),baggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery(jewel).例：AllthemachineryismadeinChina.Thewoodenfurnitureisunaffordable.可單可復(fù)的集體名詞：congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nation,population等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)實(shí)際情況對(duì)待。例：Thefamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyareeatingsalmonattable.Acommittee/panel/boardof+pl.,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常使用單數(shù)。例：Ablemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubjiectand連接的是一個(gè)人/一件事例：Theteacherandinterpreterhasbeenlaidupforacoupleofdays.Earlytobedearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.and連接成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的名詞：knifeandfork,cartandhorse,needleandthread,lawandorder,breadandbutter,hamandeggs,cerealandmilk,fishandchips,pancakesandsyrup,etc.例：Breadandbutterisatastybreakfastinwesternculture.Fishandchipsisapopularytake-awayfoodthatoriginatedintheUnitedKingdom.and連接every/each/no/manya+單數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。例：Everymaleandeveryfemalehastoevacuatefromthepowerplant.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.Noboyandnogirlisplayingtennis.and連接專有名詞：theStarsandStripes,theBatandball.例：ThebatandBallisadelightfulInnwithlotsofexposedbeams,flagstonefloors,roaringlogfires&cathedralcandlesallcreatingatraditionalvillageatmosphere.TheStarsandStripeswasadoptedastheflagoftheUnitedStatesonJune14,1777.or/either...or.../not..but../notonly..butalso../neither..nor..連接的主語(yǔ)按Theprincipleofproxiomity(就近原則）例：EitheryouorIamwrong.AreeitheryouorIwrong?主語(yǔ)+asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan/aswellas/inadditionto/with/alongwith/togetherwith/except/but,etc.例：Ateacher,withhisstudents,iswatchinganEnglishmovie.Theking,withthelordsandcommons,constitutestheirgovernment.HiscousinratherthanhisparentsisheldresponsibleforthisinhumanemassacreProblemsofconcordwithexperessionsofquantityassubjectDefiniteQuantity（確定數(shù)量）①時(shí)間、數(shù)量、金錢、距離、重量等做主語(yǔ)時(shí)作為整體看待例：100dollarsmeansalottoakindofhisage.300poundsmakesanobeseguy.②Therebe句型例外:Thereare10dollaresinhispocket.③Fraction分?jǐn)?shù)/percentage百分?jǐn)?shù)+of，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和of后的名詞保持一致例：Twothirdsoftheappleisrotten.Eightpercentofthestudentshavebeenmuggedinthisarea.④population例Fifty-fivepercentofChina’spopulationliveintheruralarea⑤operations運(yùn)算Addition加：plus，andAubtraction減:minus，subtractedbyMultiplication乘:（multiplied)by,timesDivision除：dividedby都可以使用單數(shù)，但是加法和乘法有時(shí)候可以用復(fù)數(shù)。Fortyminustwentyleavestwenty.Twotimesequalssixteen.⑥onein/outofn.一般使用單數(shù)，有時(shí)使用復(fù)數(shù)例：Oneintengirlsdatesincollege.IndefiniteQuantity(不確定數(shù)量）①all/some/none/half/mostof+n.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)of后面的名詞來(lái)定例：Mostofthemoneyhasbeenspentontravelingabroad.MostoftheAmericanhighschoolboyshavedates.NonebutthebestcoffeeisgoodenoughforLynne.②aportion/series/pile/panelof,of后面的名詞一般使用單數(shù)例：Apileoflogsispilingup.Apanelofexpertsisunabletoreachanagreement.③akind/type/sortof,of后面通常跟不可數(shù)名詞或者單數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。Thistypeofsportscarisreallycostly.但Carsofthistypearecostly.④these/thosekindof+pl.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)例：Thesekindofbirdsaresorareforthishighlatitude.⑤manya/morethanone謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)例:Manyastudenthasfiledcomplaints.MorethanonecarcompanyhaslodgedclaimsagainstKumhoTires.OtherproblemsofS-Vconcord①NominalClause名詞性從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般使用單數(shù)例：Howhecameherewasamystery.Howhecamehereandwhyhecamehereweremysterious②SVC結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果C是名詞復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)。例：Whatisofimportancetomeis/arethedetailsofmywife’slife.③Non-finiteClauses,doing/todo做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)例：Toseeistobelieve.TotakeMandarintakescourage.④RelativeClauses,定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和先行詞保持一致。例：Janeisoneofthefewgirlswhodon’tlikeproms.⑤***oneof...，the(very/only)oneof...例：Janeistheonlyoneofthefewgirlswhodoes’slikeproms.⑥CleftSentences,強(qiáng)調(diào)句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)一致。例：It’sIwhoammistanken.⑦ExistentialSentences,Theprincipleofproximity(就近原則）例：Thereisathank-younoteandtwowristbandsonthetable.Miscellaneous（其他）①The+adj.:thedead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deafect謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)例:Thedeadarehauntingthegirlslivingonthatcornoroftheneighborhood.②a(the)numberof,a(the)totalof區(qū)分Anumberoffarmersareprotestingagainstbuildinganewairportonthefarmland.③Oneandahalf做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例：Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.④LargequantitiesofsandhavebeentransportedtotheYangtzeRiver.CollectiveNouns1、有的集體名詞只做復(fù)數(shù)：people,police,cattle,verminect.有的集體名詞只做單數(shù)：mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandiseect.有的集體名詞可單可復(fù)：family,crew,governmentect.特殊情況:有一些集體名詞具有個(gè)體意義：Thecossetedcouplehavefourfamiliestosupport.Thefamilyareeatinglunch.Thefamilyiscomposedofthreepeople.Beforeliberation,Chinausedtohavetwogovernmentsforawhile.Thegovernmentistryingtocurbonlinecrimes.Thegovernmentarenegotiatingthein-depthdetailswiththeforeignentyepreneur.MaterialNouns,物質(zhì)名詞一般為不可數(shù)名詞，沒(méi)有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)之分。特殊情況：物質(zhì)名詞如果作為復(fù)數(shù)出現(xiàn)，意義不同。haveabeer?

