課文原文1-7Unit1TheHiddenSideofHappiness1Hurricanes,housefires,cancer,whitewaterraftingaccidents,planecrashes,viciousattacksindarkalleyways.Nobodyasksforanyofit.Buttotheirsurprise,manypeoplefindthatenduringsuchaharrowingordealultimatelychangesthemforthebetter.Theirrefrainmightgosomethinglikethis:"Iwishithadn'thappened,butI'mabetterpersonforit."1颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會(huì)使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說:“我希望這事沒發(fā)生，但因?yàn)樗易兊酶昝懒??！?Welovetohearthestoriesofpeoplewhohavebeentransformedbytheirtribulations,perhapsbecausetheytestifytoabonafidetypeofpsychologicaltruth,onethatsometimesgetslostamidendlessreportsofdisaster:Thereseemstobeabuilt-inhumancapacitytoflourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances.Positiveresponsestoprofoundlydisturbingexperiencesarenotlimitedtothetoughestorthebravest.Infact,roughlyhalfthepeoplewhostrugglewithadversitysaythattheirlivessubsequentlyinsomewaysimproved.2我們都愛聽人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事，可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證實(shí)了一條真正的心理學(xué)上的真理，這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒在無數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮發(fā)向上的能力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來。人都說他們的生活從此在某些方面有了改善。3Thisandotherpromisingfindingsaboutthelife-changingeffectsofcrisesaretheprovinceofthenewscienceofpost-traumaticgrowth.Thisfledglingfieldhasalreadyprovedthetruthofwhatoncepassedasbromide:Whatdoesn'tkillyoucanactuallymakeyoustronger.Post-traumaticstressisfarfromtheonlypossibleoutcome.Inthewakeofeventhemostterrifyingexperiences,onlyasmallproportionofadultsbecomechronicallytroubled.Morecommonly,peoplerebound-oreveneventuallythrive.3諸如此類有關(guān)危機(jī)改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)這一新學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實(shí)了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理:大難不死，意志彌堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會(huì)受到長(zhǎng)期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會(huì)恢復(fù)過來—甚至最終會(huì)成功發(fā)達(dá)。4Thosewhoweatheradversitywellarelivingproofoftheparadoxesofhappiness.Weneedmorethanpleasuretolivethebestpossiblelife.Ourcontemporaryquestforhappinesshasshriveledtoahuntforbliss-alifeprotectedfrombadfeelings,freefrompainandconfusion.4那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動(dòng)例證:為了盡可能地過上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)幸福的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。5Thisanodynedefinitionofwell-beingleavesoutthebetterhalfofthestory,therich,fulljoythatcomesfromameaningfullife.Itisthedarkmatterofhappiness,theineffablequalityweadmireinwisemenandwomenandaspiretocultivateinourownlives.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthepeoplewhohavesufferedthemost,whohavebeenforcedtocontendwithshockstheyneveranticipatedandtorethinkthemeaningoftheirlives,mayhavethemosttotellusaboutthatprofoundandintenselyfulfillingjourneythatphilosophersusedtocallthesearchfor"thegoodlife".5這種對(duì)幸福的平淡定義忽略了問題的主要方面—種富有意義的生活所帶來的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)—是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信砩纤蕾p到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人-他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義—或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以強(qiáng)烈滿足感的人生經(jīng)歷(哲學(xué)家們過去稱之為對(duì)“美好生活”的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。6Thisbroaderdefinitionofgoodlivingblendsdeepsatisfactionandaprofoundconnectiontoothersthroughempathy.Itisdominatedbyhappyfeelingsbutseasonedalsowithnostalgiaandregret."Happinessisonlyoneamongmanyvaluesinhumanlife,"contendsLauraKing,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouriinColumbia.Compassion,wisdom,altruism,insight,creativity-sometimesonlythetrialsofadversitycanfosterthesequalities,becausesometimesonlydrasticsituationscanforceustotakeonthepainfulprocessofchange.Toliveafullhumanlife,atranquil,carefreeexistenceisnotenough.Wealsoneedtogrow-andsometimesgrowinghurts.6這種對(duì)美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要許許多多人生價(jià)值中的一種?！贝缺⒅腔?、無私、.洞察力及創(chuàng)造力—有時(shí)只有經(jīng)歷逆境的考驗(yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡纯嗟母淖冞^程。只過安寧的、無憂無慮的生活是不足以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)我們也需要成長(zhǎng)-盡管有時(shí)成長(zhǎng)是痛苦的。7InadarkroominQueens,NewYork,31-year-oldfashiondesignerTracyCyrbelievedshewasdying.Afewmonthsbefore,shehadstoppedtakingthepowerfulimmune-suppressingdrugsthatkeptherarthritisincheck.Sheneveranticipatedwhatwouldhappen:awithdrawalreactionsthateventuallyleftherintotalbodyagonyandneurologicalmeltdown.Theslightestmovement-tryingtoswallow,fqrexample-wasexcruciating.Eventhepressureofhercheekonthepillowwasalmostunbearable.7在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西?塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前，她已烈疼痛，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問題。最輕微的動(dòng)作—比如說試著吞咽—對(duì)她來說也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8Cyrisnowimp-diagnosedwithjuvenilerheumatoidarthritisattheageoftwo,shehadenduredthesymptomsandthetreatments(drugs,surgery)herwholelife.Butthistime,shewasway6pastherlimits,andnothingherdoctorsdidseemedtohelp.Eitherthediseasewasgoingtokillheror,prettysoon,shefeltshemighthavetokillherself.8塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍?受著病癥和治療(藥物、要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。9Ashersleeplessnightsworeon,though,hersuicidalthoughtsbegantobeinterruptedbynewfeelingsofgratitude.Shewasstillinagony,butanewconsciousnessgrewstrongereachnight:anawesomesenseofliberation,combinedwithanall-encompassingfeelingofsympathyandcompassion."IfeltstrippedofeverythingI'deveridentifiedmyselfwith,"shesaidsixmonthslater."EverythingIthoughtI'dknownorbelievedinwasuseless-time,money,self-image,perception.Recognizingthatwassofreeing."9然而，在經(jīng)歷了若干個(gè)不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜都變得更加強(qiáng)烈:一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感?！拔腋械介g、金錢、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法—都毫無價(jià)值了。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫?！?0Withinafewmonths,shebegantobeabletomovemorefreely,thankstoacocktailofsteroidsandotherdrugs.Shesaysnowthere'snoquestionthatherlifeisbetter."lfeltIhadbeenshownthesecretoflifeandwhywe'rehere:tobehappyandtonurtureotherlife.It'sthatsimple."10在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開始能夠更加自如地活動(dòng)了。她說，毫無疑問她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)?！