PAGEPAGE2專題一構(gòu)詞法考點(diǎn)一派生法(一)形容詞加-ly變?yōu)楦痹~的規(guī)律1．一般情況加-ly。如：real→really；careful→carefully；polite→politely；quick→quickly。2．“輔音字母加y〞結(jié)尾的，當(dāng)y的發(fā)音為[i]時(shí)，變y為i，再加-ly。如：angry→angrily；busy→busily；heavy→heavily。當(dāng)y的發(fā)音為[āi]時(shí)，直接加-ly。如：shy→shyly；dry→dryly。3．以輔音字母加le結(jié)尾的形容詞變副詞時(shí)，去掉e加-y。如：probable→probably；gentle→gently。但以元音字母加le結(jié)尾時(shí)加-ly 。如：sole→solely。但whole→wholly例外。4．以元音字母加e結(jié)尾的形容詞變副詞，去掉e加-ly。如：true→truly。[易錯(cuò)警示]有的名詞加-ly→形容詞，如：friend→friendly；love→lovely；month→monthly。(二)動(dòng)詞/名詞變形容詞的后綴及例詞后綴例詞-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒適的-almusic→musical音樂的origin→original最初的-fulforget→forgetful健忘的peace→peaceful和平的-iveeffect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的-sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome麻煩的-yhealth→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；豐富的-erneast→eastern東方的；向東的west→western西方的；向西的-ishfool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的-aryimagine→imaginary想象中的second→secondary第二的；次要的(三)動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴及例詞后綴例詞-ance-enceperform→performance表演；節(jié)目exist→existence存在；生存-ion-tion-ition-ationattract→attraction吸引introduce→introduction介紹compete→competition比賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)expect→expectation期待；期望-ion-siondiscuss→discussion討論；辯論decide→decision決定-inghear→hearing聽力；聽覺begin→beginning開始-mentachieve→achievement功績(jī)；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對(duì)待；治療-urefail→failure失?。粵]做到depart→departure離開；出發(fā)press→pressure壓力-yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)(四)形容詞變名詞的后綴及例詞后綴例詞-ageshort→shortage缺乏；短缺-cyfluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性-domfree→freedom自由；自在wise→wisdom明智；智慧-nesskind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thgrow→growth成長(zhǎng)；開展strong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)-y-ty-ity-abilitydifficult→difficulty困難cruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴real→reality現(xiàn)實(shí)；真實(shí)disable→disability無(wú)能；傷殘-ibilityresponsible→responsibility責(zé)任(五)常表示人的后綴及例詞后綴例詞-erteach→teacher老師village→villager村民strange→stranger陌生人-arlie→liar說謊者beg→beggar乞丐-eeemploy→employee受雇者；雇員interview→interviewee被面試者-oract→actor男演員educate→educator教育家；教師-essact→actress女演員god→goddess女神host→hostess女主人；女主持人-eseChina→Chinese中國(guó)人Japan→Japanese日本人-ianmusic→musician音樂家history→historian歷史學(xué)家politics→politician政治家；政客-istnovel→novelist小說家special→specialist專家tour→tourist旅行者；觀光者-antserve→servant仆人participate→participant參加者assist→assistant助手；圖書管理員(六)表示否認(rèn)或相反意義的前綴、后綴及例詞前/后綴例詞前綴dis-agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺點(diǎn)il-legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合邏輯的im-polite→impolite無(wú)禮的patient→impatient不耐煩的in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的ir-regular→irregular不規(guī)那么的responsible→irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的mis-lead→mislead誤導(dǎo)understand→misunderstand誤解non-non-smoker不吸煙者non-stop直達(dá)的un-usual→unusual不尋常的willing→unwilling不愿意的后綴-lesshope→hopeless絕望的end→endless沒完沒了的(七)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的前綴和后綴前/后綴例詞前綴enable→enable使能夠large→enlarge擴(kuò)大rich→enrich使充實(shí)后綴-enbroad→broaden(使)變寬ripe→ripen(使)成熟sharp→sharpen使鋒利wide→widen加寬-ifyclass→classify把……分類just→justify證明……正確simple→simplify簡(jiǎn)化-izeapology→apologize抱歉emphasis→emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào)考點(diǎn)二合成法和轉(zhuǎn)化法(一)合成法合成詞是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成一個(gè)新詞的構(gòu)詞方式(有的合成詞寫在一起，有的中間需加連字符，有的是分開寫的兩個(gè))。合成詞的詞義可以根據(jù)各個(gè)組成局部的意思加以推斷。構(gòu)成合成詞的幾個(gè)詞可以是詞性相同的詞也可以是詞性不同的詞。高中階段常見的合成形式有：合成名詞notebook筆記本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork協(xié)力；secondlanguage第二語(yǔ)言合成形容詞lifelong畢生的；second-hand二手的；man-made人工的；widespread廣泛的合成動(dòng)詞underline畫底線標(biāo)出；whitewash粉飾；broadcast播送；download下載(二)轉(zhuǎn)化法不增加任何成分，不改變?cè)~形，把一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另外一種詞性的構(gòu)詞法叫轉(zhuǎn)化法。