2016年6月大四六級課主講人：外國語大學一ReadingWesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.題目：1. Thepassage lsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’sexperimentwasthat theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythethesweetenerwaspoisonoustotheirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythetheyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsof canbeweakenedby B)canbesuppressedbydrugcanbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofcanbealteredbyelectricEg2.詞：weakWhydoAmericansfeelTheireconomyis B．TheircurrencyhasC．Theycan'taffordtripsto D．TheyhavelosthalfoftheirHowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryTheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewTheyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-popTheyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedTheymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicHowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?A．Theyfeelcontemptuousofit B．Theyaresympatheticwithit.CTheywhatistheauthor'sadvicetoTheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespect B．Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargamble Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingIt'spossibletoadmireOprahWinfreyandstillwishHarvardhadn'tawardedheranhonorarydoctoroflawdegreeandthecommencement(畢業(yè)典禮)speakerspotatyesterday'sgraduation.There'snoquestionOprah'sachievementsplaceherinthetempleofAmericansuccessstories.Talent,charm,andanexceptionalworkethichaverarelyhurledanyoneasfarastheyhavethisformerabusedteenagemotherfromruralMississippiwhobecameoneoftheworld'smost1PAGEPAGE3Honorarydegreesareoftenconferredonnon-academicleadersinthearts,business,andpolitics.Harvard'slistinrecentyearshasincludedKofiAnnan,BillGates,MerylStreep,andDavidSouterButOprah'sparticularbrandofcelebrityisnotagoodfitforthevaluesofauniversitywhosemotto(座右銘),Veritas,meanstruth.Oprah'spassionateadvocacyextends,unfortunay,toaheartyembraceoffakescience.Mostnotoriously,Oprah'svalidationofJennyMeCarthy'sclaimthatvaccinescauseautism(自閉癥)hasnodoubtcontributedtomuchharmthroughthefoolishavoidanceofvaccines.Famouspeopleareentitledtoafewfailings,liketherestofus,andthechoiceofcommencementspeakersoftenreflectsabalanceofinstitutionalprioritiesandaspirations.Judgingfromourconversationswithmanystudents,Oprahwasawidelypopularchoice.ButthisvoteofconfidenceinOprahsendsatroublingmessageatpreciselythetimewhenAmericanuniversitiesneedtodomoretoadvancethecauseofreason.AsformerDeanofHarvardCollege,HarryLewis,notedinablogpostabouthisobjections,"ItseemsveryoddforHarvardtohonorsuchahighprofilepopularizeoftheirrational..,atatimewhenpoliticalandreligiousnonsensesojeopardizetheruleofreasoninthisallegedlyenlighteneddemocracyandaroundtheAsAmerica'soldestandmostvisibleuniversity,Harvardhasaspecialopportunitytoconveyitsrespectforsciencenotonlythroughitsresearchandteachingprogramsbutalsoinitspublicaffirmationofevidence-basedinquiry.Unfortunay,manyAmericanuniversitiesseemawfullybusyprotectingtheirbrandnameandnotnearlybusyenoughprotectingthepursuitofknowledge.ArecentarticleinTheHarvardCrimsonnotedtheshockinggrowthofHarvard'spublicrelationsarminthelastfiveyearsanditquestionedwhetherafocusonriskmanagementandavoidingcontroversywasreallythebestoutward-lookingfaceofthisgreatinstitution.AsAmericanresearchuniversitiesbegintoresembleprofitcentersandentertainmentcomplexes,it'seasytolosesightoftheirprimarymission.,toproduceandspreadknowledge.Thismissiondependsontraditionsofrationaldiscourseandvigorousdefenseofthescientificmethod.OprahWinfrey'shonorarydoctoratewasastepinthewrongdirection.WhatdowelearnaboutOprahWinfreyfromtheShewasadistinguishedgraduateofHarvardSchoolofSheworkedherwaytosuccessintheentertainmentSheusedtoabuseherchildrenwhenshewasayoungSheachievedherfamethroughpersistentadvocacyoffakeWhydoestheauthordeemitinappropriateforHarvardtoconferanhonorarydegreeonOprahShedidnotspecializeinthestudyofShewasknownasssupporteroffakeShewasaniconoftheentertainmentShehadnotdistinguishedherselfHowdidHarryLewisreacttoHarvard'sdecisioninhisblogHewasstronglyagainstHeconsidereditHethoughtitwouldhelpenhanceHarvard'sHethoughtitrepresentedthewilloftheHarvardWhatistheauthor'sregretaboutmanyAmericanTheyshowinadequaterespectforevidence-basedTheyfallshortofexpectationsinteachingandTheyattachtoomuchimportancetopublicTheyaretolerantofpoliticalandreligiousWhatdoestheauthorthinkaprestigiousuniversitylikeHarvardshouldfocusCultivationofstudentDefenseofthescientificLiberationofthehumanPursuitofknowledgeandPassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingSayingtheycannolongerignoretherisingpricesofhealthcare,someofthemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsinthenationare mendingthatdoctorsweighthecosts,notjusttheeffectivenessoftreatments,astheymakedecisionsaboutpatientcare.Theshift,littlenoticedoutsidethemedicalestablishmentbutalreadycontroversialinsideit,suggeststhatdoctorsarestartingtoredefinetheirroles,frombeingconcernedexclusivelyaboutindividualpatientstoexertinginfluenceonhowhealthcaredollarsarespent.Inpracticalterms,thenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedcouldresultindoctorschoosingonedrugoveranotherforcostreasonsorevendecidingthataparticulartreatment—attheendoflife,forexample—istooexpensive.Intheextreme,somecriticshavesaidthatmakingtreatmentdecisionsbasedoncostisaformofrationing.Traditionally,guidelineshaveheavilyinfluencedthepracticeofmedicineandthelatestonesareexpectedtomakedoctorsmoreconsciousoftheeconomicconsequencesoftheirdecisions,eventhoughthere'snoobligationtofollowthem.Medicalsocietyguidelinesarealsousedbyinsurancecompaniestohelpdeterminereimbursement(報銷)policies.Somedoctorsseeapotentialintryingtobebothprovidersofpatientcareandfinancialoverseers."Thereshouldbeforcesinsocietywhoshouldbeconcernedaboutthebudget,buttheyshouldn'tbefunctioningsimultaneouslyasdoctors,"saidDr.MartinSamuelsataBostonhospital.Hesaiddoctorsriskedlosingthetrustofpatientsiftheytoldpatients,I'mnotgoingtodowhatIthinkisbestforyoubecauseIthinkit'sbadforthehealthcarebudgetinMassachusetts."Doctorscanfacesomegrimtrade-offs.Studieshaveshown,forexample,thattwodrugsareaboutequallyeffectiveintreatingmaculardegeneration,andeyedisease.Butonecosts$50adoseandtheothercloseto$2,000.Medicarecouldsavehundredsofmillionsofdollarsayearifeveryoneusedthecheaperdrug,Avastin,insteadofthecostlierone,Lucentis.ButtheFoodandDrugAdministrationhasnotapprovedAvastinforuseintheeye,andusingitratherthanthealternative,Lucentis,mightcarryanadditional,althoughslight,safetyrisk.ShoulddoctorsconsiderMedicare'sbudgetindecidingwhattouse?"Ithinkethically在道德層面上）wearejustworriedaboutthepatientinfrontofusandnottryingtosavemoneyfortheinsuranceindustryorsocietyasawhole,"saidDrDonaldJensen.PAGEPAGE7Still,someystssaythatthere'sarolefordoctorstoplayincostysisbecausenotmanyothersarengso."Insomeways,"saidDr.DanielSulmaay,"itrepresentsafailureofwidersocietytotakeuptheissue."Whatdosomemostinfluentialmedical