拔腋杏X我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂地生活，同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡(jiǎn)單!”11Hermind-blowingexperiencecameasatotalsurprise.Butthatfeelingoftransformationisinsomewaystypical,saysRichTedeschi,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofNorthCarolinainCharlottewhocoinedtheterm"post-traumaticgrowth".Hisstudiesofpeoplewhohaveenduredextremeevents,likecombat,violentcrimeorsuddenseriousillnessshowthatmostfeeldazedandanxiousintheimmediateaftermath;theyarepreoccupiedwiththeideathattheirliveshavebeenshattered.Afewarehauntedlongafterwardbymemoryproblems,sleeptroubleandsimilarsymptomsofpost-traumaticstressdisorder7.ButTedeschiandothershavefoundthatformanypeople-perhapseventhemajority-lifeultimatelybecomesricherandmoreGratifying.11她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來納大學(xué)夏洛特分校心理學(xué)教授里奇?特德斯基認(rèn)為，這種暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來說，生活最終會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。12Somethingsimilarhappenstomanypeoplewhoexperienceaterrifyingphysicalthreat.Inthatmoment,oursenseofinvulnerabilityispierced,andtheself-protectivementalarmorthatnormallystandsbetweenusandourperceptionsoftheworldistornaway.Oureverydaylifescripts-ourhabits,self-perceptionsandassumptions-gooutthewindow,andweareleftwitharawexperienceoftheworld.12識(shí)和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。13Still,actuallyimplementingthesechanges,aswellasfullycomingtotermswithanewreality,usuallytakesconsciouseffort.Beingwillingandabletotakeonthisprocessisoneofthemajordifferencesbetweenthosewhogrowthroughadversityandthosewhoaredestroyedbyit.Thepeoplewhofindvalueinadversityaren'tthetoughestorthemostrational.Whatmakesthemdifferentisthattheyareabletoincorporatewhathappenedintothestoryoftheirownlife.13個(gè)過程，就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)別之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中?！?4Eventually,theymayfindthemselvesfreedinwaystheyneverimagined.Survivorssaytheyhavebecomemoretolerantandforgivingofothers,capableofbringingpeacetoformerlytroubledrelationships.Theysaythatmaterialambitionssuddenlyseemsillyandthepleasuresoffriendsandfamilyparamount-andthatthecrisisallowedthemtorecognizelifeinlinewiththeirnewpriorities.14人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無聊，而朋友和家庭帶來的快樂變得極為重要，他們還說危機(jī)使他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來重新認(rèn)識(shí)生活。15Peoplewhohavegrownfromadversityoftenfeelmuchlessfear,despitethefrighteningthingsthey'vebeenthrough.Theyaresurprisedbytheirownstrength,confidentthattheycanhandlewhateverelselifethrowsatthem."Peopledon'tsaythatwhattheywentthroughwaswonderful,"saysTedeschi."Theyweren'tmeaningtogrowfromit.Theywerejusttryingtosurvive.Butinretrospect,whattheygainedwasmorethantheyeveranticipated."15從災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)起來的人盡管經(jīng)歷過恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對(duì)自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說:“人們不會(huì)說他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。他們并不16InhisrecentbookSatisfaction,EmoryUniversitypsychiatristGregoryBernspointstoextremeenduranceathleteswhopushthemselvestotheirphysicallimitsfordaysatatime.Theycyclethroughthesamesequenceofsensationsasdotraumasurvivors:self-loss,confusionand,finally,anewsenseofmastery.Forultramarathoners,whoregularlyrun100-mileracesthatlastmorethan24hours,vomitingandhallucinatingarenormal.Afteradayandnightofrunningwithoutstoppingorsleeping,competitorssometimesforgetwhotheyareandwhattheyaredoing.16埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《滿足》中指出，極限耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員每次訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺過程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)于經(jīng)常跑超過24小時(shí)的l00英里比賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員來說，嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競(jìng)賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰，忘了自己在干什么。