英文LoaderAloaderisatypeofconstructionequipment(engineeringvehicle)machinerythatisprimarilyusedto"load"materialintoanothertypeofmachinery(dumptruck,conveyorbelt,rail-car,etc.).Loadersareusedmainlyforuploadingmaterialsintotrucks,layingpipe,clearingrubble,anddigging.Aloaderisnotthemostefficientmachinefordiggingasitcannotdigverydeepbelowthelevelofitswheels,likeabackhoecan.Theirdeepbucketcanusuallystoreabout3-6cubicmetersofearth.Thefrontloader'sbucketcapacityismuchbiggerthanabucketcapacityofabackhoeloader.Loadersarenotclassifiedasearthmovingmachinery,astheirprimarypurposeisotherthanearthmoving.Unlikemostbulldozers,mostloadersarewheeledandnottracked,althoughtrackloadersarecommon.Theyaresuccessfulwheresharpedgedmaterialsinconstructiondebriswoulddamage2rubberwheels,orwherethegroundissoftandmuddy.Wheelsprovidebettermobilityandspeedanddonotdamagepavedroadsasmuchastracks,butprovidelesstraction.Unlikestandardtractorsfittedwithafrontbucket,manylargeloadersdonotuseautomotivesteeringmechanisms.Instead,theysteerbyahydraulicallyactuatedpivotpointsetexactlybetweenthefrontandrearaxles.Thisisreferredtoas"articulatedsteering"andallowsthefrontaxletobesolid,allowingittocarrygreaterweight.Articulatedsteeringprovidesbettermaneuverabilityforagivenwheelbase.Sincethefrontwheelsandattachmentrotateonthesameaxis,theoperatorisableto"steer"hisloadinanarcafterpositioningthemachine,whichcanbeuseful.Theloaderassemblymaybearemovableattachmentorpermanentlymounted.Oftenthebucketcanbereplacedwithotherdevicesortools--forexample,manycanmountforkstoliftheavypalletsorshippingcontainers,andahydraulically-opening"clamshell"bucketallowsaloadertoactasalightdozerorscraper.Inconstructionareasloadersarealsousedtotransportbuildingmaterials-suchasbricks,pipe,metalbars,anddiggingtools-overshortdistances.Loadersarealsousedforsnowremoval,usingtheirbucketorasnowbasket,butusuallyusingasnowplowattachment.Theyclearsnowfromstreets,highwaysandparkinglots.Theysometimesloadsnowintodumptrucksfortransport.Frontloadersgainedpopularityduringthelasttwodecades,especiallyinurbanengineeringprojectsandsmallearthmovingworks.Manyengineeringvehiclemanufacturersofferawiderangeofloaders,themostnotablearethoseofJohnDeere,Caterpillar,Case,Volvo,KomatsuandLiebherr.ThefollowingwewillintroduceCarter938GSeriesIIWheelLoader.EngineThe938GIIprovidesmorepower,excellentfueleconomy,andreducedmaintenance.Turbocharged,ATAAC.Turbochargingpacksdenseairintothecylindersformorecompletecombustionandloweremissions.Air-to-airaftercooling(ATAAC)providesaseparatecoolingsystemforintakemanifoldair.TheATAACsystemreducessmokeandemissionsbyprovidingcoolerinletairformoreefficientcombustion.ConstantNetHorsepower.The938GII’selectronicengineisintegratedwithanon-demandcoolingfan.Theenginecompensatesforvaryingfanloadsandprovidesconstantnethorsepower,regardlessofoperatingconditions.Aconsistentlevelof“working”horsepowerisprovidedandfuelconsumptionisreduced.OilChangeIntervals.Theengineoilchangeintervalisincreasedto500hours(withCH-4oil),reducingcostsanddowntimePowerfulPerformance.The3126BATAACenginedeliversnetpowerof119kW(160hp),andmeetsEPATier2emissionsstandards.Itsadvancedsystemkeepsfuelatlowpressureinthefuellinesuntilitisinjectedintothecylinder.FuelpressureiscreatedhydraulicallyinresponsetoasignalfromtheADEMIII?ElectronicControlModule.ElectronicControlModule.TheAdvancedDieselEngineModule(ADEMIII)fuelsystemisaproprietaryelectroniccontrolmodule,whichprovidesimprovedengineresponseandfuelefficiency,plusadvanceddiagnosticsandreducedemissions.Altitudecapabilityisincreasedto3050meters(10,000feet)withoutderating.ADEMIIIallowsfullelectronicintegrationoftheengineandtransmissionformaximumpowertrainefficiency.PowerTrainAdvancedCaterpillarpowertrainisreliableandfuelefficient.ElectronicPowerShiftTransmission.TheelectronicpowershifttransmissionwithautomaticshiftcapabilityisacountershaftdesignbuiltbyCaterpillar.Itiselectronicallycontrolledandallowsfullpowershiftsanddirectionalchanges.Fullymodulatedgearshiftscontributetooperatorcomfortandincreasecomponentlife.ElectronicClutchPressureControl(ECPC).Sensesinputfromboththetransmissionandtheoperatorcontrolsinthecabtomodulateeachindividualclutchthroughaproportionalelectro-hydraulicvalve.Thisresultsinsmoothergearchangesandimprovedshiftquality.Energyismodulatedintotheclutches,resultinginlongerclutchlife.IntegratedBrakingSystem.NewforGSeriesII,IBSintegratesdownshiftingandtransmissionneutralizationintotheleft-handbrakepedal.IBSprovidessmooth,optimizedtransmissionneutralizerperformancewithagreaterrangeofadjustability.TheIntegratedBrakingSystemalsolowersowningandoperatingcostsbyreducingaxleoiltemperatures,whichcanextendservicebrakelife.EasyService.Dailytransmissionoillevelcheckisdonefromthegroundthroughawell-protectedsightgauge.Anoilsamplingvalveallowsquick,cleanaccesstothetransmissionforSOSSMoilanalysis.CoolingSystemNewGSeriesIIcoolingpackagereducesradiatorpluggingandimprovesfuelefficiency.ReverseFlow.Airentersthroughthereargrillandexitsoutthetopopeningandsidehooddoors.Rearairflowpicksuplessdebrisfromtheground,reducingplugging.ImprovedSystemAccess.The938GIIaddsaswing-outgrill,hydraulicoilcoolerandairconditionercondenserforeasiercleaning.Sidepanelsopentoallowaccesstobothsidesofallcoresforcleaning.AheavydutyAirborneDebrisGrill,with4mmperforationsisavailableasanattachment.On-DemandFan.Electronicallycontrolled,variablespeedon-demandfanadjuststomeetthevaryingcoolingrequirementsofthemachine.Fanspeedisdeterminedbyoil,coolantandinletmanifoldtemperatures.Incooleroperatingconditions,averagefanspeedisreduced,resultinginlessfuelconsumption,lowernoiselevelsandlessradiatorplugging.UnitCoreRadiator.Newunitcoreradiatorwithsquarewaveshapedfins.Lowerfindensity(6finsperinch)allowsdebristopassthroughmoreeasily.EnvironmentalFeaturesCaterpillarcaresabouttheenvironmentandcontinuestodevelopinnovativesolutions.LowExhaustEmissions.TheCat3126BATAACengineusedinthe938GSeriesIIisalowemissionenginedesignedtomeetTier2emissionregulations.Itiselectronicallycontrolled,withair-to-airaftercoolingformoreefficientcombustionandcleaneremissions.ReducedSound.Theelectronicon-demandfanautomaticallyregulatesfanspeeddependingoncoolingrequirements.Thefandrawslesshorsepowerincoolerambienttemperatures,whichreducesfuelconsumption.Soundlevelsarealsoreducedwhenthefanslowsdown.Thereisadditionalinsulationaroundtheenginetoreducesoundlevels.EnvironmentalFluids.ExtendedLifeCoolant/Antifreezewithanti-foamingandanti-corrosionpropertiesprovideextendedserviceintervals(upto6000hours)andrequireslessfrequentfluidchangesanddisposals.AirconditioningrefrigerantisCFC-free.OperatorStationTheultimateinwheelloaderoperatorcomfortandefficiency.Steering.Lowefforthandmeteringunitsteering.Tiltsteeringcolumnhelpsfitthewheeltotheoperator.Loadsensingsteeringdirectspowerthroughthesteeringsystemonlywhenneeded.Whennotsteering,moreenginepowerisavailabletogeneraterimpull,breakoutandliftforces.ExcellentVisibility.Thefrontwindowprovidesremarkableforwardandperipheralviewing,includingthemachinewheelsandbucketcorners.Bondedglassinthewindshieldeliminatesframeobstructions.Theslopinghoodprovidesexcellentvisibilitytotherearofthemachine.FingerTipControls.Newpilot-assistedhydraulicimplementcontrolsdelivercomfortable,low-effortoperation.SingleleverjoystickandliftleverF-N-Rswitchareavailableasattachments.NewInstrumentCluster.Gauges,statusindicatorsandalertindicatorsarenowcentrallylocated.3-levelwarningsystemmonitorskeyfunctions.Thesystemalertstheoperatorofimmediateorimpendingproblemswithengineoilpressure,parkingbrake,fuelpressure,electricalsystem,brakeoilpressure,hydraulicoiltemperature,transmissionfilterbypass,engineinletmanifoldtemperature,primarysteeringoilpressureandtheairinletheater.LEDwarningindicatorswithnobulbstoreplace.CabAccess.Leftandrightsidedoorsswingopen180degreesandlatchforoptimalventilation,visibilityandcommunicationtogroundlevel.Leftandrightsideslidingwindowsareavailableasanattachment.Fullserviceplatformsareprovidedonbothsidesofthemachineforsafetyandeasymaintenanceaccess.FloorMountedPedals.Allpedalsincludingthenewelectronicgovernor,arefloormountedforgreateroperatorcomfort.LeftpedalincorporatesthenewIntegratedBrakingSystemthatcombinesservicebrake,transmissionneutralizeranddownshiftfunctions.GenerousStorageSpace.Compartmentsforlunchbox,coolersandcups.SeatOptions.Thestandardclothandvinylseatadjusts6ways.AnewCaterpillarContourairsuspensionseat