Chapter1AnOverviewofBioseparations

（第一章生物分離工程概述）一、ThepositionofBioseparationinBiotechnology（生物分離在生物技術(shù)中所占位置）第1頁第1頁Bythepurposeofbiotechnology,wemeantheuseofcarefullyculturedmicroorganisms,animalcells,andplantcellstoproduceproductsusefultohumans.（生物技術(shù)目的就是指利用培養(yǎng)微生物、動物細(xì)胞、植物細(xì)胞來生產(chǎn)對人有用產(chǎn)品。）第2頁第2頁Bythisdefinition,biotechnologyisasoldashistory,fortheearliestknowndocument(4228BC)includesadescriptionofbrewing.Bread;cheese,andyogurtareotherearlyexamplesofproductwhichdependonbiotechnology.（按上述定義，早在公元前4228年就有了應(yīng)用生物技術(shù)釀酒、制奶酪等記載。）第3頁第3頁Today,werestrictbiotechnologylargelytothoseareaswherechemicalsareproducedasmolecular.Underthismorerestricteddefinition,biotechnologyisabout100yearold.（狹義生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)物僅為化學(xué)產(chǎn)品，約有1歷史。）第4頁第4頁Effectivewaystogetusefulproducts（取得產(chǎn)品有效路徑）ProductsEngineering第5頁第5頁Rawmaterials原材料Pretreatments預(yù)處理bioreactions生物反應(yīng)bioseparations生物分離products產(chǎn)物MethodsandtoolsofScienceandTechnologyResearch第6頁第6頁二、

CharacteristicofBioseparations

（生物分離特點）

A.Chiefcharacteristicofbiotechnologyisthetremendousvarietyofproductswhichareproduced.生物工程主要特點是生物制品各種多樣第7頁第7頁Table1typesofmoleculesmanufacturedbyfermentation第8頁第8頁Ifwemadeamorecurrentlist,wewouldaddgeneticallyengineeredinsulin,humanandbovinegrowthhormonesandinterferons.Thislistgetslongerdaily.（還能夠增長胰島素、生長激素、干擾素等基因工程產(chǎn)品）第9頁第9頁Thisdiversityofproductsspawnsthebroadspectrumofseparationmethodsused.

（產(chǎn)品多樣性造成分離辦法多樣性）第10頁第10頁B.mostbioseparationmethodscomefromseparationsofchemicals

絕大多數(shù)生物分離辦法起源于化學(xué)品分離辦法Comparisonofseparationprocessesusedinbioseparationswithmoreexhaustiveclassificationsgivetheresultintable2.生物分離與普通化學(xué)分離辦法比較第11頁第11頁Table2第12頁第12頁Thistableshowsthat80%ofalltheseparationmethodsforconventionalchemicalsarepracticalinbiotechnology.

上表表明大約80%化工分離辦法可應(yīng)用于生物分離技術(shù)中

第13頁第13頁C.Bioseparationsaremoredifficultthanchemicalseparations.生物分離普通比化工分離難度大第14頁第14頁Complexcomponents

（成份復(fù)雜）Solids:intactorganisms,fragmentedmycelia,insolublefractionsofmediumingredientsresidualsubstrates,insolubles（固體成份包括完整有機體、培養(yǎng)基及底物中不溶物）第15頁第15頁Liquid:solubleportionsofresidualsubstrates,metabolicpathwayintermediatesanddesiredproducts（液體成份包括底物可溶物、代謝中產(chǎn)物及目的產(chǎn)物）第16頁第16頁gethighlypurifieddryproducts（取得高純度干燥產(chǎn)品）severalsteps（需要幾步）separationsareelaborateandexpensive（分離過程精細(xì)，成本高）2.desiredproductsindilutesuspension（懸液中目的產(chǎn)物濃度低）第17頁第17頁Table3typicalproductsfromfermentation第18頁第18頁第19頁第19頁Forexample:6steps90%53%第20頁第20頁Biologicalproductsrequirehighquality生物產(chǎn)品要求高質(zhì)量：*purity（純度）*sanitation（衛(wèi)生）*biologicalactivity（生物活性）第21頁第21頁Therecoveryplantusuallyrepresentsamajorinvestmentand,consequentlytheseparationscostasubstantialfractionofthetotalcostofthefinalproduct.（分離過程成本占產(chǎn)品總投資大部分）第22頁第22頁Thustherecoveryandthepurificationprocessesmustbewellconceivedandwelldesigned.（因此必須仔細(xì)考慮和設(shè)計產(chǎn)品回收和純化過程）第23頁第23頁Wehavefoundthatourowndesignshavebeenimprovedbyansweringthefollowingquestions:（設(shè)計中應(yīng)考慮下列問題）第24頁第24頁1.Whatisthevalueoftheproduct?（產(chǎn)品價值）2.Whatisanacceptableproductquality?