17Foramorecommonexampleofgrowththroughadversity,looktooneoflife'sbiggestchallenges:parenting.Havingababyhasbeenshowntodecreaselevelsofhappiness.Thesleepdeprivationandthenecessityofputtingasidepersonalpleasureinordertocareforaninfantmeanthatpeoplewithnewbornsaremorelikelytobedepressedandfindtheirmarriageontherocks.Nonetheless,overthelonghaul,raisingachildisoneofthemostrewardingandmeaningfulofallhumanundertakings.Theshort-termsacrificeofhappinessisoutweighedbyotherbenefits,likefulfillment,altruismandthechancetoleaveameaningfulLegacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成長(zhǎng)的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。生育孩子一直被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來，養(yǎng)育孩子是所有人類活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)間內(nèi)犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無私以及有機(jī)會(huì)留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。18Ultimately,theemotionalrewardcancompensateforthepainanddifficultyofadversity.Thisperspectivedoesnotcanceloutwhathappened,butitputsitallinadifferentcontext:thatit'spossibletoliveanextraordinaryrewardinglifeevenwithintheconstraintsandstrugglesweface.Insomeformorother,saysKing,weallmustgothroughthisrealization."You'renotgoingtobethepersonyouthoughtyouwere,buthere'swhoyouaregoingtobeinstead-andthatturnsouttobeaprettygreatlife."18這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來看待，..那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價(jià)之的是一個(gè)新的你—而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從此將非常美好?！盪nit4IsGoogleMakingUsStupid1.OverthepastfewyearsI'vehadanuncomfortablesensethatsomeone,orsomething,hasbeentinkeringwithmybrain,remappingtheneuralcircuitry,reprogramingthememory.Mymindisn'tsofarasIcantell一butit'schanging.I'mnotthinkingthewayIusedtothink.IcanfeelitmostwhenI’mreading.Immersingmyselfinabookoralengthyarticleusedtobeeasy.Mymindwouldgetcaughtupinthenarrativeortheturnsoftheargument,andI’dspendhoursstrollingthroughlongstretchesofprose.That'srarelythecaseanymore.Nowmyconcentrationoftenstartstodriftaftertwoorthreepages.Igetfidgety,losethethread,beginlookingforsomethingelsetodo.IfeelasifI'malwaysdraggingmywaywardbrainbacktothetext.Thedeepreadingthatusedtocomenaturallyhasbecomeastruggle.1在過去的幾年里，我老有一種不祥之感，覺得有什么人，或什么東西，一直在我腦袋里搗鼓不停，重繪我的腦電圖，重寫我的腦內(nèi)存。我的思想倒沒跑掉—到目前為止我還能這么說，但它正在改變。我的思維方式在變。這種感覺在我閱讀的時(shí)候尤為強(qiáng)烈。過去總是不費(fèi)勁就能讓自己沉浸在一本書或一篇長(zhǎng)文章中，被其中的敘述或不同的論點(diǎn)深深吸引。我還會(huì)花數(shù)小時(shí)徜徉在長(zhǎng)篇散文中?？扇缃襁@都不靈了?，F(xiàn)在，我翻上兩三頁書，注意力就開始不集中了。我會(huì)變得煩躁，抓不住重點(diǎn)，開始想找點(diǎn)其他的事情做。我感覺我似乎要硬拖著我任性的大腦才能回到文章中。原本輕松自然的深度閱讀，已成了痛苦掙扎。2.IthinkIknowwhat'sgoingon.Formorethanadecadenow,I'vebeenspendingalotoftimeonline,searchingandsurfingandsometimesaddingtothegreatdatabasesoftheInternet.TheWebhasbeenagodsendtomeasawriter.Researchthatoncerequireddaysinthestacksorperiodicalroomsoflibrariescannowbedoneinminutes.AfewGooglesearches,somequickclicksonhyperlinks,andI'vegotthetelltalefactorpithyquoteIwasafter.EvenwhenI'mnotworking,I'maslikelyasnottobeforagingintheWeb'sinfo-thickets2-readingandwritingemails,scanningheadlinesandblogposts,watchingvideosandlisteningtopodcasts,orjusttrippingfromlinktolinktolink.