Havetwobeers

havetea

Longjingisaworld-famoustea.

whitehair

Hehasafewwhitehairs.

sandsands

沙沙灘

waterwaters

水大片水體

food/fruitfoods/fruits

食物/水果多種食物/水果

coffee/twocoffees

咖啡/兩杯咖啡

rubber（橡皮膠鞋）

橡膠

Wewearrubbersonourfeetwhenitrains.

stone(石頭）

石料

Marbleisapreciousstone.

Egg（雞蛋）

蛋漬

Thereissomeeggonhisnose.

Lamb(羔羊）

羊羔肉

Thereislambontoday’smenu.

onion(洋蔥頭）

洋蔥味

Yousmellofonion.

Wood（樹(shù)林）

木材

Thechairsaremadeofwood/thelostmanyelled,hopingthatsomeinthewoodscouldhearhim.

iron(熨斗）

鐵

Ihaveonesteamiron.

Paper(論文，報(bào)紙）

紙張

Ihaveapapertoweite.

Glass(玻璃杯）

玻璃

Thisisamadeoftemperedglass.

cloth(一塊布）

布料

Thisisaclothforthetable.

Chicken(小雞）

雞肉

Mynieceraisesachickenasherpet.

Fire(火災(zāi)）

火

Afirebrokeoutinthetrailerparklastnight

AbstractNouns,抽象名詞沒(méi)用單復(fù)數(shù)之分，因?yàn)椴荒苡?jì)數(shù)。例：Knowledgeispower.Beautyistruth.Kindnessisavirtue.但是有的抽象名詞使用單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)意義不同。sympathy（同情、憐憫）

