經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！2005年11月份托福閱讀真題及答案Questions1-10AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,itbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmorecrowded,asfannersfromwithinaradiusof24ormorekilometerslinebroughttheirsheep,cows,pigs,vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirectsaletothetownspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughouttheperioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Thefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,werepopularitems.Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthecompetition,retailmerchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Althoughgovernmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessful,theordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side,asincreasingbusinessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegantoappearinadditiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidtheycatertothegovernorandhiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthecourtsofjustice.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance(B)Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter(C)ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia(D)TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia2.ItcanbeinferredPhiladelphiabecausethepassagethatnewmarketsopenedinfrom(A)theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets(B)theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose(C)existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation(D)farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.3.Theword"hinterland"inline3isclosestinmeaningto(A)tradition(B)association(C)produce(D)region4.Theword"it"inline6refersto(A)thecrowdedcity(B)aradius(C)theHighStreetMarket(D)theperiod5.Theword"persisted"inline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)returned(B)started(C)declined(D)continued6.Accordingtothepassage,fairsinPhiladelphiawereheld(A)onthesamedayasmarketsays(B)asoftenaspossible(C)acoupleoftimesayear(D)wheneverthegovernmentallowedit7.Itcanbeinferredauthormentions"Linensandstockings"inline12toshowthattheywereitemsthat(A)retailmerchantswerenotwillingtosell(B)werenotavailableinthestoresinPhiladelphia(C)weremorepopularinGermantownmaninPhiladelphia(D)couldeasilybetransported8.Theword"eradicate"inline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)eliminate(B)exploit(C)organize(D)operate9.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystatinginline17that"economicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side"?(A)Merchantshadastrongimpactoneconomicexpansion.(B)Economicforcesallowedmerchantstoprosper.(C)Merchantshadtoworktogethertoachieveeconomicindependence(D)Specialtyshopsnearlargemarketsweremorelikelytobeeconomicallysuccessful.10.Theword"undergoing"inline22isclosestinmeaningto(A)requesting(B)experiencing(C)repeating(D)includingQuestions11-22whoAvicolturists,peopleraisebirdsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearnedhowtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.Theycontinuetotolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandimprovechicksurvivalrates.lineWhenparrotsincubatetheireggsinthewild,thetemperatureandhumidityofthe(5)nestarecontrollednaturally.Heatistransferredfromthebird'sskintothetopportionoftheeggshell,leavingthesidesandbottomoftheeggatacoolertemperature.Thistemperaturegradientmaybevitaltosuccessfulhatching.NestconstructioncancontributetothistemperaturegradientNestsoflooselyarrangedsticks,rocks,ordirtarecoolerintemperatureatthebottomwheretheeggcontactsthenestingmaterial.