menddoctorsReflectontheresponsibilitiestheyaresupposedtoPaymoreattentiontotheeffectivenessoftheirTakecostsintoaccountwhenmakingtreatmentReadjusttheirpracticeinviewofthecutsinhealthWhatweredoctorsmainlyconcernedaboutintheSpecificmedicinestobeused.C)ProfessionalEffectsofmedicaltreatment.D)Patients'WhatmaythenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedleadTheredefiningofdoctors'OveruseoflesseffectivesbetweendoctorsandTheprolongingofpatients'WhatriskdodoctorsseeintheirdualroleaspatientcareprovidersandfinancialTheymaybeinvolvedin ofTheymaybeforcedtodividetheirTheymayhavetouselesseffectiveTheymaylosetherespectofWhatdosomeexpertssayaboutdoctors'involvementinmedicalcostItmayaddtodoctors'alreadyheavyItwillhelptosavemoneyforsocietyasaItresultsfromsociety'sfailuretotackletheItraisesdoctors'awarenessoftheirsocialWhatisArumandRoksa’sfindingabouthighereducationinItaimsatstimulatingtheinlectualcuriosityofcollegeItfailstopreparestudentstofacethechallengesofmodemIthasexperienceddramaticchangesinrecentIthastriedhardtosatisfystudents’variousWhatisresponsibleforthestudents’lackofhigher-levelThedilutedcollegeTheboringclassroomTheabsenceofrigorousTheoutdatededucationalQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingMorethanadecadeago’cognitivescientistsJohnBransfordandDanielSchwartz’boththenatVanderbiltUniversity,foundthatwhatdistinguishedyoungadultsfromchildrenwasnottheabilitytoretainfactsorapplypriorknowledgetoanewsituationbutaqualitytheycalled“preparationforfuturelearning.”Theresearchersaskedfifthgradersandcollegestudentstocreatearecoveryplantoprotectbaldeaglesfromextinction.Shockingly,thetwogroupscameupwithplansofsimilarquality(althoughthecollegestudentshadbetterspellingskills).Fromthestandpointofatraditionaleducator,this eindicatedthatschoolinghadfailedtohelpstudentsthinkaboutecosystemsandextinction,majorscientificideas.TheresearchersdecidedtogodeeperhoweverTheyaskedbothgroupstogeneratequestionsaboutimportantissuesneededtocreaterecoveryplans.Onthistask,theyfoundlargedifferences.Collegestudentsfocusedoncriticalissuesofinterdependencebetweeneaglesandtheirhabitats棲息地FifthgraderstendedtofocusonfeaturesofindividualeaglesHowbigaretheyandWhatdotheyeat?").Thecollegestudentshadcultivatedtheabilitytoaskquestions,thecornerstoneofcriticalthinking.Theyhadlearnedhowtolearn.Museumsandotherinstitutionsofinformallearningmaybebettersuitedtoteachthisskillthanelementaryandsecondaryschools.AttheExploratoriuminSanFrancisco,werecentlystudiedhowlearningtoaskgoodquestionscanaffectthequalityofpeople’sscientificinquiry.Wefoundthatwhenwetaughtparticipantstoask"Whatif?"and"Howcan?"questionsthatnobodypresentwouldknowtheanswertoandthatwouldsparkexploration,theyengagedinbetterinquiryatthenextexhibit~askingmorequestions,performingmoreexperimentsandmakingbetterinterpretationsoftheirresults.Specifically,theirquestionsbecamemorecomprehensiveatthenewexhibit.Ratherthanmerelyaskingaboutsomethingtheywantedtotry,theytendedtoincludebothcauseandeffectintheirquestion.Askingjuicyquestionsappearstobeatransferableskillfordeepeningcollaborativeinquiryintothesciencecontentfoundinexhibits.Thistypeoflearningisnotconfinedtomuseumsorinstitutionalsettings.Informallearningenvironmentstoleratefailurebetterthanschools.Perhapsmanyteachershavetoolittletimetoallowstudentstoformandpursuetheirownquestionsandtoomuchgroundtocoverinthecurriculum.Butpeoplemustacquirethisskillsomewhere.Oursocietydependsonthembeingabletomakecriticaldecisionsabouttheirownmedicaltreatment,say,orwhatwemustdoaboutglobalenergyneedsanddemands.Forthat,wehavearobustinformallearningsystemthatgivesnogrades,takesallcomers,andisavailableevenonholidaysandweekends.Whatistraditionaleducators’interpretationoftheresearch ementionedinthefirstStudentsarenotabletoapplypriorknowledgetonewCollegestudentsarenobetterthanfifthgradersinmemorizingEducationhasnotpaidenoughattentiontomajorenvironmentalEducationhasfailedtoleadstudentstothinkaboutmajorscientificInwhatwayarecollegestudentsdifferentfromTheyhavelearnedtothinkTheyareconcernedaboutsocialTheyarecuriousaboutspecificTheyhavelearnedtoworkWhatisthebenefitofaskingquestionswithnoreadyItarousesstudents’interestinthingsaroundItcultivatesstudents'abilitytomakescientificIttrainsstudents’abilitytodesignscientificIthelpsstudentsrealizenoteveryquestionhasanWhatissaidtobetheadvantageofinformalItallowsforItisItchargesnoItmeetspracticalWhatdoestheauthorseemtoencourageeducatorstodoattheendoftheTrainstudentstothinkaboutglobalMakefulluseofinformallearningIncludecollaborativeinquiryinthePassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingMorethanadecadeago’cognitivescientistsJohnBransfordandDanielSchwartz’boththenatVanderbiltUniversity,foundthatwhatdistinguishedyoungadultsfromchildrenwasnottheabilitytoretainfactsorapplypriorknowledgetoanewsituationbutaqualitytheycalled“preparationforfuturelearning.”Theresearchersaskedfifthgradersandcollegestudentstocreatearecoveryplantoprotectbaldeaglesfromextinction.Shockingly,thetwogroupscameupwithplansofsimilarquality(althoughthecollegestudentshadbetterspellingskills).Fromthestandpointofatraditionaleducator,this eindicatedthatschoolinghadfailedtohelpstudentsthinkaboutecosystemsandextinction,majorscientificideas.TheresearchersdecidedtogodeeperhoweverTheyaskedbothgroupstogeneratequestionsaboutimportantissuesneededtocreaterecoveryplans.Onthistask,theyfoundlargedifferences.Collegestudentsfocusedoncriticalissuesofinterdependencebetweeneaglesandtheirhabitats棲息地FifthgraderstendedtofocusonfeaturesofindividualeaglesHowbigaretheyandWhatdotheyeat?").Thecollegestudentshadcultivatedtheabilitytoaskquestions,thecornerstoneofcriticalthinking.Theyhadlearnedhowtolearn.Museumsandotherinstitutionsofinformallearningmaybebettersuitedtoteachthisskillthanelementaryandsecondaryschools.AttheExploratoriuminSanFrancisco,werecentlystudiedhowlearningtoaskgoodquestionscanaffectthequalityofpeople’sscientificinquiry.Wefoundthatwhenwetaughtparticipantstoask"Whatif?"and"Howcan?"questionsthatnobodypresentwouldknowtheanswertoandthatwouldsparkexploration,theyengagedinbetterinquiryatthenextexhibit~askingmorequestions,performingmoreexperimentsandmakingbetterinterpretationsoftheirresults.Specifically,theirquestionsbecamemorecomprehensiveatthenewexhibit.Ratherthanmerelyaskingaboutsomethingtheywantedtotry,theytendedtoincludebothcauseandeffectintheirquestion.Askingjuicyquestionsappearstobeatransferableskillfordeepeningcollaborativeinquiryintothesciencecontentfoundinexhibits.Thistypeoflearningisnotconfinedtomuseumsorinstitutionalsettings.Informalenvironmentstoleratefailurebetterthanschools.Perhapsmanyteachershavetoolittletimetoallowstudentstoformandpursuetheirownquestionsandtoomuchgroundtocoverinthecurriculum.Butpeoplemustacquirethisskillsomewhere.Oursocietydependsonthembeingabletomakecriticaldecisionsabouttheirownmedicaltreatment,say,orwhatwemustdoaboutglobalenergyneedsanddemands.Forthat,wehavearobustinformallearningsystemthatgivesnogrades,takesallcomers,andisavailableevenonholidaysandweekends.Whatistraditionaleducators’interpretationoftheresearch ementionedinthefirstStudentsarenotabletoapplypriorknowledgetonewCollegestudentsarenobetterthanfifthgradersinmemorizingEducationhasnotpaidenoughattentiontomajorenvironmentalEducationhasfailedtoleadstudentstothinkaboutmajorscientificInwhatwayarecollegestudentsdifferentfromTheyhavelearnedtothinkTheyareconcernedaboutsocialTheyarecuriousaboutspecificTheyhavelearnedtoworkWhatisthebenefitofaskingquestionswithnoreadyItarousesstudents’interestinthingsaroundItcultivatesstudents'abilitytomakescientificIttrainsstudents’abilitytodesignscientificIthelpsstudentsrealizenoteveryquestionhasanWhatissaidtobetheadvantageofinformalItallowsforItisItchargesnoItmeetspracticalWhatdoestheauthorseemtoencourageeducatorstodoattheendoftheTrainstudentstothinkaboutglobalMakefulluseofinformallearningIncludecollaborativeinquiryinthecurriculum.PassiveTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowing"There’sanoldsayinginthespaceworld:amateurstalkabouttechnology,professionalstalkaboutinsurance."InaninterviewlastyearwithTheEconomist,GeorgeWhitesides,chiefexecutiveofspace-tourismfirmVirginGalactic,wasplacinghiscompanyinthelattercategory.ButinsurancewillbecoldcomfortfollowingthefailureonOctober31stofVSSEnterprise,resultinginthedeathofonepilotandthesevereinjurytoanother.Ontopofthetragiclossoflife,theaccidentinCaliforniawillcastalongshadowoverthefutureofspacetourism,evenbeforeithasproperlybegun.Thenotionofspacetourismtookholdin2001witha$20millionflightaboardaRussianspacecraftbyDennisTito,amillionaireengineerwithanadventurousstreak.Justhalfadozenholiday-makershavereachedorbitsincethen,forsimilarlyastronomicalpricetags.ButmorePAGEPAGE9recently,companieshavebeguntoplanmoreavoidable“suborbital”flights—brieferventuresjusttotheedgeofspace'svastdarkness.VirginGalactichad,priortothisweek’saccident,seemedclosesttostartingregularflights.Thecompanyhasalreadytakendepositsfromaround800would-bespacetourists,includingStephenHawking.Afterbeingdoggedbytechnicaldelaysforyears,SirRichardBranson,VirginGalactic'sfounder,hadrecentlysuggestedthataSpaceShipTwocraftwouldcarryitsfirstpayingcustomersassoonasFebruary2015.Thatnowseemsanimpossibletimeline.InJuly,asistercraftofthecrashedspaceplanewasreportedtobeabouthalf-finished.Theotherhalfwillhavetowait,asauthoritiesofAmerica’sFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)andNationalTransportationSafetyBoardworkoutwhatwentwrong.Intheme theentirespacetourismindustrywillbeontenterhooks坐立不安).The2004CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsAct,intendedtoencourageprivatespacevehiclesandservices,prohibitsthetransportationsecretaryandtherebytheFAA)fromregulatingthedesignoroperationofprivatespacecraft,unlesstheyhaveresultedinaseriousorfatalinjurytocreworpassengers.ThatmeansthattheFAAcouldsuspendVirginGalactic’slicencetofly.Itcouldalsoinsistoncheckingprivatemannedspacecraftasthoroughlyasitdoescommercialaircraft.Whilethatmaymakesuborbitaltravelsafer,itwouldaddsignificantcostandcomplexitytoanemergingindustrythathasuntilnowoperatedlargelyastheplaygroundofbillionairesanddreamyengineers.HowVirginGalactic,regulatorsandthepublicrespondtothismostrecenttragedywilldeterminewhetherandhowsoonprivatespacetravelcantranscendthatplayground.Thereisnodoubtthatspaceflightentailsrisksandtopioneeranewmodeoftravelistofacethoserisksandreducethemwiththebenefitofhard-wonWhatissaidaboutthefailureofVSSItmayleadtothebankruptcyofVirginIthasastrongnegativeimpactonspaceItmaydiscouragerichpeoplefromspaceIthasarousedpublicattentiontosafetyWhatdowelearnaboutthespace-tourismfirmVirginIthasjustbuiltacraftforcommercialIthassenthalfadozenpassengersintoItwasaboutreadytostartregularItisthefirsttolaunch"suborbital"Whatisthepurposeofthe2004CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsWhatmighttheFAAdoaftertherecentaccidentinImposemorerigidsafetyWhatdoestheauthorthinkofprivatespaceItisworthpromotingdespitetherisksItshouldnotbeconfinedtotherichItshouldbestrictlyItistooriskytocarryQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingWhenit’sfiveo’clock'peopleleavetheiroffice.Thelengthoftheworkday,formanyworkers,isdefinedbytime.Theyleavewhentheclocklsthemthey’redone.Thesedays,thetimeiseverywhere:notjustonclocksorwatches,butoncell-phonesandcomputers.Thatmaybeabadthing,particularlyatwork.Newresearchshowsthatclock-basedworkscheduleshindermorale(士氣)andcreativity.Clock-timersorganizetheirdaybyblocksofminutesandhours.Forexample:ameetingfrom9a.m.to10a.m.,researchfrom10a.m.tonoon,etc.Ontheotherhand,task-timershavealistofthingstheywantto plish.Theyworkdownthelist,eachtaskstartswhentheprevioustaskiscompleted.Itissaidthatallofusemployamixofboththesetypesofplanning.What,then,aretheeffectsofthinkingabouttimeinthesedifferentways?Doesonemakeusmoreproductive?Betteratthetasksathand?Happier?InexperimentsconductedbyTamarAvnetandAnne-LaureSellier,theyhadparticipantsorganizedifferentactivities一fromprojectplanning,holidayshop,toyoga—bytimeorto-dolisttomeasurehowtheyperformedunder"clocktime"vs“tasktime.”Theyfoundclocktimerstobemoreefficientbutlesshappybecausetheyfeltlittlecontrolovertheirlives.Tasktimersarehappierandmorecreative,butlessproductive.Theytendtoenjoythemomentwhensomethinggoodishappening,andseizeopportunitiesthatcomeup.Theresearchersarguethattask-basedorganizingtendstobeundervaluedandunder-supportedinbusinessculture.Smartcompanies,theybelieve,willtrytobakemoretask-planningintotheirThismightbeasmallchangetothewayweviewworkandtheoffice,buttheresearchersarguethatitchallengesawidespreadcharacteristicoftheeconomy:workorganizedbyclocktime.Whilemostpeoplewillstillprobablyneed,andbe,tosomeextent,clock-timers,task-basedtimingshouldbeusedwhenperformingajobthatrequiresmorecreativity.It’llmakethosetaskseasier,andthetask-doerswillbehappier.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftimedisplayedItmakeseverybodytime-ItisaconvenienceforworkandItmayhaveanegativeeffectoncreativeItclearlyindicatesthefastpaceofmodemHowdopeopleusuallygoabouttheirworkaccordingtotheTheycombineclock-basedandtask-basedTheygiveprioritytothemosturgenttaskonTheysetatimelimitforeachspecific plishtheirtasksonebyTheyseizeopportunitiesastheycomeTheyalwaysgettheirworkdoneinTheyhavemorecontrolovertheirTheytendtobemoreWhatdotheresearcherssayabouttoday'sbusinessItdoesnotsupportthestrategiesadoptedbysmartItdoesnotattachenoughimportancetotask-basedItplacesmoreemphasisonworkefficiencythanonworkers'Itaimstobringemployees'potentialandcreativityintofullWhatdotheresearchersTask-basedtimingispreferred ItisimportanttokeepabalancebetweenworkandPerformingcreativejobstendstomakeworkersAscientificstandardshouldbeadoptedinjob二．ListeningPart1.Newsreport&NewsSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2willbebasedonthefollowingnewsA)Christmas-timeattacksmadebySomaliAnexplosionatabusstationincentralThekillingofmorethan70UgandansinBlastssetoffbyaSomaligroupinUganda’s原文：Kenyansayone waskilledand26injuredinanexplosionatabusstationincentralNairobi.A)OnChristmas C)DuringasecurityJustbefore D)Inthesmallhoursofthe原文：Someeyewitnessesreportthatabagwasabouttobeloadedonboard,butitexplodedduringasecuritycheck.