中國(guó)歷史文化概況英文版第1頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)整體上掌握TextA和TextB兩篇文章的內(nèi)容，包括背景資料，單詞，相關(guān)專有名詞等。完成TextA和TextB的課后題目。瀏覽TextC。2023/3/30第2頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions

導(dǎo)讀：四大發(fā)明是指中國(guó)古代對(duì)世界具有很大影響的四種發(fā)明。即造紙術(shù)、指南針、火藥、印刷術(shù)。四大發(fā)明對(duì)中國(guó)古代的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了巨大的推動(dòng)作用。而且對(duì)世界文明發(fā)展史也產(chǎn)生了非常大的影響。第3頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions

Papermaking,gunpowder,printingandthecompassarefourancientinventionsbyChinesepeoplethathavehadahugeimpactontheentireworld.第4頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

PaperMaking

In105A.D.CaiLun,aeunuchduringtheEasternHanDynasty,inventedpaperfromwornfishnet,barkandcloth.第5頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

PaperMaking

ThetechniqueofpapermakingwasexportedtoKoreain384A.D.AKoreanMonkthentookthisskillwithhimtoJapanin610A.D.DuringawarbetweentheTangDynastyandtheArabEmpire,theArabscapturedsomeTangsoldiersandpapermakingworkers.Thus,apaperfactorywassetupbytheArabs.Inthe11thCenturytheskillwascarriedtoIndiawhenChinesemonksjourneyedthereinsearchofBuddhistsutras.ThroughtheArabs,AfricansandEuropeansthenmasteredtheskill.ThefirstpaperfactoryinEuropewassetupinSpain.Inthelatterhalfofthe16thcentury,thisskillwasbroughttoAmerica.Bythe19thcentury,whenpaperfactoriesweresetupinAustralia,papermakinghadspreadtothewholeworld.第6頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

PaperMaking

第7頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

Gunpowder

Itwasfirstinventedinadvertentlybyalchemistswhileattemptingtomakeanelixirofimmorality.Itwasamixtureofsulphur,saltpeter,andcharcoal.第8頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

Gunpowder

Itwasamixtureofsulphur,saltpeter,andcharcoal.AttheendoftheTangDynasty,gunpowderwasbeingusedinmilitaryaffairs.DuringtheSongandYuanDynasties,frequentwarsspurredthedevelopmentofcannons,andfire-arrowsshotfrombambootubes.Inthe12thand13thcenturies,gunpowderspreadtotheArabcountries,thenGreece,otherEuropeancountries,andfinallyallovertheworld.2023/3/30第9頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

Gunpowder

第10頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

PrintingTechnique

BiShenginventedmoveable,reusableclaytypeafternumeroustests.Singletypesweremadeandpickedoutforprintingcertainbooks.第11頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

PrintingTechnique

Thesetypescouldbeusedagainandagainfordifferentbooks.BecauseofthelargenumberofdifferentcharactersintheChinesewrittenlanguage,thistechniquedidnothaveadramaticimpactatthetime.However,today,thistypesettingtechniqueisregardedasarevolutionintheindustry.About200yearslater,thismoveable-typetechniquespreadtoothercountriesandadvancedthedevelopmentofworldcivilization.2023/3/30第12頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

PrintingTechnique

第13頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

Compass

DuringtheWarringStatesperiod,adevicecalledaSiNanbecametheforerunnerofthecompass.ASiNanwasaladle-likemagnetonaplatewiththehandleoftheladlepointingtothesouth.第14頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

Compass

Inthe11thcentury,tinyneedlesmadeofmagnetizedsteelwereinvented.Oneendoftheneedlepointsnorthwhiletheotherpointssouth.Thecompasswasthuscreated.Thecompassgreatlyimprovedaship'sabilitytonavigateoverlongdistances.Itwasnotuntilthebeginningofthe14thcenturythatcompasswasintroducedtoEuropefromChina.2023/3/30第15頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextAFourgreatinventions-----

Compass

第16頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)Notes：1. TheWarringStatesPeriod（戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期）：alsoknownastheEraofWarringStates,ortheWarringKingdomsperiod,coverstheIronAgeperiodfromabout475BCtothereunificationofChinaundertheQinDynastyin221BC.ItisnominallyconsideredtobethesecondpartoftheEasternZhouDynasty,followingtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,althoughtheZhouDynastyendedin256BC,35yearsearlierthantheendoftheWarringStatesperiod.Duringtheseperiods,theChinesesovereign(kingoftheZhouDynasty)wasmerelyafigurehead.2023/3/30第17頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)Notes： TheWarringStatesPeriod（戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期）：alsoknownastheEraofWarringStates,ortheWarringKingdomsperiod,coverstheIronAgeperiodfromabout475BCtothereunificationofChinaundertheQinDynastyin221BC.ItisnominallyconsideredtobethesecondpartoftheEasternZhouDynasty,followingtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,althoughtheZhouDynastyendedin256BC,35yearsearlierthantheendoftheWarringStatesperiod.Duringtheseperiods,theChinesesovereign(kingoftheZhouDynasty)wasmerelyafigurehead.2023/3/30第18頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology

導(dǎo)讀：中國(guó)是醫(yī)藥文化發(fā)祥最早的國(guó)家之一，從文明的曙光在天幕上耀映亞細(xì)亞大地之時(shí)，遍及神州大地的簇簇史前文化篝火，由點(diǎn)到面聯(lián)接起來(lái)，形成燎原之勢(shì)，逐漸的融化在文明時(shí)代的光華之中。從此，中國(guó)醫(yī)藥學(xué)的文明史開始了。第19頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology

Chinawasoneoffirstcountriestohaveamedicalculture.IncomparisonwithWesternmedicine,theChinesemethodtakesafardifferentapproach.Withahistoryof5,000years,ithasformedadeepandimmenseknowledgeofmedicalscience,theory,diagnosticmethods,prescriptionsandcures.第20頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology----

FourMethodsofDiagnosis

ItisawonderthatChinesedoctorscouldcurecountlesspatientswithoutanyassistantapparatusbutonlyaphysicalexamination.Thefourmethodsofdiagnosisconsistofobservation,auscultationandolfaction,interrogation,pulsetakingandpalpation.

第21頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology----

Acupuncture

Acupunctureistheexperientialsummaryundergoingthelong-termstrugglebytheChinesepeople.Actuallyitconsistsoftwoparts:operationswithneedlesandoneswithfire,bothofthemareessentialandcorrelativeduringcuring.第22頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology----

Acupuncture

OperationswithNeedles

Thisfieldfeaturesthepricksofneedlesonacupuncturepoint(acupointforshort)toadjusttheorganicfunctionsandcleartheenergychannelsofobstructioninourbody.第23頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology----

Acupuncture

OperationswithFireThemethodsincommonusearemoxibustionwithmoxaconeandcupping.Theprincipleofcuppingliesinthat,whenthefireinthejarisburnt,heatingpowerejectstheairout,andthenegativepressuremakesthejarsticktotheskin,whichcausesthestasisofbloodtostimulateandadjusttheorganfunctions,themoxaconecanalsohavethiseffect.第24頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology----

ChineseHerbalMedicine

GenuineChinesepeoplehavefoundthousandsofplantsandherbsassociatedwiththetreatmentofailments,soherbalmedicineisreallyalargesystem.Doctorswouldanalyzetheirnatureorpropertysuchas'coldandhot'or'yinandyang',utilizeallsortsofrawmaterials,mixingthemtocuredisease.Thusthemedicineisalsodifferentfromthewesternmedicine.第25頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology----

ChineseHerbalMedicine

Abouttheclassificationofherbalmedicine,intheCompendiumofMateriaMedicabyLiShizhenintheTangDynasty(618-907),thereare1892typesrecorded,andgivingthedetailedinformation.第26頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)Todaywecanbrieflydividetheminaboutten:Roots:thatmeanssomespecificplants'rootscanbeusedasmedicinesuchasginseng,Chinesegromwell,andTaiwanAngelicaroot,etc.TaiwanAngelicarootwithwarmnatureishelpfulfortheindicationofheadache,toothacheandsoon.Rhizome:itincludesdriedgingerwithhotnatureforasthmaandcold,Lilybulbwithcoldnatureforinsomniaandweakness,etc.Othersortsarevariedlikeleaf,flower,seeds,grass,andvines,andsoon.2023/3/30TextBPharmacology----

ChineseHerbalMedicine

第27頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)TextBPharmacology----

ChineseHerbalMedicine

28Thequalityofmedicineisconcernedimmediatelywiththedecoctingjar,quantityofwater,andthefrequencyofdecoction.第28頁(yè)/共33頁(yè)Notes：1.TheYellowEmperor'sCanonofInteriorMedicine（黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)）：isanancientChinesemedicaltextthathasbeentreatedasthefundamentaldoctrinalsourceforChinesemedicineformorethantwomillennia.ItiscomparableinimportancetotheHippocraticCorpusinGreekmedicineortheworksofGaleninIslamicandmedievalEuropeanmedicine.Theworkiscomposedoftwotextseachofeighty-onechaptersortreatisesinaquestion-and-answerformatbetweenthemythicalHuangdi(YellowEmperorormorecorr