雅思（閱讀）模擬試卷59(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.ReadingModuleReadingModule(60minutes)ABSENTEEISMINNURSING:ALONGITUDINALSTUDYAbsencefromworkisacostlyanddisruptiveproblemforanyorganisation.ThecostofabsenteeisminAustraliahasbeenputat1.8millionhoursperdayor$1400millionannually.ThestudyreportedherewasconductedinthePrinceWilliamHospitalinBrisbane,Australia,where,priortothistime,fewactivestepshadbeentakentomeasure,understandormanagetheoccurrenceofabsenteeism.NursingAbsenteeismAprevalentattitudeamongstmanynursesinthegroupselectedforstudywasthattherewasnorewardorrecognitionfornotutilisingthepaidsickleaveentitlementallowedthemintheiremploymentconditions.Therefore,theybelievedtheymayaswelltakethedaysoff-sickorotherwise.SimilarattitudeshavebeennotedbyJames(1989),whonotedthatsickleaveisseenbymanyworkersasaright,likeannualholidayleave.MillerandNorton(1986),intheirsurveyof865nursingpersonnel,foundthat73percentfelttheyshouldberewardedfornottakingsickleave,becausesomeemployeesalwaysusedtheirsickleave.Further,67percentofnursesfeltthatadministrationwasnotsympathetictotheproblemsshiftworkcausestoemployees’personalandsociallives.Only53percentoftherespondentsfeltthateveryeffortwasmadetoschedulestafffairly.InanotherlongitudinalstudyofnursesworkingintwoCanadianhospitals,Hackett,BycioandGuion(1989)examinedthereasonswhynursestookabsencefromwork.Themostfrequentreasonstatedforabsencewasminorillnesstoself.Othercauses,indecreasingorderoffrequency,wereillnessinfamily,familysocialfunction,worktodoathomeandbereavement.MethodInanattempttoreducethelevelofabsenteeismamongstthe250RegisteredandEnrolledNursesinthepresentstudy,thePrinceWilliammanagementintroducedthreedifferent,yetpotentiallycomplementary,strategiesover18months.Strategy1:Non-financial(material)incentivesWithintheestablishedwageandsalarysystemitwasnotpossibletousehospitalfundstosupportthisstrategy.However,itwaspossibletosecureincentivesfromlocalbusinesses,includingfreepassestoentertainmentparks,theatres,restaurants,etc.Attheendofeachrosterperiod,thewardwiththelowestabsenceratewouldwintheprize.Strategy2:FlexiblefairrosteringWherepossible,staffweregiventheopportunitytodeterminetheirworkingschedulewithinthelimitsofclinicalneeds.Strategy3:IndividualabsenteeismandcounsellingEachmonth,managerswouldanalysethepatternofabsenceofstaffwithexcessivesickleave(greaterthantendaysperyearforfull-timeemployees).Characteristicpatternsofpotential‘voluntaryabsenteeism’suchasabsencebeforeandafterdaysoff,excessiveweekendandnightdutyabsenceandmultiplesingledaysoffwerecommunicatedtoallwardnursesandthen,asnecessary,followedupbyaction.ResultsAbsenceratesforthesixmonthspriortotheincentiveschemerangedfrom3.69percentto4.32percent.Inthefollowingsixmonthstheyrangedbetween2.87percentand3.96percent.Thisrepresentsa20percentimprovement.However,analysingtheabsenceratesonayear-to-yearbasis,theoverallabsenceratewas3.60percentinthefirstyearand3.43percentinthefollowingyear.Thisrepresentsa5percentdecreasefromthefirsttothesecondyearofthestudy.Asignificantdecreaseinabsenceoverthetwo-yearperiodcouldnotbedemonstrated.DiscussionThenon-financialincentiveschemedidappeartoassistincontrollingabsenteeismintheshortterm.Astheschemeprogresseditbecamehardertosecureprizesandthiscontributedtotheprogram’slosingmomentumandfinallyceasing.Thereweremixedresultsacrosswardsaswell.Forexample,inwardswithstaffmemberswhohadlong-termgenuineillness,therewaslittlechanceofwinning,andtosomeextentthestaffonthosewardsweredisempowered.Ourexperiencewouldsuggestthatthelong-termeffectsofincentiveawardsonabsenteeismarequestionable.Overthetimeofthestudy,staffweregivenalargerdetreeofcontrolintheirrosters.Thisledtosignificantimprovementsincommunicationbetweenmanagersandstaff.Asimilareffectwasfoundfromtheimplementationofthethirdstrategy.Manyofthenurseshadnotrealisedtheimpacttheirbehaviourwashavingontheorganisationandtheircolleaguesbuttherewerealsostaffmemberswhofeltthattalkingtothemabouttheirabsenteeismwas‘picking’onthemandthisusuallyhadanegativeeffectonmanagement-employeerelationships.ConclusionAlthoughtherehasbeensomedecreaseinabsencerates,nosinglestrategyorcombinationofstrategieshashadasignificantimpactonabsenteeismperse.Notwithstandingthedisappointingresults,itisourcontentionthatthestrategieswerenotinvain.Asharedownershipofabsenteeismandacollaborativeapproachtoproblemsolvinghasfacilitatedimprovedcooperationandcommunicationbetweenmanagementandstaff.Itisourbeliefthatthisimprovementalone,whilenottangiblymeasurable,hasincreasedtheabilityofmanagementtomanagetheeffectsofabsenteeismmoreeffectivelysincethisstudy.ThisarticlehasbeenadaptedandcondensedfromthearticlebyG.WilliamandK.Slater(1996),‘Absenteeisminnursing:Alongitudinalstudy’,AsiaPacificJournalofHumanResources,34(1):111-21.Namesandotherdetailshavebeenchangedandreportfindingsmayhavebeengivenadifferentemphasisfromtheoriginal.WearegratefultotheauthorsandAsiaPacificJournalofHumanResourcesforallowingustousethematerialinthisway.Questions1-7DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes1-7onyouranswersheetwriteYESifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNOifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage1．TheprinceWilliamHospitalhasbeentryingtoreduceabsenteeismamongstnursesformanyyears.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：B2．NursesinthePrinceWilliamHospitalstudybelievedthattherewerebenefitsintakingaslittlesickleaveaspossible.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：B3．Justoverhalfthenursesinthe1986studybelievedthatmanagementunderstoodtheeffectsthatshiftworkhadonthem.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：B4．TheCanadianstudyfoundthat‘illnessinthefamily’wasagreatercauseofabsenteeismthan‘worktodoathome’.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：A5．InrelationtomanagementattitudetoabsenteeismthestudyatthePrinceWilliamHospitalfoundsimilarresultstothetwo1989studies.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：C6．ThestudyatthePrinceWilliamHospitalaimedtofindoutthecausesofabsenteeismamongst250nurses.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：B7．ThestudyatthePrinceWilliamHospitalinvolvedchangesinmanagementpractices.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：ACompletethenotesbelow.ChooseONEORTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet.Inthefirststrategy,wardswiththelowestabsenteeismindifferentperiodswouldwinprizesdonatedby【R8】______Inthesecondstrategy,staffweregivenmorecontrolovertheir【R9】______Inthethirdstrategy,nurseswhoappearedtobetaking【R10】______sickleaveor【R11】______wereidentifiedandcounselled.Initially,therewasa【R12】______percentdecreaseinabsenteeism.Thefirststrategywasconsideredineffectiveandstopped.Thesecondandthirdstrategiesgenerallyresultedinbetter【R13】______amongstaff.8．【R8】正確答案：(local)businesses9．【R9】正確答案：(work/working)schedule//rostering//ros-ter(s)10．【R10】正確答案：excessive11．【R11】正確答案：voluntaryabsence/absenteeism12．【R12】正確答案：twenty//2013．