(10)Suchnestsalsoactashumidityregulatorsbyallowingraintodrainintothebottomsectionsofthenestsothattheeggsarenotindirectcontactwiththewater.Asthewaterthatcollectsinthebottomofthenestevaporates,thewatervaporrisesandisheatedbytheincubatingbird,whichaddssignificanthumiditytotheincubationenvironment(15)Inartificialincubationprograms,aviculturistsremoveeggsfromnestsofparrotstheandincubatethemunderlaboratoryconditions.Mostcommercialincubatorsheattheeggsfairlyevenlyfromtoptobottom,thusignoringthebird'smethodofnaturalincubation,andperhapsreducingtheviabilityandsurvivabilityofthehatchingchicks.Whenincubatorsarenotused,aviculturistssometimessuspendwoodenboxesoutdoors(20)touseasnestsinwhichtoplaceeggs.Inareaswhereweathercanbecomecoldaftereggsarelaid,itisveryimportanttomaintainadeepfoundationofnestingmaterialtoactasinsulatoragainstthecoldbottomofthebox.Ifeggsrestagainstthewoodenbottominextremelycoldweatherconditions,theycanbecomechilledtoapointwheretheembryocannolongersurvive.Similarly,theseboxesshouldbeprotectedfrom(25)directsunlighttoavoidhightemperaturesthatarealsofataltothegrowingembryo.Nestingmaterialshouldbeaddedinsufficientamountstoavoidbothextremetemperaturesituationsmentionedaboveandassurethattheeggshaveasoft,secureplacetorest.11.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(A)Nestingmaterialvariesaccordingtotheparrots'environment.(B)Humidityisanimportantfactorinincubatingparrots'eggs.(C)Aviculturistshaveconstructedtheidealnestboxforparrots.(D)Wildparrots'nestsprovideinformationusefulforartificialincubation.12.Theword"They"inline2refersto(A)aviculturists(B)birds(C)eggs(D)rates13.Accordingtoparagraph2,whenthetemperatureofthesidesandbottomoftheeggarecoolerthanthetop,then(A)theremaybeagoodchanceforsuccessfulincubation(B)theembryowillnotdevelopnormally(C)theincubatingparentmovestheeggtoanewposition.(D)theincubationprocessissloweddown14.Accordingtoparagraph2,sticks,rocks,ordirtareusedto(A)softenthebottomofthenestforthenewlyhatchedchick(B)holdthenesttogether(C)helplowerthetemperatureatthebottomofthenest(D)makethenestbigger15.Accordingtoparagraph2,theconstructionofthenestallowswaterto(A)provideabeneficialsourceofhumidityinthenest(B)loosenthematerialsatthebottomofthenest(C)keepthenestinacleancondition(D)touchthebottomoftheeggs16.Allofthefollowingarepartofaparrot'sincubationmethodEXCEPT(A)heatingthewatervaporasitrisesfromthebottomofthenest(B)arrangingnestingmaterialatthebottomofthenest(C)transferringheatfromtheparenttothetopoftheeggshell(D)maintainingaconstanttemperatureontheeggshell17.Theword"suspend"inline19isclosestinmeaningto(A)build(B)paint(C)hang(D)move18.Theword"fatal"inline25isclosestinmeaningto(A)close(B)deadly(C)natural(D)hot19.Theword"secure"inline27isclosestinmeaningto(A)fiesh(B)diy(C)safe(D)warm20.Accordingtoparagraph3,adeepfoundationofnestingmaterialprovides(A)aconstantsourceofhumidity(B)astrongnestbox(C)moreroomfornewlyhatchedchicks(D)protectionagainstcoldweather21.Whichofthefollowingisaproblemwithcommercialincubators?(A)Theylackthenaturaltemperaturechangesoftheoutdoors.(B)Theyareunabletoheattheeggsevenly(C)Theydonottransferheattotheegginthesamewaytheparentbirddoes.(D)Theyareexpensivetooperate.22.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?(A)Aviculturists(lineI)(B)Gradient(line8)(C)Incubation(line15)(D)Embryo(line24)Questions23-33Themineralparticlesfoundinsoilrangeinsizefrommicroscopicclayparticlestolargeboulders.Themostabundantparticles—sand,silt,andclay—arethefocusofexaminationinstudiesofsoiltexture.Textureisthetermusedtodescribethelinecompositesizesofparticlesinasoilsample,typicallyseveralrepresentativehandfuls.