DNA基因的本質(zhì)的學(xué)習課件第1頁/共30頁MotivationforResearchGlobalmarketsarebecomingsovolatileandcompetitivethatThereisaneedforadaptableartefactssuchascars,aircraft,satellites,machinetools,robots,housesetc/四氟板、尼龍棒、有機玻璃板第2頁/共30頁ResearchHypothesesComplexityisaprerequisiteforadaptation

Complexitycanbedesignedintoartefactswithaviewtomakingthemadaptive第3頁/共30頁ResearchMethodExperimentingwithlargeswarmsofsoftwareagentsDiscoveringdesignprinciplesfromresultsachievedduringexperimentationKnowledgetransferfromsocial,cultural,organisational,biologicalandphysicalcomplexsystems第4頁/共30頁ExamplesofComplexSystemsGlobaleconomy(Sovieteconomyisanexampleofadisastercausedbyattemptstoimposecentralisedcontrolonacomplexsystem)StreettrafficinLondon(suffersfromexcessiveconstraintsimposedondrivers)AidsepidemicsinAfrica(successfullyresistsattacks)Globalterroristnetworks(successfullyresistsattacks)TheInternet

(successfullyresistsattacks)Ahumanbeing(abeautifulexampleofdistributeddecisionmakingandadaptation)第5頁/共30頁AMercedesManufacturingPlantSupplier1storetransportertransporterstorestoretransporterAutonomouscomponentAutonomouscomponentAutonomouscomponentMachine-tool1Machine-tool2store第6頁/共30頁AnAircraft-AirportSystemSensors

TransmitterAircrafttoairport

ServiceServicedemandServicedemandResourcesServiceProvidersSchedulerCrew第7頁/共30頁IntelligentGeometryCompressorVane1AgentVane2AgentVane3AgentVane4AgentEfficiencyAgent第8頁/共30頁GlobalLogisticsNetworkSupplier1storetransportertransporterstorestoretransporterIntelligentparcelsIntelligentparcelsIntelligentparcelsDestination1Destination2store第9頁/共30頁AFamilyofSpaceRobotsrobot3robot4robot5robot1robot2第10頁/共30頁AColonyofAgriculturalMachinerymini-tractor3Mini-tractor4mini-tractor5mini-tractor1mini-tractor2第11頁/共30頁ASwarmofAgentsControllingaMachineTool

SafetyAgentPerformanceAgentBookkeepingAgentSchedulingAgentMaintenanceAgent第12頁/共30頁OtherIntelligentNetworksFleetsofcommunicationsatellitesArmadasofverysmallspacecraftNetworkedroadtrafficsystemSmartmatter(sensors,actuatorsandagentrunningprocessors/memoriesembeddedinphysicalmaterials)第13頁/共30頁CommonFeaturesNocentralcontrolsystemDistributeddecisionmakingNetworkconfigurationRichinformationprocessingactivityAdaptation

第14頁/共30頁ATentativeDefinitionAsystemiscomplexifIthasawidevarietyofbehavioursandthereisanuncertaintywhichbehaviourwillbepursuedItconsistsofautonomouscomponents,Agents,capableofcompetingorco-operatingwitheachotherNOTE:Uncertaintyincomplexsystemsisduetotheoccurrenceofunpredictableeventsratherthanbecauseofourlackofunderstandingofthesystem第15頁/共30頁ComplexitySpace

UncertaintyVarietyHighcomplexityregionLowcomplexityregion01Edgeofchaos第16頁/共30頁WhyisComplexityBeautiful?ThefeatureswhichmakeComplexSystemsbeautifulare:Emergentproperties–propertiesthatdonotexistinconstituentAgents–thesepropertiesemergefromAgentinteractionAdaptationtounpredictablechangesintheirenvironment第17頁/共30頁TheMechanismofAdaptationCOMPLEXITYEMERGENTINTELLIGENCEAUTONOMYSELF-ORGANISATIONADAPTATION第18頁/共30頁IntelligenceIntelligenceistheabilitytosolveproblemsunderconditionsofuncertaintyIntelligenceisaprerequisiteforautonomy(theabilitytoselectabehaviourwithoutbeinginstructed/controlled)Automation,incontrast,isapredictableandrepeatableprocessperformedunderinstruction/control第19頁/共30頁

AnIntelligentAgent

knowledge,skillsattitudes&valuesrealworldobjectsandeventscognitivefilter:formalinformationsysteminformalinformationsystemintelligentagent第20頁/共30頁EmergentIntelligenceIntelligenceemergesfromtheinteractionofAgentsAnAgentmakesatentativeproposaltoaffectedAgentsandtheyinturnsuggestimprovementsThequalityofdecisionsimprovesinastepwisemannerThefinaldecisionisagreedbyconsensusafteraperiodofnegotiations第21頁/共30頁Self-OrganisationTheabilitytochangeownconfigurationautonomouslyTodisconnectcertainnodesandconnectnewonesToconnectpreviouslydisconnectednodestothesameortoothernodesToacquirenewnodesTodiscardexistingnodesExample:Anaircraftbroadcastsrequirementstoselectedservicenodesattheairportwhichrespondbyschedulingrequiredservicestobeavailableatthetouchdown第22頁/共30頁AdaptationTheabilitytochangebehaviourinordertoachieveowngoalsunderconditionsoftheoccurrenceofunpredictableeventsToreacttoachangeindemandbyautonomouslyreschedulingresourcesrequiredtosatisfythechangeTore-allocateresourcestootherprojectsTodiscardsurplusrecoursesToacquirenewresourcesExample:acompressorautonomouslyreactstoasuddenchangeofloadbyself-adjustingpositionsofvanesandthusmovingawayfromasurge/stallconditions第23頁/共30頁Performanceaffecting

FeaturesofComplexityThenumberofdecisionmakingnodesConnectednessamongthenodesAccesstodomainknowledgeSkillsinapplyingknowledgeMotivationtoachievegoals(pro-activity)Acceptanceof/resistancetochangeRiskacceptance/aversion第24頁/共30頁DesigningComplexityintoanArtefactmeansdeciding:Howmanydecision-makingAgentsarerequiredHowextensiveshouldbeconnectivitybetweenAgentsHowtoobtainandorganisedomainknowledgeHowtobuildintotheAgentsSkillsMotivationAttitudestoriskAttitudestochangeHowtoguideAgentnegotiation第25頁/共30頁ConstructingaVirtualMarketAVirtualMarketisamarketinwhichautonomousdemandsandresourcescompeteforeachotherwithoutbeingsu