高中階段常見的轉(zhuǎn)化形式有：名詞→動(dòng)詞button紐扣→button扣上紐扣形容詞→動(dòng)詞correct正確的→correct改正動(dòng)詞→名詞feed喂養(yǎng)→feed一餐；一頓形容詞→名詞native本地的→native本地人副詞→動(dòng)詞up在上面→up提高核心考點(diǎn)針對(duì)練Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．(2022·全國(guó)甲卷·語(yǔ)法填空)Then，handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof(achieve)．2．(2022·全國(guó)甲卷·語(yǔ)法填空)Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks(regular)．3．(2022·全國(guó)乙卷·語(yǔ)法填空)Butfortouristslikeme，pandasareitstop(attract)．4．(2022·全國(guó)丙卷·語(yǔ)法填空)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.，influencedthe(develop)ofchopsticks.5．(2022·河北石家莊高三調(diào)研)Likeuniversitystudents，theUShighschoolstudentshavethe(free)tochoosethecoursesthatmostinterestthem.【導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)：92872174】6．Herpreparationcourseishelpinghertogetusedto(academy)requirementsofaWesternuniversity.7．Afireman(accidental)discoveredthecauseofthefire.8．Itcost(approximate)$300－Ican'trememberitexactly.9．(beg)can'tbechoosers.10．Otherdisabledpeoplefindthewebsite(benefit)becausetheycanreadaboutpeoplewithsimilardifficultiestotheirown.【導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)：92872175】【答案】1.achievement2.regularly3.attraction4.development5.freedom6.academic7.accidentally8.approximately9.Beggars10.beneficialⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)1．(2022·全國(guó)乙卷·短文改錯(cuò))Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.2．(2022·全國(guó)乙卷·短文改錯(cuò))Insteadhehopesthathisbusinesswillgrowsteady.3．Themanwassocarefulthathemissedhistrain.4．Doyouknowthedeepoftheriver?5．“What'sthat？〞thefathershoutedangry.【答案】1.honest→honesty2.steady→steadily3.careful→careless4.deep→depth5.angry→angrily高考題型綜合練Ⅰ.語(yǔ)法填空Therewasonceafarmerwhohadafineoliveorchard(果園)．Hewasveryhard-working，andthefarmwasalwaysgoingwellin1care.Whenthefarmerfeltthathe2(have)alimitedlife，hecalledhis3(son)tohimandsaid，“Thereisapotofgold4(hide)intheoliveorchard.Digforit，ifyouwishforit.〞Afterthefarmerwas5(die)，histhreesonswenttofindthepotofgold；sincetheydidnotknow6thehiding-placewas，theyagreedtodiguntiloneofthemfoundthegold.Theyduguntiltheyhadturnedthesoilup7oneendoftheorchardtotheother.Butnopotofgoldwasfound.Thethreesonswere8(extreme)disappointedtohavealltheirworkfornothing.Thenextoliveseason，theolivetreestherebore9(much)fruitthantheyhadevergiven；whenit10(sell)，itgavethesonsawholepotofgold.Theysuddenlyunderstoodwhatthewisefatherhadmeant.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】一個(gè)農(nóng)民在臨終前告訴他的兒子們?cè)陂蠙靾@中有一罐金子，他的三個(gè)兒子并沒有在果園里挖到金子，不過他們從中悟出了父親的用意。1．his[考查物主代詞。本句主語(yǔ)為He，其對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞性物主代詞為his。]2．had[考查時(shí)態(tài)。本文的主體時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)，故此處用一般過去時(shí)。]3．sons[考查名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)下文中的“histhreesons〞可知這個(gè)農(nóng)民有三個(gè)兒子，故此處用sons。]4．hidden[考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。gold與hide為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此處應(yīng)用過去分詞hidden作后置定語(yǔ)。]5．dead[考查動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞。was為系動(dòng)詞，其后接形容詞作表語(yǔ)，表示“死〞的狀態(tài)，故用dead。]6．where[考查附屬連詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，know后缺少賓語(yǔ)，此處為賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少表語(yǔ)，表示地點(diǎn)，故此處用where。]7．from[考查介詞搭配。本句考查介詞短語(yǔ)from...to...“從……到……〞。]8．extremely[考查副詞。此處應(yīng)用副詞修飾其后的形容詞disappointed。故用extremely“極其，非常〞。]9．more[考查比擬等級(jí)。由下文中的比擬級(jí)的標(biāo)志than可知此處應(yīng)用more。]10．wassold[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。sell在此為及物動(dòng)詞，空前的it指代fruit，fruit與sell之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故用wassold。]Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)SmoghascoveredlargeareasofBeijingrecently，thathashadlotsofinfluencetoourlife.It'snotconvenienceforustogooutduetotheheavysmog.Inordertotakeinlessthanpoisonousair，wheneverwegoout，wehavetowearmask.Givensuchaseriousproblem，somemeasuresmustbetakentosolveit.Asforourgovernment，somelawsshouldbepassedtobanfactoriesfromgivingoffpoisonouswaste.Atsametime，wearesupposednottodrivetoworkbutridetheirbicycles.NowIappealtoallpeopletotakeactionagainstsmogbutprotectourworl