sympathies(慰問(wèn)、同情、憐憫）

experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn)）

experiences(經(jīng)歷）

relation(關(guān)系）

relations(親戚）

youth(青春）

youths(男青年）

worry(憂愁、煩惱）

worries(煩惱事）

distraction(心煩）

distractions(心煩得事）

business（商業(yè)、交易）

bussinesses(商店、商行）

kindness(仁慈）

kindness（善行）

Success(成功）

Successes(成功者、成功得事）

failure(失?。?/p>

Failures(失敗者、失敗的事）

Space(空間）

Aspace(空格）

disappointment(失望）

disappointments(令人失望得事）

4、family，room,mouth,ear在某些搭配中可以表示抽象概念。例：havetoomuchfamily/winter/mouthHavetoolittleear,makeroomfor,feelthepatriotriseman,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等詞在某些搭配中成了不可數(shù)名詞。例：tobefoolenough,moreofafoolthan,asmuchofafoolas,toomuchofafool,enoughofaman,somethingofacelebrity專有名詞有時(shí)候具有可數(shù)名詞來(lái)使用。例：TheSongsusedtoholdswayinChina.IwishtobecomeanEdison.IwillbuyaFord/Lincoln.TheTwoChinasPolicycannotbebrookedbytheChinesepopulation.IndependentGenitive(獨(dú)立屬格）：thedooroftheclassroom/thedog’sower/TomandJohn’sroom/Tom’sandjohn’sbooks/themapoftheworldDounleGenitive(雙重屬格）：afriendofmymother’s必須滿足三個(gè)條件：of前不能特指，即不得加the，但是可以使用this/that/some/anyetc;of后面必須指人；of后必須特指。例：somebooksofmine/afriendsofmine/acaroftony’s注意區(qū)別：aportraitofChairmanMao/aportraitofChairmanMao’sthispictureofMarvin/thispictureofMarvin’sDeterminers（形容詞排序）縣

官

行

令

殺

國(guó)

才

限定詞

觀看

形狀

年齡

顏色

國(guó)別

材料

less/least在非正式英語(yǔ)中可以用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。例:Lessandlessstudentsgoabroadforthepurposeofoverseaseducation.Xinjianghastheleastpeoplepersquareme.few

Fewlocalsvisitlocalpointsofinterest.

修飾可數(shù)名詞表否定意義,修飾不可數(shù)名詞表肯定意義

afew

Afewcouplesgetmarriedinfrontofthetownhall.

little

Thereislittlewaterleftinthethermalbottle.Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheydontn’tqualify.

修飾不可數(shù)名詞表否定意義

Alittle

Thereisstillalittleroomforus.

修飾可數(shù)名詞表肯定意義

all,both,every,always,entirely,altogether,completely,quite,allthetime等詞和否定詞連用表示部分否定。如果表示完全否定，則用no,none,neither,noone,never,not(never)..atall例：Allthatglittersisnotgold.Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.代詞的排序問(wèn)題：?jiǎn)螖?shù)人稱代詞并列做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序?yàn)閥ou,his/she/it,I例：You,heandIshouldreturnontime.復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序?yàn)閣e,you,they例：We,youandtheyareallsupposedtodefendourmotherlandintimesofwar.特殊情況：在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。①在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)：ItwasandJohnwhoupsettherowdykids.②在長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩，長(zhǎng)官對(duì)下屬說(shuō)話時(shí)，如長(zhǎng)官為第一人稱：Iandyoushouldtrytogetitfinishedbytomorrowevening.PresentPerfect（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）:have/hasdonefor/since/already/just/never/ever/before/yet/lately/recently/sofar/inthelast(past)fewyears/uptillnowetc.2、Don’tconfuseHavebeentoandHavegoneto例：HergreatunclehasbeentotheIvoryCoast.(點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞、短暫性動(dòng)詞）Hismother-in-lawhasgonetotheBalticcountyies（段動(dòng)詞、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞：but/borrow/leave/join/die/marry/come/go/lose/begin/stop/arrive/lend但是，如果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞的否定形式，那么這種動(dòng)作是可以延續(xù)的。例：Hehasn’tlefthomeforonemonth.Ihaven’tseenyouforsolong.It’s(time)since...例：It’sbeen2yearssinceIleftmyhomecity.It’sbeen2yearssinceIlivedinhere.It’s2weekssinceIcaughtacold.It’s3monthssinceIgotmarried.It’sbeen6weekssinceIwasmarried.Itisthefirst/second...lasttime+thatclause從句一律使用完成時(shí)例：ItisthefirsttimethatIhaveeverbeendrugtested.LastyearwasthefirsttimethatIhadtraveledtoOceania.PastPwrfect(過(guò)去完成時(shí)）：haddone,hardly/scarcelyhad...when,nosoonerhad...than例：Hardlyhadwemadeittherewhenthebumbegantofilecomplints.hope/think/expect/intend/mean/suppose/want使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，可以表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖。例:Ihadhopedtoseatmyselfwithoutbeingrecognized.Ihadintendedtocomevisityourfamilylastweek,butIgotsosick.ConstructionsdenotingfuturetimeWill/shalldo,begoingtodo/bedoing/beabouttodo/betodoPassiveVoicebedone,am/is/aredone,was/weredone,willbedone/begoingtobedone,has/have/hadbeendone,bebeingdone,besupposedtodo無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：happen,look,appear,die,last,lie,breakout,cometrueect.例：Mydreamshavecometrue.Thecarwreckhappenedthismorning.It’s+pastparticiple+that:It’ssaid/believed/knownthat...CausativeVerbs:let/make/have例：Myschooldistrictmakesthestudentgovernmentpostadsonthebillboards.Thestudentgovernmentismadetopostadsonthebillboards.Senseverbs:see/watch/observe/lookat/hear/listento/noticeetc.例：Hisstepmomhearshimplaythepianoeverymornong.Heisheardtoplaythepianoeverymorning.Hissisterheardhimplayingpercussioninstrumentsnextdoor.Hewasheardplayingpercussioninstrumentsnextdoor.PassiveVoice:need/require/want/demand/bewroth后跟ing可表示被動(dòng)概念。例:Theblockbusteriswellworthwatching.Therockingchairrequiresrepairing.Thediaperneedschanging.主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)。例：Tomatoesbruiseeasily.Thewindowwon’tshut.Thedoordoesn’tlock.Thefoodstoreclosesat5pm.Thematerialwon’twear.HarryPotteersellswell.Potatoescookslowly.Hisworksareprionting.不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但有時(shí)候be+vi.pastpartisiple是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。Thegalisgone.Thesunisalreadyrisen.Theleavesareallfallen.Thedogisreturned.SubjunctiveMood(虛擬語(yǔ)氣）英語(yǔ)中的三種語(yǔ)氣：陳述、祈使、虛擬。虛擬語(yǔ)氣（SubjunctiveMood)表示說(shuō)話人說(shuō)的不是事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑、或推測(cè)。例：Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,Englishwouldbealoteasiertolearn.1、If條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)間

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬形式

現(xiàn)在

動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（be多用were）

would/should/could/mifht+have+過(guò)去分詞

過(guò)去

had+過(guò)去分詞

would/should/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞

將來(lái)