【R13】正確答案：communicationTHEMOTORCARATherearenowover700millionmotorvehiclesintheworld-andthenumberisrisingbymorethan40millioneachyear.Theaveragedistancedrivenbycarusersisgrowingtoo-from8kmadayperpersoninwesternEuropein1965to25kmadayin1995.Thisdependenceonmotorvehicleshasgivenrisetomajorproblems,includingenvironmentalpollution,depletionofoilresources,trafficcongestionandsafety.BWhileemissionsfromnewcarsarefarlessharmfulthantheyusedtobe,citystreetsandmotorwaysarebecomingmorecrowdedthanever,oftenwitholdertrucks,busesandtaxis,whichemitexcessivelevelsofsmokeandfumes.Thisconcentrationofvehiclesmakesairqualityinurbanareasunpleasantandsometimesdangeroustobreathe.EvenMoscowhasjoinedthelistofcapitalsafflictedbycongestionandtrafficfumes.InMexicoCity,vehiclepollutionisamajorhealthhazard.CUntilahundredyearsago,mostjourneyswereinthe20kmrange,thedistanceconvenientlyaccessiblebyhorse.Heavyfreightcouldonlybecarriedbywaterorrail.Theinventionofthemotorvehiclebroughtpersonalmobilitytothemassesandmaderapidfreightdeliverypossibleoveramuchwiderarea.Todayabout90percentofinlandfreightintheUnitedKingdomiscarriedbyroad.Clearlytheworldcannotreverttothehorse-drawnwagon.Canitavoidbeinglockedintocongestedandpollutingwaysoftransportingpeopleandgoods?DInEuropemostcitiesarestilldesignedfortheoldmodesoftransport.Adaptationtothemotorcarhasinvolvedaddingringroads,one-waysystemsandparkinglots.IntheUnitedStates,morelandisassignedtocarusethantohousing.Urbansprawlmeansthatlifewithoutacarisnexttoimpossible.Massuseofmotorvehicleshasalsokilledorinjuredmillionsofpeople.Othersocialeffectshavebeenblamedonthecarsuchasalienationandaggressivehumanbehaviour.EA1993studybytheEuropeanFederationforTransportandEnvironmentfoundthatcartransportisseventimesascostlyasrailtravelintermsoftheexternalsocialcostsitentailssuchascongestion,accidents,pollution,lossofcroplandandnaturalhabitats,depletionofoilresources,andsoon.Yetcarseasilysurpasstrainsorbusesasaflexibleandconvenientmodeofpersonaltransport.Itisunrealistictoexpectpeopletogiveupprivatecarsinfavourofmasstransit.FTechnicalsolutionscanreducethepollutionproblemandincreasethefuelefficiencyofengines.Butfuelconsumptionandexhaustemissionsdependonwhichcarsarepreferredbycustomersandhowtheyaredriven.Manypeoplebuylargercarsthantheyneedfordailypurposesorwastefuelbydrivingaggressively.Besides,globalcaruseisincreasingatafasterratethantheimprovementinemissionsandfuelefficiencywhichtechnologyisnowmakingpossible.GOnesolutionthathasbeenputforwardisthelong-termsolutionofdesigningcitiesandneighbourhoodssothatcarjourneysarenotnecessary-allessentialservicesbeinglocatedwithinwalkingdistanceoreasilyaccessiblebypublictransport.Notonlywouldthissaveenergyandcutcarbondioxideemissions,itwouldalsoenhancethequalityofcommunitylife,puttingtheemphasisonpeopleinsteadofcars.Goodlocalgovernmentisalreadybringingthisaboutinsomeplaces.Butfewdemocraticcommunitiesareblessedwiththevision-andthecapital-tomakesuchprofoundchangesinmodernlifestyles.HAmorelikelyscenarioseemstobeacombinationofmasstransitsystemsfortravelintoandaroundcities,withsmall‘lowemission’carsforurbanuseandlargerhybridorleanburncarsforuseelsewhere.Electronicallytolledhighwaysmightbeusedtoensurethatdriverspaychargesgearedtoactualroaduse.Betterintegrationoftransportsystemsisalsohighlydesirable—andmademorefeasiblebymoderncomputers.Butthesearesolutionsforcountrieswhichcanaffordthem.Inmostdevelopingcountries,oldcarsandoldtechnologiescontinuetopredominate.Questions14-19ReadingPassage2haseightparagraphs(A~H).Whichparagraphsconcentrateonthefollowinginformation?Writetheappropriateletters(A-H)inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.NBYouneedonlywriteONEletterforeachanswer.14．a(chǎn)comparisonofpastandpresenttransportationmethods正確答案：C15．howdrivinghabitscontributetoroadproblems正確答案：F16．therelativemeritsofcarsandpublictransport正確答案：E17．thewriter’sownpredictionoffuturesolutions正確答案：H18．theincreasinguseofmotorvehicles正確答案：A19．theimpactofthecaroncitydevelopment正確答案：DDothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes20—26onyouranswersheetwriteYESifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNOifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage20．VehiclepollutionisworseinEuropeancitiesthananywhereelse.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：C21．Transportbyhorsewouldbeausefulalternativetomotorvehicles.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：B22．NowadaysfreightisnotcarriedbywaterintheUnitedKingdom.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：C23．MostEuropeancitieswerenotdesignedformotorvehicles.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：A24．Technologyalonecannotsolvetheproblemofvehiclepollution.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：A25．People’schoiceofcarandattitudetodrivingisafactorinthepollutionproblem.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：A26．Redesigningcitieswouldbeashort-termsolution.A．YESB．NOC．NOTGIVEN正確答案：BReadingPassage3haseightparagraphs(A-H).ChoosethemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-Hfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writetheappropriatenumbers(/—X)inboxes27—33onyouranswersheet.NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphs,soyouwillnotuseallofthem.ListofHeadingsiCommonobjectionsiisplanningwhatiiiThistypesellsbestintheshopsiVThefiguressayitallVEarlytrialsViTheycan’tgetinWho’withouttheseViiHowdoesitwork?ViiiFightingfraudiXSystemstoavoidXAcceptingtheinevitableExampleAnswerParagraphAVi27．ParagraphB正確答案：iV28．ParagraphC正確答案：Vii29．ParagraphD正確答案：Viii30．ParagraphE正確答案：iii31．ParagraphF正確答案：ii32．ParagraphG正確答案：i33．ParagraphH正確答案：XTHEKEYLESSSOCIETYA.StudentswhowanttoentertheUniversityofMontreal’sAthleticComplexneedmorethanjustaconventionalIDcard-theiridentitiesmustbeauthenticatedbyanelectronichandscanner.InsomeCaliforniahousingestates,akeyaloneisinsufficienttogetsomeoneinthedoor;hisorhervoiceprintmustalsobeverified,Andsoon,customersatsomeJapanesebankswillhavetopresenttheirfacesforscanningbeforetheycanenterthebuildingandwithdrawtheirmoney.BAlloftheseareapplicationsofbiometrics,alittle-knownbutfast-growingtechnologythatinvolvestheuseofphysicalorbiologicalcharacteristicstoidentifyindividuals.Inuseformorethanadecadeatsomehigh-securitygovernmentinstitutionintheUnitedStatesandCanada,biometricsarenowrapidlypoppingupintheeverydayworld.Already,morethan10,000facilities,fromprisonstoday-carecentres,monitorpeople’sfingerprintsorotherphysicalpartstoensurethattheyarewhotheyclaimtobe.Some60biometriccompaniesaroundtheworldpulledinatleast$22millionlastyearandthatgrandtotalisexpectedtomushroomtoatleast$50millionby1999.CBiometricsecuritysystemsoperatebystoringadigitisedrecordofsomeuniquehumanfeature.Whenanauthoriseduserwishestoenterorusethefacility,thesysytemscanstheperson’scorrespondingcharacteristicsandattemptstomatchthemagainstthoseonrecord.Systemsusingfingerprints,hands,voices,irises,retinasandfacesarealreadyonthemarket.Othersusingtypingpatternsandevenbodyodoursareinvariousstagesofdevelopment.DFingerprintscannersarecurrentlythemostwidelydeployedtypeofbiometricapplication,thankstotheirgrowinguseoverthelast20yearsbylaw-enforcementagencies.SixteenAmericanstatesnowusebiometricfingerprintverificationsystemstocheckthatpeopleclaimingwelfarepaymentsaregenuine.InJune,politiciansinTorontovotedtodothesame,withapilotprojectbeginningnextyear.ETodate,themostwidelyusedcommercialbiometricsystemisthehandkey,atypeofhandscannerwhichreadstheuniqueshape,sizeandirregularitiesofpeople’shands.Originallydevelopedfornuclearpowerplants,thehandkeyreceiveditsbigbreakwhenitwasusedtocontrolaccesstotheOlympicVillageinAtlantabymorethan65,000athletes,trainersandsupportstaff.Nowtherearescoresofotherapplications.FAroundtheworld,themarketisgrowingrapidly.Malaysia,forexample,ispreparingtoequipallofitsairportswithbiometricfacescannerstomatchpassengerswithluggage.AndJapen’slargestmakerofcashdispensersisdevelopingnewmachinesthatincorporateirisscanners.Thefi