原文：Kenyansayone waskilledand26injuredinanexplosionatabusstationincentralNairobi.TheblasthitabusabouttosetofffortheUgandancapitalKampala.LastJuly,theSomaligroupal-ShababsaiditwasbehindtheblastsintheUgandancapitalwhichkilledmorethan70people.WillRossreportsfromtheKenyanTheexplosionhappenedbesideabuswhichwasabouttosetoffforanovernightjourneyfromNairobitotheUgandancapitalKampala.Someeyewitnessesreportthatabagwasabouttobeloadedonboard,butitexplodedduringasecuritycheck.Windowsoftheredbuswereleftsmashed,andbloodcouldbeseenonthegroundbesidethevehicle.Justhoursearlier,Uganda’schiefhadwarnedofpossibleChristmas-timeattacksbySomalirebels.WhatisthenewsreportmainlyWhendidtheincidentQuestions3and4willbebasedonthefollowingnewsA)ItislikelytoclosemanyofitsItisknownforthequalityofitsItremainscompetitiveintheItwillexpanditsonlineretail原文：Manyofits800storesarelikelytoclosefollowingthecompany’sdecisiontocallinadministratorsafteranattempttosellthebusinessforatoken￡1failed.A)ExpanditsbusinessFire25,000ofitscurrentCutitsDVDpublishingSellthebusinessforone原文：Manyofits800storesarelikelytoclosefollowingthecompany’sdecisiontocallinadministratorsafteranattempttosellthebusinessforatoken￡1failed.原文：WoolworthsisoneofthebestknownnamesontheBritishHighStreet.It’sbeeninbusinessnearlyacentury.Manyofits800storesarelikelytoclosefollowingthecompany’sdecisiontocallinadministratorsafteranattempttosellthebusinessforatoken￡1failed.Thecompanyhashugedebts.TheimmediatecauseforthecollapsehasbeenBritain’sslidetowardrecession,whichhascutintoconsumerspending.However,thebusinesshadbeenintroubleforyears.Knownforlow-pricedgeneralgoods,Woolworthshasstruggledinthefaceofcompetitionfromsupermarketsexpandinggroceriesandanewgenerationofinternetretailers.Manyofthestoregroup’s25,000employeesarelikelytolosetheirjobs.SomeprofitableareassuchastheDVDpublishingbusinesswillsurvive.WhatdowelearnaboutWoolworthsfromthenewsWhatdidWoolworthsattempttodorecently?Questions5to7willbebasedonthefollowingnewsitem.A)AlltaxisbegantouseAlltaxisgotairAdvertisementswereallowedonOldtaxiswerereplacedwithnew原文：That’sdueinparttotheremovalofmanyofthecapital’sold-fashionedblackandwhitetaxis.A)Alowinterestloan D)Permissionforcar原文：Afternewlegislationdemandedtheirremovalfromtheroads,alowinterestloanschemewassetupwiththreeEgyptianbankssodriverscouldbuynewcars.A)TherearenomoreirregularAllnewcabsprovideair-NewcabsareallequippedwithNewlegislationprotectsconsumer原文：Theideahasprovedpopularwithcustomers―theycannowtravelinair-conditionedcomfortandbecausethenewcabsaremetered,theydon’thavetoargueoverfares.原文：Cairoisknownforitsovercrowdedroads,irregulardrivingpracticesandshakyoldvehicles,butalsoforitsairpollution.Inrecentmonths,though,environmentalstudiesindicatetherehavebeensignsofimprovement.That’sdueinparttotheremovalofmanyofthecapital’sold-fashionedblackandwhitetaxis.Mostofthesedatedbacktothe1960sand70sandwereinapoorstateofrepair.Afternewlegislationdemandedtheirremovalfromtheroads,alowinterestloanschemewassetupwiththreeEgyptianbankssodriverscouldbuynewcars.Theernmentpaysabout$900foroldonestobediscardedandadvertisingonthenewvehicleshelpscoverTheideahasprovedpopularwithcustomers―theycannowtravelinair-conditionedcomfortandbecausethenewcabsaremetered,theydon’thavetoargueoverfares.Banksandcarmanufacturersaregladfortheextrabusinessintougheconomictimes.Asforthetaxidrivers,mostaredelightedtobebehindthewheelofnewcars,althoughtherehavebeenafewcomplaintsaboutswitchingfromblackandwhitetoaplainwhitecolour.WhatchangetookplaceinCairoWhathelpedbringabouttheWhydocustomersnolongerarguewithnewcab參考答案1.B2.C3A4.D5.D6.A7.SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearrecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbysomequestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),a