AcademicWriting17.10.2007TableofContents

1.StructureoftheWork1.1.Preliminaries1.2.MainBody1.3.EndMatter2.CriteriaofAcademicWork2.1.Objectiveness2.2.Reliability2.3.ValidityTableofContents(continued)

3.Citation3.1.DirectCitation3.2.IndirectCitation3.3.Footnotes4.Process4.1.SelectionoftheThesisTopic4.2.LiteratureResearch4.3.LiteratureOverviewandEvaluation4.4.Manuscript(ToolsandTechniques)Justus-LiebigUniversityGiessen

Faculty09:AgriculturalSciences,NutritionalSciencesandEnvironmentalManagement

SeminarEssay/DiplomThesis/MasterThesis

TitleofThesis

[Ifapplicable,Subtitle]Examiner:Prof.Dr.[NameSurname]Presentedby:[NameSurname]

Giessen,Data

TableofContents

Mustcompriseallpartsofthewrittenwork,usingexactthesamewordingasthechapterheadingsPreferablyDecimal-ClassifyingSystemcanbeapplied,Character-NumeralSystemrecommendedincontentswithmorethan5levels(Sesink2000,p.97)MaintextpagenumbersmustbewrittenwithArabicnumeral,Indexes-withRomannumeral.Titlepagedoesn’trequireanynumber.Source:TRAIKOVAD(2005):GenderDifferencesinnon-farmruralemployment,30.09.2007Source:TRAIKOVAD(2005):GenderDifferencesinnon-farmruralemployment,30.09.20071.2.MainBodyIntroductionBriefexpositionofscientificproblembeingstudiedMainTextChaptersreportingauthorsresearchConclusionSummeryofthework,presentationofacquiredknowledge-Reasonsofthetopicchoiceorgeneralremarksregardingitsrelevance-Formulationofthesiscentralquestion-Briefoverviewofthesisstructureandsuggestionoftheargumentationdirection

Introduction

ConclusionLinkagebetweenthetopicquestionandresearchresultsDiscussion:-Recapoftheownspecificobservation-GeneralStatementrelatedtotheworksoftheothers(Katz2006,p.101)Conclusion1.3.EndMatterAppendixListofallusedsourcesinalphabeticalorderAnnotationListofdetailedexplanationsthatexceedtheintrinsiccontentsDeclarationAffirmationthatthethesishasbeenwrittenreallybytheauthorReferencesMaycontainfulldetailsofdatacollectedAppendixAppendixisnotacommentary,itisadetailedexplanationthatistoolongfortheMethodssection(Katz2006,p.66)Itmightexplainamathematicalformula,detailofcomputerprogrammeorcontainquestionnaires,statisticalmaterials,textofalawetc.

References(1)Therearemanywaysofwritingalistofreferences.Importantistouseoneofthemconsistently

ReferencecanbedividedintotheprimaryandsecondaryliteraturepartsItisrecommendedtoindentsecondetc.LinesAlphabeticalorderispreferablyused.Workswithnoauthorshouldbealphabetisedbythefirstsignificantwordinthetitle

Sources:Theissen1998;Sesink2000References(2)Books(GeneralForm):Author(yearofpublication):Title.Subtitle.Edition.Placeofpublication:PublisherOneAuthor:Curtiss,J(2002):EfficiencyandStructuralChangesinTransition.AStochasticFrontierAnalysisofCzechCropProduction.Aachen:ShakerTwoAuthors:Lanjouw,P.,G.Feder(2001):RuralNon-FarmActivitiesandRuralDevelopment.RuralDevelopmentStrategyBackgroundPaper4/2001.WashingtonD.C.,USA:TheWorldBankRuralDevelopmentFamily.Note:ThesereferencerulesareorientedtothestatementsofProf.Dr.Leonh?user,fromReference(3)MoreThan3Authors:TheNameofthefirstAuthorwiththeaddition?etal.”NewspaperArticle:Author(yearofpublication):Title.Subtitle.NewspaperTitle[canbeitalic].Volume(Event.Nr.):PagesnumbersMcPherson,M.A.etal.(2000):ARe-ExaminationoftheLinderHypothesis.ARandom-EffectsTobitApproach.InternationalEconomicJournal.14(3):123-136References(5)DocumentsobtainedfromtheInternetshoulddemonstratetheauthor(editor)andthetitle.TheURLinformationisplacedattheendofthereference.Itisimportanttostatethedateofretrieval:FishbeinM.,I.Ajzen(1975):Belief,Attitude,IntentionandBehavior.AnIntroducingtoTheoryandResearch.,

30.09.2007WhichInternetSourcesare?reliable“?-OfficialInstitutions,forexampleBMVEL,EU-KOM,USDA-Universities,forexampleBerlin,Bonn,Kiel,G?ttingen,Halle-ResearchInstitutesinGermanyforexampleFAL,ZEF,IAMO-InternationalResearchInstitutes,forexampleIFPRI,FAPRI-InternationalOrganisations,forexampleFAO,UN,OECD,WTO...-Electronicjournalarticles2.1.Objectivity-Thefindingsmustoriginatefromargumentationthroughconsiderationofdifferentacademicpositions,notfromprejudicesorarbitraryopinions(faculty03deanship2006,p.3)Theworkmustbeintersubjective,i.e.madestatementsmustbeexaminableforeveryone(Peter?en1994,p.25)2.3.ValidityThevalidityreferstothetopicofthework:Itintheworkmustbeactuallytreatedthat,whatthetitle,thetopicallege.TheworkmustgiveonlyanswerstothequestionsresultingfromthetopicNote:Theauthoroftheacademicworkshouldalwaysremainwiththetruthandalwaysindicateadoptedideasassuch.3.CitationTheauthorcanshow,thatshe/heisawareofthemajorareaofthoughtinthespecificfieldofstudyTosupportownviewpointsbyreferringtootherpeople'swork.TostrengthenyourownargumentToprovidedetailsorbackgroundInformationNote:theseparagraphismainlyorientedtothestatementsofProf.Dr.Leonh?userfromand“Aknowledgingsourcesofacademicwriting”30.09.20073.1.Directcitation(3)Examples:Languageissubjecttochange,andisnotcausedby?unnecessarysloppiness,lazinessorignorance“(Aitchison1981,p16).ForexampleinhismostfamousworkAitchisonargues,that:

Language,then,likeeverythingelse,graduallytransformsitselfoverthecenturies.Thereisnothingsurprisinginthis.Inaworldwherehumansgrowold,tadpoleschangeintofrogs,andmilkturnsintocheese,itwouldbestrangeiflanguagealoneremainedunaltered.Inspiteofthis,largenumbersofintelligentpeoplecondemnandresentlanguagechange,regardingalterationsasduetounnecessarysloppiness,lazinessorignorance(Aitchison1981,p.16).3.2.IndirectCitationIndirectquotationmeanstheparaphraseorsummeryofanotherauthor’sideasSourceacknowledgmentcanbeginwith“see”Longpassagescanbeintroducedwith“AsSmithputsit”ThesourceacknowledgmentappearsintheendofthewholepassageIfthesummarizedlineofthoughtsrefertoseveralauthors,theyallmustbespecified.RecitationToacknowledgetheideasofoneauthorfoundintheworkofanother,thein-textreferencemustmentiontwonames:

a.theauthoroftheideayouandb.thesourcewhereitwasfoundin.Forexample:(Wilson1989,citedinSmith1995,p.4).However,thereferencesshouldonlygivedetailsofthesourcewhereitwasfounditin(inthiscase,Smith1995).

3.3.Footnotes(1)-SomeauthorspreferthefootnotingsystemtotheAuthor-datesystem.Inthefootnotingsystem,nocitationsareputintothetext.-Allreferencesaresignpostedwithasmallsuperscriptnumberandthecitationappearsatthebottomofthepagewiththerelevantnumber.3.3.Footnotes(2)Atthefirstmention

ofasource,thefullreference(asitwouldappearinthereferencelist)pluspagenumberisrequiredForfollowingmentions,oneofthefollowingAbbreviationscanbeused:Ifthesourceisexactlythesameastheoneimmediatelybeforeit,thetermibidshouldbeused,plusthepagenumberifthatisdifferent.Ifthesourceisnotexactlythesameastheoneimmediatelybeforeit,usetheauthor’snameplusop.cit,plusthepagenumber.4.1.SelectionofthesistopicRelevancetothe

later

professionProofofadditionalquolificationsPossibilityofthe

further

qualification(PhD)Welldefined

topic

better

than

too

comprehensive

ones4.2.LiteratureResearch(1)SystematicMethod:SecondarySources(Encyclopaedias,Dictionaries)LibraryCatalogues(Books,Collectededitions,Journals,Newspapers,Magazines)BibliographiesOfficialPublicationsInternetSources(SubjectDatabases,InternetSubjectGateways)4.2.LiteratureResearch(2)PragmaticWay:Researchoftherelevantliteraturethroughthereferencelistofalreadyfoundsources.Notedisadvantages:Dangerof?closed-circle-system“Mostly

lessup-todatesourcesLiteratureResearchintheDigitalLibraryRelevantDatabases(1)Agris-AgriculturalSciencesandTechnology,FoodSciencesandEnvironmentalProtectionAgricola-AgriculturalSciencesinclusiveNutritionalSciencesRelevantDatabases(2)CABAbstracts-AgriculturalSciences,inclusiveNutritionalandForest,FoodandallrelatedSciences,RelevantDatabases(3)ELFIS-Agricultural,NutritionalandForestSciencesSearchingofArticlesinJournals(1)SearchingofArticlesinJournals(2)Selectionofboth:printed/electronicmagazinesandtheelectronicmagazi