(5)Tomeasuresoiltexture,thesand,silt,andclayparticlesaresortedoutbysizeandweight.Theweightsofeachsizearethenexpressedasapercentageofthesampleweight.Inthefield,soiltexturecanbeestimatedbyextractingahandfulofsodandsqueezingthedampsoilintothreebasicshapes;(1)cast,alumpformedbysqueezing(10)asampleinaclenchedfist;(2)thread,apencilshapeformedbyrollingsoilbetweenthepalms;and(3)ribbon,aflatfishshapeformedbysqueezingasmallsamplebetweenthethumbandindexfinger.Thebehavioralcharacteristicsofthesoilwhenmoldedintoeachoftheseshapes,iftheycanbeformedatall,providesthebasisforageneraltexturalclassification.Thebehaviorofthesoilinthehandtestisdeterminedbythe(15)amountofclayinthesample.Clayparticlesarehighlycohesive,andwhendampened,behaveasaplastic.Thereforethehighertheclaycontentinasample,themorerefinedanddurabletheshapesintowhichitcanbemolded.Anothermethodofdeterminingsoiltextureinvolvestheuseofdevicescalledsedimentsieves,screensbuiltwithaspecifiedmeshsize.Whenthesoilisfiltered(20)throughagroupofsieves,eachwithadifferentmeshsize,theparticlesbecomegroupedincorrespondingsizecategories.Eachcategorycanbeweighedtomakeatexturaldetermination.Althoughsievesworkwellforsilt,sand,andlargerparticles,theyarenotappropriateforclayparticles.Clayisfartoosmalltosieveaccurately;therefore,insoilswithahighproportionofclay,thefineparticlesaremeasuredonthebasisoftheirsettlingvelocitywhensuspendedinwater.Sinceclays(25)settlesoslowly,theyareeasilysegregatedfromsandandsilt.Thewatercanbedrawnoffandevaporated,leavingaresidueofclay,whichcanbeweighed.23.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Characteristicsofhighqualitysoil(B)Particlestypicallyfoundinmostsoils(C)Howahighclaycontentaffectsthetextureofsoil(D)Waystodeterminethetextureofsoil24.Theauthormentions"severalrepresentativehandrals"inline4inordertoshow(A)therangeofsoilsamples(B)theprocessbywhichsoilisweighed(C)therequirementsforanadequatesoilsample(D)howsmallsoilparticlesare25.Thephrase"sortedout"inline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)mixed(B)replaced(C)carried(D)separated26.Itcanbeinferredmatthenamesofthethreebasicshapesmentionedinparagraph2reflect(A)thewaythesoilisextracted(B)theresultsofsqueezingthesoil(C)theneedtocheckmorethanonehandful(D)thedifficultyofformingdifferentshapes27.Theword"dampened"inline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)damaged(B)stretched(C)moistened(D)examined28.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutasoilsamplewithlittleornoclayinit?(A)Itisnotveryheavy.(B)Itmaynotholditsshapewhenmolded.(C)Itsshapeisdurable(D)Itstexturecannotbeclassified29.Theword"they"inline23refersto(A)categories(B)sieves(C)largerparticles(D)clayparticles30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthesedimentsievehasanadvantageoverthehandtestindeterminingsoiltexturebecause(A)usingthesievetakeslesstime(B)thesievecanmeasureclay(C)lesstrainingisrequiredtousethesieve(D)thesieveallowsforamoreexactmeasure31.Duringtheproceduredescribedinparagraph3,whenclayparticlesareplacedintowaterthey(A)sticktothesidesofthewatercontainer(B)takesometimetosinktothebottom(C)separateintodifferentsizes(D)dissolvequickly32.Theword"fine"inline24isclosestinmeaningto(A)tiny(B)many(C)excellent(D)various33.AllofthefollowingwordsaredefinedinthepassageEXCEPT(A)texture(line3)(B)ribbon(line11)(C)sedimentsieves(line19)(D)evaporated(line27)Questions34-43Anumberoffactorsrelatedtothevoicerevealthepersonalityofthespeaker.Thefirstisthebroadareaofcommunication,whichincludesimpartinginformationbyuseoflanguage,communicatingwithagrouporanindividual,andspecializedlinecommunicationthroughperformance.Apersonconveysthoughtsandideasthrough(5)choiceofwords,byatoneofvoicethatispleasantorunpleasant,gentleorharsh,bytherhythmthatisinherentwithinthelanguageitself,andbyspeechrhythmsthatareflowingandregularorunevenandhesitant,andfinally,bythepitchandmelodyoftheutterance.Whenspeakingbeforeagroup,aperson'stonemayindicateunsurenessorfright,confidenceorcalm.Atinterpersonallevels,thetonemayreflectideasand(10)feelingsoverandabovethewordschosen,ormaybeliethem.Heretheconversant'stonecanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyreflectintuitivesympathyorantipathy,lackofconcernorinterest,fatigue,anxiety,enthusiasmorexcitement,allofwhichare.usuallydiscerniblebytheacutelistener.Publicperformanceisamannerofcommunicationthatishighlyspecializedwithitsowntechniquesforobtainingeffectsbyvoiceand/or(15)gesture.Themotivationderivedfromthetext,andinthecaseofsinging,themusic,incombinationwiththeperformer'sskills,personality,andabilitytocreateempathywilldeterminethesuccessofartistic,political,orpedagogiccommunication.Second,thevoicegivespsychologicalcluestoaperson'sself-image,perceptionofothers,andemotionalhealth.Self-imagecanbeindicatedbyatoneofvoicethatis(20)confident,pretentious,shy,aggressive,outgoing,orexuberant,tonameonlyafewpersonalitytraits.Alsothesoundmaygiveacluetothefacadeormaskofthatperson,forexample,ashypersonhidingbehindanoverconfidentfront.Howaspeakerperceivesthelistener'sreceptiveness,interest,orsympathyinanygivenconversationcandrasticallyalterthetoneofpresentation,byencouragingordiscouragingthe(25)speaker.Emotionalhealthisevidencedinthevoicebyfreeandmelodicsoundsofthehappy,byconstrictedandharshsoundoftheangry,andbydullandlethargicqualitiesofthedepressed34.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Thefunctionofthevoiceinperformance(B)Theconnectionbetweenvoiceandpersonality(C)Communicationstyles(D)Theproductionofspeech35.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystaringthat,"Atinterpersonallevels,tonemayreflectideasandfeelingsoverandabovethewordschosen"(lines9-10)?(A)Feelingsareexpressedwithdifferentwordsthanideasare.(B)Thetoneofvoicecancanyinformationbeyondthemeaningofwords.(C)Ahightoneofvoicereflectsanemotionalcommunication.(D)Feelingsaremoredifficulttoexpressthanideas.36.Theword"Here"inline10refersto(A)interpersonalinteractions(B)thetone(C)ideasandfeelings(D)wordschosen37.Theword"derived"inline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)discussed(B)prepared(C)registered(D)obtained38.Whydoestheauthormention"artistic,political,orpedagogiccommunication"inline17?(A)Asexamplesofpublicperformance(B)Asexamplesofbasicstylesofcommunication(C)Tocontrastthemtosinging(D)Tointroducetheideaofself-image39.Accordingtothepassage,anexuberanttoneofvoice,maybeanindicationofaperson's(A)generalphysicalhealth(B)personality(C)abilitytocommunicate(D)vocalquality40.Accordingtothepassage,anoverconfidentfrontmayhide(A)hostility(B)shyness(C)friendliness(D)strength41.Theword"drastically"inline24isclosestinmeaningto(A)frequently(B)exactly(C)severely(D)easily42.Theword"evidenced"inline25isclosestinmeaningto(A)questioned(B)repeated(C)indicated(D)exaggerated43.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoesaconstrictedandharshvoiceindicate?(A)Lethargy(B)Depression(C)Boredom(D)AngerQuestions44-50Asthetwentiethcenturybegan,theimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreasedThefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclinelifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschooling(5)increasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.Increasingly,too,schoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety.ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformal(10)schooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststates,andtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartens,vacationschools,extracurricularactivities,andvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudents,manyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.Classesforadultimmigrantswere(15)sponsoredbypublicschools,corporations,unions,churches,settlementhouses,andotheragencies.Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesinthe(20)urbanindustrialeconomy,andoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome.Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen,Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomies,homemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoods,andit(25)commonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehome,inthehighlyindustrializedearly-twentieth-centuryUnitedStates,however,overproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.Thus,theidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerrathertha