UnitSixContractsContents1.FiveaspectsofEnglishcontracts2.Usefulexpressions3.Typicalsentences4.Specialterms5.Practice6.Homework1.FiveaspectsofEnglishcontracts1.1選詞方面多用正式或法律上的用詞，與口頭表述不同，合同是法律性的正式書面文件，使用正式的、法律的用詞是必要的。合同起草者應(yīng)多加強(qiáng)這方面的學(xué)習(xí)。比如：1.1選詞方面5)ThisContractshallbegovernedbyandconstruedinaccordancewiththelawsofChina.本合同受中國法律管轄，并按中國法律解釋。construe較explain,interpret正式；6)TheEmployermayobjecttoandrequiretheContractortoreplaceforthwithanyofitsauthorizedrepresentativeswhoisincompetent.雇主認(rèn)為承包人委派的授權(quán)代表不合格時，可以反對并要求立即撤換。require較ask正式；公文體forthwith較atonce正式；7)TheChairpersonmayconveneaninterimmeetingbasedonaproposalmadebyone-thirdofthetotalnumberofdirectors.董事長可以根據(jù)董事會過1/3董事的提議而召集臨時董事會議。convene,interim都是正式用詞;1.1選詞方面8)Incaseonepartydesirestosellorassignallorpartofitsinvestmentsubscribed,theotherpartyshallhavethepreemptiveright.如一方想出售或轉(zhuǎn)讓其投資之全部或部分，另一方有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。法律用詞assign較transfer正式;9)Inprocessingtransactions,themanufacturersshallneverhavetitleeithertothematerialsorthefinishedproducts.加工貿(mào)易中，廠方無論是對原料還是成品都無所有權(quán)。法律用詞title較ownership正式；10）Theterm"Effectivedate"meansthedateonwhichthisAgreementisdulyexecutedbythepartieshereto.“生效期”指雙方合同簽字的日子。法律用詞execute較sign正式.1.2用詞方面多使用"here"，"there"，"where"等前綴，初學(xué)時確實(shí)容易搞混，here代表this，there代表that，where代表what/which。hereafter=afterthistime;今后hereby=bymeans/reasonofthis;特此hereof=ofthis;此中，于此hereinafter=laterinthiscontract;在下文thereafter=afterwards;此后，后來thereby=bythatmeans;因此；由此；在那方面therein=fromthat;在那里；在那點(diǎn)上thereinafter=laterinthesamecontract;以下；在下文whereby=bywhat;bywhich;由是；憑那個wherein=inwhat;inwhich;在哪里；在哪點(diǎn)上1.3情態(tài)動詞多用"shall"代替"will"或"should"加強(qiáng)語氣和強(qiáng)制力。合同中，shall并非單純表示將來時，而常用來表示法律上可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)，具有約束力，宜譯為“應(yīng)”、“應(yīng)該”、“必須”；will無論語氣還是強(qiáng)制力要比shall弱，宜譯為“將”、“原”、“要”；should通常只用來表示語氣較強(qiáng)的假設(shè)、比如“萬一”。1.3情態(tài)動詞1)ThisContractshallbecomeeffectiveuponandfromthedateonwhichitissigned.本合同簽字之日生效。2)ThisContractshallbewritteninEnglishinfourcopies.Eachpartyshallkeeptwocopies.本合同應(yīng)以英文寫成，一式四份，雙方各持兩份。1.4用語方面1.4.1力求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，明白無誤：1)ThefollowingdocumentsshallbedeemedtoformandbereadandconstruedasanintegralpartofthisContract.下列文件應(yīng)被認(rèn)為、讀作、解釋為本合同的組成部分；2)ThisContractcanonlybealtered,amendedorsupplementedinaccordancewithdocumentssignedandsealedbyauthorizedrepresentativesofbothparties.本合同只能按照雙方授權(quán)代表簽名蓋章的文件進(jìn)行修改或增補(bǔ)；3)AllactivitiesofABCCo.shallbegovernedbythelaws,decreesandpertinentrulesandregulationsofChina.ABC公司的一切活動必須受中國的法律、法令和有關(guān)規(guī)章條例的管轄。1.4用語方面1.4.3多用現(xiàn)在時，少用將來時，盡管很多條款規(guī)定的是合同簽訂以后的事項(xiàng)：e.g.LicensorfailstoperformitsobligationsunderthisContract.許可人未能履行其合同義務(wù)。1.4用語方面1.4.4直接表達(dá)方式用得多，間接表達(dá)方式用的較少：1)ThisArticledoesnotapplytobondholderswhohavenotbeenpaidinfull.（×）本條款不適用于尚未全部償付的債券持有者。2)ThisArticleappliesonlytobondholderswhohavebeenpaidinfull.（√）本條款只適用于已全部償付的債券持有者。1.4用語方面1.4.5盡量使用一個動詞，避免使用“動詞+名詞+介詞”的同意短語：1)PartyAshallmakeanappointmentofitsrepresentativewithin30daysaftersigningtheContract.甲方應(yīng)于簽約后30天內(nèi)指派其授權(quán)代表。宜用appoint代替makeanappointmentof.2)PartyAwillgiveconsiderationtoPartyB’sproposalofexclusiveagency.甲方愿意考慮乙方獨(dú)家代理的建議。宜用consider代替giveconsiderationto.2.Usefulexpressionscontract合同，訂立合同contractor訂約人，承包人contractual合同的，契約的tomakeacontract簽訂合同toplaceacontract訂合同toenterintoacontract訂合同tosignacontract簽合同todrawupacontract擬訂合同todraftacontract起草合同togetacontract得到合同2.Usefulexpressionstolandacontract得到(擁有)合同tocountersignacontract會簽合同torepeatacontract重復(fù)合同anexecutorycontract尚待執(zhí)行的合同anicefatcontract一個很有利的合同originalsofthecontract合同正本copiesofthecontract合同副本awrittencontract書面合同tomakesomeconcession做某些讓步contractterms(orcontractclause)合同條款2.Usefulexpressionscontractprovisions/stipulations合同規(guī)定contractperiod(orcontractterm)合同期限contractlife合同有效期tobestipulatedinthecontract在合同中予以規(guī)定tobelaiddowninthecontract在合同中列明tobringacontractintoeffect使合同生效tocomeintoeffect生效togo(enter)intoforce生效toceasetobeineffect/force失效tocarryoutacontract執(zhí)行合同2.Usefulexpressionstoabidebythecontract遵守合同contractofemployment雇傭合同contractofcarriage運(yùn)輸合同contractofarbitration仲裁合同contractforpurchase采購合同contractforservice勞務(wù)合同contractofsale銷售合同contractofinsurance保險(xiǎn)合同along-termcontract長期合同ashort-termcontract短期合同3.Typicalsentences1）ThecontractismadeoutinEnglishandChineselanguagesinquadruplicate,bothtextsbeingequallyauthentic,andeachPartyshallholdtwocopiesofeachtext.本合同用英文和中文兩種文字寫成，一式四份。雙方執(zhí)英文本和中文本各一式兩份，兩種文字具有同等效力。3.Typicalsentences2）ThiscontractissignedbytheauthorizedrepresentativesofbothpartiesonDec.9,1999.Aftersigningthecontract,bothpartiesshallapplytotheirrespectiveGovernmentAuthoritiesforratification.ThedateofratificationlastobtainedshallbetakenastheeffectivedateoftheContract.Bothpartiesshallexerttheirutmosteffortstoobtaintheratificationwithin60daysandshalladvisetheotherpartybytelexandthereaftersendaregisteredletterforconfirmation本合同由雙方代表于1999年12月9日簽訂。合同簽訂后，由各方分別向本國政府當(dāng)局申請批準(zhǔn)，以最后一方的批準(zhǔn)日期為本合同的生效日期，雙方應(yīng)力爭在60天內(nèi)獲得批準(zhǔn)，用電傳通知對方，并用信件確認(rèn)。3.Typicalsentences4）Theoutstanding(未了的)claimsandliabilities（債權(quán)和債務(wù)）existingbetweenbothpartiesontheexpiryofthevalidityofthecontractshallnotbeinfluencedbytheexpirationofthiscontract.Thedebtorshallbekeptliableuntilthedebtorfullypaysuphisdebtstothecreditor.本合同期限屆滿時，雙方發(fā)生的未了債權(quán)和債務(wù)不受合同期滿的影響，債務(wù)人應(yīng)向債權(quán)人繼續(xù)償付未了債務(wù)。

4.Specialterms4.1partialshipment分批裝運(yùn)是國際貿(mào)易的術(shù)語，不能稱為分批裝船或其他，因?yàn)檠b運(yùn)方式可以是航空（空運(yùn)）。所謂分批裝運(yùn)，是指一筆成交的貨物，分若干批裝運(yùn)。國際貿(mào)易的合同或信用證往往有一項(xiàng)清晰的條款明確規(guī)定分批裝運(yùn)是否被允許，如果違反該條款，可以導(dǎo)致買方不付貨款或者不完全付清貨款。5.Practice1.Wearesatisfiedwiththetermsofthiscontractforthemostpart,butwefeelthatyourtermsofpaymentaretoosevere.對合同的條款，我們大致上滿意。但是你們的付款條件似乎太苛刻了。2.Wewouldliketohaveanotherdiscussionoftheseconditionsintheafternoonbeforetherearefinallyincludedinthecontract.在最后列入合同前，我想下午再議一下這幾條條款。3.Beforesigningthecontractthisafternoon,Ithinkwebettergooverfewfinaldetails.下午簽署合同之前，我想我們最好再過一遍最后幾個細(xì)節(jié)。4.We'dbetterdrawuparoughdrafttothecontractthentalkitoverindetailatournextmeeting.我們最好先草擬一份契約草案，等下次見面時再討論細(xì)節(jié)。5.Thisisacopyofourspecimencontractinwhichthegeneralsalestermsandconditionsarecontained.這是我們起草的一份合同樣本，里面有一般的銷售條件。5.Practice6.Wehopethatyouwon‘tobjecttoourinsertingsuchaclauseintheagreement.希望貴方不會反對我方在協(xié)議中加進(jìn)這一條款。7.Ifanyotherclauseinthiscontractisinconflictwiththesupplementaryconditionsthesupplementaryconditionsshouldbetakenasfinalandbinding.本合同其它任何條款如與本附加條款有抵觸時，以本附加條款為準(zhǔn)。8.Wethinkitisnecessarytoincludeaforcemajeureclauseinthiscontract.我們認(rèn)為合同中加進(jìn)不可抗力這一條款很有必要。9.在研究了貴方草擬的合同之后，我方發(fā)現(xiàn)有幾處有必要更改。Afterstudyingyourdraftcontractwefounditnecessarytomakeafewchange.10.既然我們雙方一致同意所有的條款，那我們現(xiàn)在就簽約好嗎?Sincebothofusareinagreementonallthetermsshallwesignthecontractnow?

5.Practice11.我方認(rèn)為貴方草擬的合同需要做一些修改。Wethinkyourdrawcontractneedssomemodification.12.未經(jīng)雙方同意，不可對合同任何修改。Anymodificationalterationtothecontractshallbemadewiththeconsentofbothparties.13.我們必須在合同中明確，貴方有責(zé)任在合同規(guī)定交貨期內(nèi)完成交貨。Wemustmakeitclearinthecontractthatyouareobligedtocompletethedeliveryofthegoodwithinthecontractualtimeofshipment.

14.如不能按原規(guī)定在3個月內(nèi)交貨，合同則作廢。Iftheshipmentcannotbemadewithinthreemonthasstipulated,thecontractwillbecomevoid.15.本協(xié)議用中、英文再種文字寫就，協(xié)議的兩種文本具有同等法律效力。ThisagreementismadebothinChineseandEnglish.Thetwoversionsofagreementshallhaveequalstatusinlaw.

16.Anyamendmentofthecontractshallcometoforceonlyafterthewrittenagreementissignedbybothofus.合約的任何修改都應(yīng)該經(jīng)過我們雙方書面同意以后方可生效。17.Thecontractshallbecomeeffectiveassoonasitsignedbybothparties.本合同經(jīng)雙方簽字后立即生效。18.Ifneitherpartyconsidersitisnecessarytoextendthecontracttheproposingpartymaytaketheinitiativetoconductnegotiationwiththeotherpartyonemonthpriortoitsexpiration.如果任何一方認(rèn)為沒有必要續(xù)延本合同，建議方應(yīng)在合同到期日前一個月主動安排和對方的談判。19.Incaseofbreachofanyoftheprovisionsofthisagreementbyoneparty,theotherparty