(Unlikefootnotes,towhichthey'resometimeslikened,hyperlinksdon'tmerelypointtorelatedworks;theypropelyoutowardthem.)2我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年來，我在網(wǎng)上花了好多時(shí)間，在因特網(wǎng)的信息汪洋中沖浪、搜尋、添加。對(duì)作家而言，網(wǎng)絡(luò)就像個(gè)天上掉下來的聚寶盆。過去要在書堆里或圖書館的期刊閱覽室中花上好幾天做的研究，現(xiàn)在幾分鐘就齊活。“谷歌”幾下，快速點(diǎn)開幾個(gè)鏈接，就可以找到我所需要的事實(shí)或者精煉的引證。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息豐富的網(wǎng)絡(luò)里遨游—收發(fā)電子郵件、瀏覽頭條新聞、點(diǎn)擊博客、看視頻、聽播客關(guān)作品;它們還驅(qū)使你去點(diǎn)擊創(chuàng)門。)3.Forme,asforothers,theNetisbecomingauniversa一medium,theconduitformostoftheinformationthatflowsthroughmyeyesandearsandintomymind.Theadvantagesofhavingimmediateaccesstosuchanincrediblyrichstoreofinformationaremany,andthey'vebeenwidelydescribedanddulyapplauded."Theperfectrecallofsiliconmemory,"Wired's0CliveThompsonhaswritten,"canbeanenormousboontothinking."Butthatbooncomesataprice.AsthemediatheoristMarshallMcLuhanpointedoutinthe1960s,mediaarenotjustpassivechannelsofinformation.Theysupplythestuffofthought,buttheyalsoshapetheprocessofthought.AndwhattheNetseemstobedoingischippingawayatmycapacityforconcentrationandcontemplation.MymindnowexpectstotakeininformationthewaytheNetdistributesit:inaswiftlymovingstreamofparticles.OnceIwasascubadiverintheseaofwords.NowIzipalongthesurfacelikeaguyonaJetSki.3對(duì)我來說，像對(duì)其他人也一樣，網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)成為了一種通用的媒介，大部分信息都通過這個(gè)渠道進(jìn)人我們的眼、耳，最后進(jìn)人我們的大腦。能從這樣一個(gè)異常豐富的信息庫中直接獲取信息，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是很多的，而且也得到了廣泛的描述和適當(dāng)?shù)馁澴u(yù)?！肮璐鎯?chǔ)器的完美記憶性，”《連線》雜志的克萊夫?湯普森寫道，“對(duì)于思想來說是一個(gè)60年代所指出的那樣，媒體可不只是被動(dòng)的信息渠道。它們不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的進(jìn)程。網(wǎng)絡(luò)似乎我是文字海洋中的潛水者，現(xiàn)在我則像是摩托艇騎手在海面上風(fēng)馳電掣。4.I’mnottheonlyone.WhenImentionmytroubleswithreadingtofriendsandtypes,mostofthem-manysaythey'rehavingsimilarexperiences.ThemoretheyusetheWeb,themoretheyhavetofighttostayfocusedonlongpiecesofwriting.SomeofthebloggersIfollowhavealsobegunmentioningthephenomenon.ScottKarp,whowritesablogaboutonlinemedia,recentlyconfessedthathehasstoppedreadingbooksaltogether."Iwasalitmajorincollege,andusedtobeavoraciousbookreader,"hewrote."Whathappened?"Hespeculatesontheanswer:"WhatifIdoallmyreadingonthewebnotsomuchbecausethewayIreadhaschanged,i.e.I'mjustseekingconvenience,butbecausethewayIthinkhaschanged?"4我并不是唯一一個(gè)有此感覺的人。當(dāng)我向文學(xué)界的朋友和熟人提到我在閱讀方面的困擾，許多人說他們也有同樣的感受。他們上網(wǎng)越多，在閱讀長(zhǎng)文章時(shí)，就越難集中精力。我所關(guān)注的一些博主也提到了類似的現(xiàn)象。斯科理由與其說是我的閱讀方式發(fā)生了改變，比如，我只是圖個(gè)方便，不如說是我的思維方式在發(fā)生變化，那么我該怎么辦呢?”5.BruceFriedman,whoblogsregularlyabouttheuseofcomputersinmedicine,alsohasdescribedhowtheInternethasalteredhismentalhabits."Inowhavealmosttotallylosttheabilitytoreadandabsorbalongisharticleontheweborinprint,"hewroteearlierthisyear.ApathologistwhohaslongbeenonthefacultyoftheUniversityofMichiganMedicalSchool,Friedmanelaboratedonhiscommentinatelephoneconversationwithme.Histhinking,hesaid,hastakenona"staccato"quality,reflectingthewayhequicklyscansshortpassagesoftextfrommanysourcesonline."Ican'treadWarandPeaceanymore,"headmitted"I'velosttheabilitytodothat.Evenablogpostofmorethanthreeorfourparagraphistoomuchtoabsorb.Iskimit."5習(xí)慣?！