動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式或should/wereto+動(dòng)詞原形

would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形

suppose,supposing有時(shí)候可以替換if例：Tfitwerenotrainingnow,wewouldgoforapicnic.IfheknewEnglish,hewouldn’tturntomeforhelp.Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninveted.Ifmumhadn’tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyanewcar.IfIshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.IfIweretobeadmittedtouniversitynextyear,IwouldmajorinFrench在省略If的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的助動(dòng)詞提前例：1.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Hadyoucomeafewminutesearlier,...2.Ifitshouldraintomorrowwewouldn’tgoout.Shoulditraintomorrow,...3.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoout.Wereittoraintomorrow,...Ariant含蓄條件句：虛擬條件暗含在短語(yǔ)或上下文中，從句不表現(xiàn)。這時(shí)，必須根據(jù)句中表述的意義以及某些特定的信息詞，如：介詞without，butfor；副詞otherwise，連詞or，orelse等句型：ifitwerenotfor...(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)）ifithadn’tfor...(過(guò)去）例：Withoutelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.YesterdayJanewalkedawayfromthedission.Otherwise,shemighthavesaidsthshewouldregretlater.時(shí)間錯(cuò)綜句：Iftheflowerhadbeenwatered,itwouldn’tdienow.Ifhistelevisionsethadnotbeenstolenyesterday,hewouldbewatchingTVnow.虛實(shí)錯(cuò)綜句：虛擬現(xiàn)象與客觀事實(shí)錯(cuò)綜交織在一起的句子。例：Theymighthaveleftearlier,butthecarwasn’tready.Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.Yes.Ataxiwasn’tatallnecessary.should+verb型虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的使用：一堅(jiān)持，二命令，三建議，四要求及其他inist,order,command,decree;suggest,propose,advise,move,recommend;demand,require,request,ask;resolve,decide,prefer,vote,resolve,desire,urge用于賓語(yǔ)從句例：Themanisistedheshouldbesenttothefront.Isuggestedthatweshouldstartoutearlier.當(dāng)inist表示對(duì)已發(fā)生過(guò)的事物的看法，或當(dāng)suggest為“說(shuō)明”“暗示”時(shí)，從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣而不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例：TheArabinistedthathehadn’tseenthecamel.Hissmilesuggestedthathewashappy.在主句從句中用以表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此，構(gòu)成Itis過(guò)去分詞/natural/important/necessary/strange/advisable/vital/apity/ashame/inperative/desirable/appropriate/essential/fitting/impossible/obligatory/properetcthat句型例：It’snaturalthathemakeanapologytohim.It’sapitythathebesocareless.It’ssostrangethatshethinksso.表語(yǔ)從句：這類名詞有suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“堅(jiān)持/命令/要求”。例：Theofficer’sorderwasthathissoldiersshouldgointothesubjectatfulllength.Myadviceisthatnocollegestudentdateinclass.同位語(yǔ)從句：suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“堅(jiān)持/命令/要求”。例：Ididnotreceivetheorderthatyoushoulddepartatonce.Hissuggestionthatyoushouldkeepsilentsoundsquitereasonable.一般過(guò)去時(shí)句型：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去。使用could,would等過(guò)去式表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。Couldyoupleasehelpmeout?用于sothat，inorderthat，forfearthat，incase，lest等引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。Themeetingwillbeputoffincaseit(should)rain.Theyclimedhighersothat/inorderthattheycouldseethewholecity.Sheisworkinghardforfearthatshecould/mightlagbehindothers.（incase不一定使用虛擬：IncaseIamlate,startwithoutme.)Shepulledawayfromthewindowlestanyone(should)seethem.**從句若為否定，一般用shouldn’t.Helockedthedoorofhisroominorderthatheshouldn’tbedisturbedbysomeone.Itis(high/about)timethat...