(產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量）3.Whereistheproductineachprocessstream?（產(chǎn)物在生產(chǎn)過程中出現(xiàn)位置）第25頁第25頁4.Wherearetheimpuritiesineachprocessstream?（雜質(zhì)在生產(chǎn)過程中出現(xiàn)位置）5.Whataretheunusualphysicochemicalpropertiesoftheproductandtheprincipalimpurities?（主要雜質(zhì)獨特物化性質(zhì)是什么？）6.Whataretheeconomicsofvariousalternativeseparations?（不同分離方法技術(shù)經(jīng)濟比較）第26頁第26頁Carefulconsiderationofthesequestionscanprovidecluesthatwillleadtooptimalprocessesfortherecoveryofproductsofadequatequalitycoupledwithhighrecoveryandminimumeffort.（上述問題考慮將有助于優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效產(chǎn)物分離過程優(yōu)化）第27頁第27頁三.Anidealizedprocess

（抱負(fù)化過程）Thetremendousdiversityofproductsandseparationsinbiotechnologyobscuresandoverallsimilaritybetweenmanyoftheprocesseswhichareused.（生物分離含有許多相同單元操作）第28頁第28頁Fromourexperience,wefindthatmostbioseparationshavefoursimilarsteps:（生物分離普通分四步）A.Removalofinsolubles(3unitoperations)（不溶物清除）*filtration（過濾）*centrifugation（離心）*celldisruption(necessarywhenthedesiredproductisintracellular.)（細(xì)胞破碎）Relativelylittleproductconcentrationorimprovementofproductqualityoccurs.

（產(chǎn)物濃度和質(zhì)量得到了提升）第29頁第29頁B.Isolationofproducts（產(chǎn)物分離）*adsorption-ion-exchang（離子互換吸附）*extraction（萃取）a.solventextraction（溶劑萃?。゜.reversedmicelleextraction（反微團萃取）

c.supercriticalfluidextraction（超臨界流體萃?。ヾ.two-aqueousphaseextraction（雙水相萃取）第30頁第30頁Thesesteps,whicharerelativelynonspecific,removematerialsofwidelydivergentpropertiescomparedtothedesiredproduct.（以上分離過程不具備特異性，只是進行初分）Appreciableconcentrationandproductqualityincreasesusuallyoccur.（可提升產(chǎn)物濃度和質(zhì)量）第31頁第31頁C.Purificationofproducts（產(chǎn)品純化）*chromatography（色譜）*electrophoresis（電泳）*precipitation（沉淀）

theseprocessingtechnologyarehighlyselectivefortheproductandremoveimpuritiesofsimilarchemicalfunctionalityandphysicalproperties.（以上技術(shù)含有產(chǎn)物高選擇性和雜質(zhì)清除性）第32頁第32頁D.Polishing（產(chǎn)品精制）*crystallization（結(jié)晶）*drying（干燥）第33頁第33頁中藥動態(tài)水提取生產(chǎn)線流程圖第34頁第34頁BeerStillageFermenterBeerStillScreensRotarySprayDriedDriedNeutralCondenserRectifyingColumnPurifyingColumnCondenserHeadsWater

Whiskey*Ethanolfromfermentation.第35頁第35頁FermenterFilterLimeH(2)SO(4)FilterCaSO(4)SpentBeerMyceliumFilterEvaporatorCentrifugeDrierBulkCarbon

*Citricacidmanufacture第36頁第36頁FermentationFiltrationAcidSolventExtractionB