吧蚤L(zhǎng)些的文章，不管是網(wǎng)上的還是已經(jīng)出版的，我現(xiàn)在幾乎已經(jīng)完全喪失了閱讀它們的能力?！痹诿苄髮W(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院長(zhǎng)期任教的病理學(xué)家布魯斯，弗里德曼在電話里告訴我，由于上網(wǎng)快速瀏覽文章的習(xí)慣，他的思維呈現(xiàn)出一種“碎讀”特性。“我再也讀不了《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》了?！备ダ锏侣姓J(rèn)，“我失去了這個(gè)本事。即便是一篇長(zhǎng)達(dá)三四段的博客也難以消化。我只能略微瀏覽一下?！?.Anecdotesalonedon'tprovemuch.Andwestillawaitthelong-termneurologicalandpsychologicalexperimentsthatwillprovideadefinitivepictureofhowtheInternetuseaffectscognition.Butarecentlypublishedstudyofonlineresearchhabits,conductedbyscholarsfromUniversityCollegeLondon,suggeststhatwemaywellbeinthemidstofaseachangeinthewaywereadandthink.Aspartofthefive-yearresearchprogram,thescholarsexaminedcomputerlogs'documentingthebehaviorofvisitorstotwopopularresearchsites,oneoperatedbytheBritishLibraryandonebyaUKeducationalconsortium,thatprovideaccesstojournalarticles,e-books,andothersourcesofwritteninformation.Theyfoundthatpeopleusingthesitesexhibited"aformofskimmingactivity",hoppingfromonesourcetoanotherandrarelyreturningtoanysourcethey'dalreadyvisited.Theytypicallyreadnomorethanoneortwopagesofanarticleorbookbeforetheywould"bounce"outtoanothersite.Sometimesthey'dsavealongarticle,butthere'snoevidencethattheyeverwentbackandactuallyreadit.6僅僅是趣聞?shì)W事還不能證明什么。我們?nèi)栽诘却L(zhǎng)期的神經(jīng)學(xué)和心理學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，這將給因特網(wǎng)如何影響到我們的認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)權(quán)威的定論。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的學(xué)者做了一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)研讀習(xí)慣的研究并發(fā)表了研究結(jié)果。該研究指出，我們可能已經(jīng)徹底置身于閱讀與思考方式的巨變之中了。作為五年研究計(jì)劃的一部分，學(xué)者們檢測(cè)了計(jì)算機(jī)日志，它跟蹤記錄了兩個(gè)流行的搜索網(wǎng)站的用戶行為。其中一個(gè)網(wǎng)站是英國圖書館的，另一個(gè)是英國教育社團(tuán)的，他們提供了期刊論文、電子書以及其他一些文獻(xiàn)資源。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們上網(wǎng)時(shí)呈現(xiàn)出“一種浮光掠影般的形式”，總是7.ThankstotheubiquityoftextontheInternet,nottomentionthepopularityoftext-messagingoncellphones,wemaywellbereadingmoretodaythanwedidinthe1970sor1980s,whentelevisionwasourmediumofchoice.Butit'sadifferentkindofreading,andbehinditliesadifferentkindofthinking-perhapsevenanewsenseoftheself.'"Wearenotonlywhatweread,"saysMaryanneWolf,adevelopmentalpsychologistatTuftsUniversityandtheauthorofProustandtheSquid:TheStoryandScienceoftheReadingBrain,"Wearehowweread."WolfworriesthatthestyleofreadingpromotedbytheNet,astylethatputs"efficiency"and"immediacy"aboveallelse,maybeweakeningourcapacityforthekindofdeepreadingthatemergedwhenanearliertechnology,theprintingpress,madelongandcomplexworksofprosecommonplace.Whenwereadonline,shesays,wetendtobecome"meredecodersofinformation".Ourabilitytointerprettext,tomaketherichmentalconnectionsthatformwhenwereaddeeplyandwithoutdistraction,remainslargelydisengaged.7多虧鋪天蓋地的網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本，更別說當(dāng)下時(shí)興的手機(jī)短信，可供我們閱讀的東西很可能比上世紀(jì)七八十年代要多了，那時(shí)，我們選擇的媒體還是電視。但是，這已是另一種閱讀模式，背后隱藏的是另一種思考方式—也許甚至維的科學(xué)與故事》的作者瑪麗安娜?沃爾夫說，“閱讀方式也體現(xiàn)了我們自身?！蔽譅柗驌?dān)憂，網(wǎng)絡(luò)所倡導(dǎo)的將“豐的發(fā)明，有了它，長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的散文作品也相當(dāng)普遍了。然而，她說，當(dāng)我們?cè)诰€閱讀時(shí)，我們往往只是一“信息解8.Reading,explainsWolf,isnotaninstinctiveskillforhumanbeings.It'snotetchedintoourgenesthewayspeechis.Wehavetoteachourmindshowtotranslatethesymboliccharactersweseeintothelanguageweunderstand.Andthemediaorothertech