例：It’stimethattheproblemwereboss.It’shightimethatweshutdownforbed.asif/asthoughHebehavesasifheweremyboss.TheyarestaringatmeasifIwerecrazy.Hedeliveredthespeechasiftosaythathewasapunditinthisfield.Itisasifhewerenotanalien.WishIwishIwereabird.Iwishyouhadn’tgotmarried.IwishIcouldhavegonetothemovielastnight.IfonlyIfonlyIcouldfly/IfonlyIhadrememberedtogetsomegumforeveryday.wouldrather/hadrather/wouldsooner/hadsooner/would(just)assoonIwouldratherthatmycousinhadn’tbeenintoxicatedlastnight.Ihadratherthematterwerenotmadepublic.Iwouldrathernottellyou.（十四）動(dòng)詞原型：該類虛擬語(yǔ)氣謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱也不加s表示強(qiáng)烈愿望：Godsaveme.LongliveChairmanMao！may放在句首表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)對(duì)方的祝福。Mayyoubehappy.Mayyouprosper.讓步虛擬語(yǔ)氣：as或whether...or...謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.NominalClause(名詞性從句）①Statement陳述句：Hiishonest.Webelievethatheishonest.Paymentshouldbemadewithinfivedays.Thesellerdemandedthatpaymentshouldbemadewithinfivedays.②陳述句變賓語(yǔ)從句：加that并且時(shí)態(tài)要發(fā)生變化。③如果是客觀真理，時(shí)態(tài)不用變化。Theearthrevolvesroundthesun.Thegeographyteachertaughtusthattheearthrevolvesroundthesun.④否定前移：當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)為第一人稱且動(dòng)詞是think，believe，suppose，guess，imagine，expect，suspect等時(shí)，若從句是否定句，應(yīng)當(dāng)把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來(lái)。Idon’tthinkyouareright.Ididn’tsupposeyoucare.Wedidn’tguessthegirl’steamwouldwin.⑤如果賓語(yǔ)從句是兩個(gè)陳述句，那么第二個(gè)從句中的that不可省略。Healwayssays(that)hedoesn’ttakedrugsandthathedoesn’tminglewiththegang.GeneralQuestion(一般疑問(wèn)句）：Areyoualocal?Mr.Hanaskedmewhether/ifIwasalocal.Doyoustillworkedinthatchemicalplant?Myspouseaskedmewhether/ifIstillworkedinthatchemicalplan.①加whether/if可以把一般疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句，保持陳述句語(yǔ)序，時(shí)態(tài)與主語(yǔ)一致。whether/if區(qū)別：做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)只能使用whether(Itdepentsonwhethertherainwillletuptomorrow);和不定式連用的時(shí)候只能用whether（Idon’tknowwhethertovacationornot);和ornot連用時(shí)一般使用whether（It’snotcertainwhetherheisaconvictornot);如要表達(dá)“如果”的意思，只能使用if（Iamwonderingifwewillhavethesportsmeetifwehaveaduststormtomorrow);在discuss，wonder后做賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用whether引導(dǎo)（Wearediscussingwhetherwewillputoffthemeeting);如果賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首，一般使用whether（Whetherhewilldivorce,Iamnotcertain);用在主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)只能使用whether（Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.Thequestioniswhetherthejurorhasanopenmind.ThequestionwhetherwehavetodispatchforcesisstillpendingintheSenate);wherter/if和that（Idoubtwhether/if我懷疑。。。是否Idon’tdoubtthat...我毫不懷疑。。。）SpecialQuestion(特殊疑問(wèn)句）①Howdoyoulocatemyhouseongoogleearth?②HewantedtoknowhowIlocatedhishouseongoogleearth.③Whoisresponsibleforthecross-bordercrime?④Interpolarewonderingwhoisresponsibleforthecross-brodercrime.⑤sum-up:從句使用陳述句語(yǔ)序，從句語(yǔ)態(tài)和主語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，從句人稱要和主語(yǔ)保持邏輯上的一致。SubjectClauses①Thattherenownedprofessorwilldeliveralectureiscertain.②It’ssaidthatAnyangisoneofthefestestgrowingcitiesinCentralChina’sHenanProvine.③Whetherhewillremaryornothasn’tbeendecied.④Ithasnotbeendecidedwhetherhewillremaryornot.⑤WhythegirlisnotinterestedinCaucasianguysismyquestion.⑥Whatresultedinthebigfireisstillamysrery.⑦Whoeverleavesthecofficehastoshutthedoor.⑧注意whoever/whatever/however的用法Appositiveclauses①Theideathatwewillextendaninvitationsoundsprettynice.