(attachment)providesincreasedoperatorcomfortwith6-wayadjustmentandautomotive-stylelumbarsupport.ElectronicAutoshiftControl.Setformanualoroneoftwofullyautomaticshiftingmodes.RideControlSystemSwitch.Attachmentthatreducesforeandaftpitchforasmoother,morecomfortableride.Allowstheselectionofthreedifferentmodes:Off-alwaysoffservice.On-alwaysinservice.Auto-thesystemisautomaticallyactuatedwhenthemachinetravelsataspeedgreaterthan9km(6mph).TransmissionNeutralizerLockoutSwitch.Rockerswitchthatlocksouttheneutralizer.Defaultsbacktoneutralizer"on”uponmachinestartup.譯文裝載機裝載機是一種主要用于向另一種機械（自卸車、輸送皮帶、鐵路運輸車輛等“裝載”物料的建設(shè)機械（工程車輛）設(shè)備。裝載機主要用于向卡車裝載物料，以及鋪設(shè)管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作為挖土作業(yè)裝載機不是最有效的機械，與挖掘機不同，裝載機不適用于輪胎支承面以下較深處的挖掘作業(yè)。裝載機的深底鏟斗一般可裝載3?6立方米的土壤。鏟斗前置裝載機的斗容量遠大于挖掘裝載機的斗容量。裝載機不屬于鏟土運輸機械，因其主要用途并非土方運輸。盡管履帶式裝載機是普遍的，但與大多數(shù)推土機不同，大多數(shù)裝載機是輪式的而并非履帶式。履帶式裝載機適用于棱角銳利的建筑材料會破壞橡膠輪胎的場合，或者在松軟泥濘道路上的作業(yè)。輪式裝載機具有良好的機動性和較高的工作速度，并且不像履帶那樣破壞鋪裝路面，但其所能提供的牽引力較小。與安裝前置鏟斗的標準拖拉機不同，許多大型裝載機不使用汽車轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)。取而代之，它們通過液壓驅(qū)動的安裝于前、后橋之間的轉(zhuǎn)向鉸接裝置轉(zhuǎn)向。這種轉(zhuǎn)向稱為“鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向”，它可使前橋固定，并使其承受更大的重量。對于一定的軸距鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向提供了較好的機動性。由于前輪與工作裝置繞同一車軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，駕駛員在使機械定位后可使鏟斗沿弧線“轉(zhuǎn)向”，這一點是實用的。裝載機的工作裝置可以是更換式的或者是固定安裝。鏟斗常?？捎闷渌b置或工具更換，例如，許多裝載機可以安裝叉車工裝提升重型貨物或者裝運集裝箱，裝備液壓開啟式“蛤殼”型鏟斗可以使裝載機像推土機或鏟運機一樣作業(yè)。在各種建筑工地上裝載機也經(jīng)常用來近距離轉(zhuǎn)運建筑材料，例如磚塊、管材、鋼筋、各種挖掘工具等。借助鏟斗或除雪鏟，裝載機也用于除雪作業(yè)，但通常使用除雪裝置。它們用來清除街道、公路和停車場上的積雪。有時用裝載機將積雪裝載到自卸車上進行運輸。近20年來，特別是在城市建設(shè)工程和小型土方運輸工程中，裝載機獲得了普遍的應(yīng)用。許多工程車輛制造商可生產(chǎn)多種類型的裝載機，其中最知名的有約翰迪爾、卡特彼勒、凱斯、沃爾沃、小松和利勃海爾等品牌。下面我們將介紹卡特938GII系列輪式裝載機。發(fā)動機這個938GII提供更大的動力，優(yōu)良的燃油經(jīng)濟性，并減少維修。渦輪增壓，ATAAC。渦輪增壓使包裹著更大密度的空氣進入汽缸以便更完全的燃燒，更少的排放物。ATAAC提供了一個獨立的冷卻空氣進氣系統(tǒng)。ATAAC系統(tǒng)通過冷卻進氣空氣使更完全的燃燒從而減少煙氣的排放。恒定的凈功率：該938GII的電子引擎集成了可調(diào)節(jié)散熱風扇。不管什么樣的工作條件，發(fā)動機風扇補償了變化的負載，并提供恒定的凈馬力。一個恒定馬力的“工作”狀態(tài)被提供并且燃料消耗降低。換油周期。該發(fā)動機機油更換間隔增加至500小時（用CH-4油），降低了成本和停機時間。該3126BATAAC發(fā)動機提供119千瓦（160馬力）的凈功率，并符合美國環(huán)保署2級排放標準。其先進的系統(tǒng)在燃料管線上保持低壓，直到它被注入氣缸。燃油壓力產(chǎn)生液壓從電子控制模塊中做出響應(yīng)信號。電子控制模塊：先進的柴油引擎模塊燃料系統(tǒng)是一種專有的電子控制模塊，它提供了改進的發(fā)動機響應(yīng)和燃油效率，再加上先進的診斷減少了排放量。爬坡能力提高到三千零五十零米（10,000英尺）。ADEMIII允許電子發(fā)動機一體化使傳動系傳輸效率最高。傳動系統(tǒng)卡特動力系統(tǒng)先進可靠，省油。電子式動力換擋變速器.電子式自動換擋變速箱自動換擋能力是一個被卡特彼勒建成的中間軸設(shè)計。它是電子控制，并允許全功率的變化和方向變化。充分調(diào)制換檔有助于提高操作員舒適性和元件壽命。電子離合器壓力控制（ECPC）。來自傳動裝置和操作員在駕駛室控制的感官輸入通過各比例電動液壓閥來調(diào)制離合器。這就有了換檔順暢和改善換擋質(zhì)量這樣的結(jié)果。能源被調(diào)制到離合器中，使離合器的壽命較長。綜合制動系統(tǒng)：新的GII系列，IBS集成低速變速器進入左邊的剎車踏板。IBS提供平穩(wěn)，更大范圍的可調(diào)節(jié)性能優(yōu)化的傳動裝置。綜合制動系統(tǒng)還能通過減少車軸油的溫度降低生產(chǎn)費用，那可以延長制動器壽命成本。便于維修：通過被防護的觀測計從接觸面檢查每日傳動油油位.一個油采樣閥門允許快速，清理傳動裝置進口為獲得S