②Thequestionwhetherwecangotothemovieshasn’tbeensettled.Subjectcomplement①That’swhatwearesupposedtodo.②Thequestioniswhetherwecangettherewithin3hours.③WhatIamthinkingisthatweshouldleaveforBeijingrigutaway.ModalVerbs:一般情況下，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加S。can/beableto表示先天的能力；可能（過(guò)去時(shí)用could），只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式（could）。beableto可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。TheywillbeabletowatchFoxnews.IhavebeenabletospeakbrokenJapanese.只用beableto:位于助動(dòng)詞之后；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后；表示成功地做了某事，只能用was/wereableto,不能用could。HewasabletofleeEuropebeforeWWIIbrokeout.=HemanagedtofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.Imaybeabletoaffordacopterinthefuture.Theladyshouldbeabletohaveababynextyear.could/can:提出委婉的要求（注意在回答中不可用could）；在否定/疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。may和might：表示允許或請(qǐng)求；沒(méi)有把握的推測(cè)；may放在句首表祝愿。注意might表推測(cè)時(shí)，不表時(shí)態(tài)。只是可能性比may小。mightaswell,后面接不帶to的不定式，意為“不妨”。Might（力量），mighty（力量大的），almighty（萬(wàn)能的）。Maygodblessyou.Hemightbeathome.Wemayaswelltry.haveto和must:兩詞都是“必須”的意思，haveto表客觀，must表主觀；haveto有人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must可用于間接引語(yǔ)中表示過(guò)去的必要或義務(wù)；在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中：don’thaveto表“不必”，must表“禁止”。Mybrotherthrewupatschool,soIhadtocallforadpctor.Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.Thedoctorhastoattendhissisterafterschool.Youdon’thavetobuyanLVforme.Youmustn’tplaysocceronthestreet.Must表示肯定推測(cè)，否定推測(cè)用can’t/couldn’t,不可以使用mustn’t.其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測(cè)用法：shouldn’t/oughtto/can/could/need(not)/can/could/may/might/musthavedone.should和oughtto都為“應(yīng)該”的意思，可用于各種人稱。hadbetter表示“最好”，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，后面跟動(dòng)詞原形。Hadbetterdo,hadbetternotdo;hadbetterhavedonesth表示與事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果，意為“本來(lái)最好”。Itisprettycold.You’dbetterputonmycoat.She’dbetternotplaywiththedog.Youhadbetterhavecomeearlier.wouldrather表示“寧愿”，wouldratherdo，wouldrathernotdo，wouldrather...than寧愿...而不愿。還有wouldsooner，hadrather，hadsooner都表示“寧愿”、“寧可”的意思。IfIhaveachoice,Ihadsoonernotcontinuemysttudiesatthisschool.Iwouldratherstayherethangohome=Iwouldstayhereratherthangohome.Will和would：wouldliketodo=wanttodo;will/wouldyou...?wouldyoulike...?表示肯定含義的勸說(shuō)時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句中一般用some而不是any；否定結(jié)構(gòu)用will，一般不用would，won’tyou是一種委婉語(yǔ)氣；would比will更委婉。Wouldyouliketogowithme?Wouldyoulikesomecake?Won’tyousitdown?Wouldyoupleaseclosethewindowforme?Need和dare這兩個(gè)詞既可做實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，又可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，兩者都只能用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件句。Need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面的不定式必須帶to，而dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面的to時(shí)?？梢员皇÷浴＂賹?shí)義動(dòng)詞：need（需要，需求），need+n./todosth②情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：只用原形need后加do，否定式為neednot。③need+doing可表被動(dòng)，類似的詞還有want，demand，require，beworth后面接doing也可以表被動(dòng)：needdoing=needtobedone。④如何區(qū)分情態(tài)和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：是否有s;是否可以直接加not；其后是否有to。usedto：didn’tuseto=usen’tto;ausedbook/car(舊書、舊車）；be/getusedtodoing(習(xí)慣于做...）;beusedtodo（被用來(lái)做...);beusedfor（被用來(lái)...);beuseas（被用作...);beusedup（被用完）Would和usedto：would只與動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用；而usedto可以和動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞、靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。Iusedtosuspecthewasamugger.Girlswouldplaysoftballinhighschool.半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：besupposedtodo/beabouttodo/beabletodo/beboundtodo/bedueto/beliableto/besureto/beto/hadbetter/hadbest/haveto/failto/getto/tendto/becertainto/belikelyto/appearto/chanceto/happento/seemto/turnouttoInfinitiveing/todo/done與have/get:have...do/doing/done補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，get...todo/doing/done補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，getgoing/moving例：AclusterofmisconductallegationshastheSanDiegopolicechieffumingandofficialsscramblingforreform.Marahadherfingersburnedwhilecooking.IwillgetmyChryslergoing.不定式的被動(dòng)式Thenewplaytobeputontonightwillbealotoffun.Thelaundryistobewashedassoonaspossible.不定式的否定式（never/nottodo):Iwarnthemnevertosmokeinthefacilities.Irecommendpeoplenottoeatjunkfood.不定式做主語(yǔ)It’supliftingtoreceiveamessagefrommybosseveryonceinawhile.It’ssofoolishofyoutodropcoinsinthefaceofsuchbrazenbeggars.(如果形容詞是說(shuō)明邏輯主語(yǔ)的性格特征，應(yīng)用of取代for：wise，clever，kind，nice，silly，rude，cruel，wrong，right，foolish，stupid，careless，natural，politeetc)比較：It’snatural(天性）ofadogtobiteastranger.It’snatural(自然的）forpeopletohelpeachotherintimesofdifficulty.不定式做賓語(yǔ)agree/aim/apply/arrange/choose/claim/decide/demand/desire/determine/endeavor/ecpect/hope/learn/manage/offer/pledge/prepare/pretend/profess/promise/refuse/resolve/seek/swear/threaten/undertake/venture/voluteer/vowect.Theyseektocurbtheinflation.Vickyofferedtogivemearideonadailybasis.Thekidsvolunteeredtofeedthestraydog.Iresolvenevertoseeheragain.Laden’sacolytevowedtoavengehisdeath.不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)think/consider/believe/suppose/feel/find/imagine/prove/declare/find/discover/feel/judge/understand等動(dòng)詞后可以使用tobe結(jié)構(gòu)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，也可省略。Weallconsiderourmotherlandtobeinfluentialintheworldatena.TaiwanisthoughttobeaninalienablepartofChina.Weinagine/supposehertobeover50.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略①IshallcomeifIwantto.Hedoesn’tdancenow,butheusedto.②to被省略的情況：whynot...Whynottakeapairofrainbootswithyou?③使役動(dòng)詞（causativeverbs):make/let/have;感官動(dòng)詞(senseverbs)：see/hear/observe/notice/feel/watch/listento/lookat.Letmemeasureyou,sir.Wefeltthehouseshakeatlunchtime.④使役、感官動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)需要加上toThekidismadetofinshuphisassignment.WesawLeeweep.Leewasseentoweep.WesawLeesobbing.Leewasseensobbing.⑤to被省略的情況hadbetterdo/hadbetternotdo,wouldratherdo/wouldrathernotdo等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后Ihadbetterputonmygloves.⑥haveknown+賓語(yǔ)之后Ihaveneverknownthatladysmile.HaveyoueverknownMarvintellalie.⑦but/expect句型中如果前面有do，后面要省略to.Hedoesnothingbutcomplain.Icouldn’tdoanythingelseexceptsitthereandpray.Icouldn’tsayanythingbuttolisten.SVC句型中，如果主語(yǔ)部分有do的某種形式，那么表語(yǔ)可帶to也可以不帶。Allyouhavetodonowis(to)waitandsee.TheleastIcandois(to)driveeverybodyelseclosertotheissuewhetherBinLadenhasbeenkilled.不帶to的疊加結(jié)構(gòu)makebelieve/makedowith/makedoon/letdrop/letfall/letfly(at)/letsilp/letgo(of)/leavegoof/heartell(of)/(let...)gohangIt’shardtoletgoofmyexgirlfriend.Themanmakesbelieveheisamultimillionaire.不定式符號(hào)to與介詞to的辨別whenitcomesto,submitto,admitto,clingto,resortto,bereducedto,bedevotedto,getdownto,withaviewto,owingto,asto,thanksto,withaneyeto,inadditionto,beresignedt