第一講ReadingandThinking目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航j(luò)ing目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航j(luò)ing重點(diǎn)詞匯1．choleran．霍亂2．diarrhoean.腹瀉3．dehydrationn.脫水4．germn.微生物；細(xì)菌；病菌5．epidemiologyn.流行病學(xué)6．microscopen.顯微鏡7．contradictoryadj.相互矛盾的；對立的；不一致的8．proofn.證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)9．suspectvt.&vi.懷疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對象10．blamevt.把……歸咎于；責(zé)怪；指責(zé)n.責(zé)備；指責(zé)11．handlen.把手；拉手；柄vt.處理；搬動(dòng)；操縱(車輛、動(dòng)物、工具等)12．substantialadj.大量的；價(jià)值巨大的；重大的13．statisticn．[pl.]統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字；統(tǒng)計(jì)資料；統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)14．transformvt.使改觀；使改變形態(tài)vi.改變；轉(zhuǎn)變詞匯拓展1．severeadj.極為惡劣的；十分嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)厲的→severelyadv.嚴(yán)重地；嚴(yán)厲地；嚴(yán)格地2．frustratedadj.懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的→frustrationn．挫?。痪趩?．infectionn．感染；傳染→infectvt.使感染；傳染→infectiousadj.感染的；(疾病)傳染性的；(病人)有傳染性的→infectedadj.帶菌的；感染病菌的4．subscribevi.認(rèn)購(股份)；定期訂購；定期交納(會費(fèi))→subscriptionn．訂閱(費(fèi))；用戶費(fèi)5．multipleadj.數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的→multiplyv．乘；(使)大大增加；繁殖6．interventionn．介入；出面；干涉→intervenevi.介入；干預(yù)7．pureadj.干凈的；純的；純粹的→purifyvt.使純凈；凈化→purelyadv.完全地；僅僅重點(diǎn)詞組1．onceandforall最終地；徹底地2．subscribeto同意；贊同3．thanksto幸虧；由于4．intime經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間之后；遲早5．a(chǎn)ttendto照顧；護(hù)理6．ingeneral總的說來；從總體上看7．belikelytodosth很可能做某事8．diefrom死于；因……而死9．a(chǎn)saresultof因此，由于；作為……的結(jié)果10．getdownto開始做事；開始認(rèn)真考慮某事重點(diǎn)句型1.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.(教材P2)作為一名年輕的醫(yī)生，約翰·斯諾變得沮喪，因?yàn)闆]有人知道如何防治霍亂。2.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.(教材P2)斯諾懷疑是水泵的問題。3.ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.(教材P3)經(jīng)過斯諾的不懈努力，供水公司開始銷售純凈水，世界各地的霍亂威脅也大量減少。4.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(教材P3)幸運(yùn)的是，由于約翰·斯諾的努力，我們現(xiàn)在知道如何預(yù)防霍亂了。5.Thiswaswhenyoushouldhavecalmeddownandgotdowntodoingsomesolidwork.(教材P5)這時(shí)候你本應(yīng)該冷靜下來，開始做一些扎實(shí)的工作。知識點(diǎn)睛jing知識點(diǎn)睛jing原文呈現(xiàn)JOHNSNOWDEFEATS①“KINGCHOLERA②【1】【1】本篇文章的標(biāo)題JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表明這是個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，不容置疑。Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor，JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausessevere③diarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakof④cholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustrated⑤becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime⑥，herose⑦tobecomeafamousdoctor，andevenattendedto⑧QueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth⑨.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall⑩.Ingeneral?，doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictory?theoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfection?fromgerms?infoodorwater.Snowsubscribedto?thesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof?.Consequently?，whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays【2】．Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.【2】這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，thatintwo...tendays為賓語從句。該從句中的“so...that...”引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived【3】．Thereweremultiple?deaths?nearthewaterpump?inBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40)．However,somehouseholdseq\o(○,\s\up3(21))(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedeq\o(○,\s\up3(22))thatthewaterpumpwastoblameeq\o(○,\s\up3(23)).Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday【4】．Asaresultofthisevidence，JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordinglyeq\o(○,\s\up3(24)),hehadthehandleeq\o(○,\s\up3(25))ofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused【5】．Throughthisinterventioneq\o(○,\s\up3(26)),thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.【3】畫線部分中的where和who都引導(dǎo)定語從句，分別修飾先行詞places和those?！?】Itseemsthat...表示“似乎……，看起來……”；haditdelivered...everyday屬于“havesthdone”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)可表示“請/派別人做某事”?！?】sothat在此引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshowalinkeq\o(○,\s\up3(27))betweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyraweq\o(○,\s\up3(28))waste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogeteq\o(○,\s\up3(29))cholerathanthosewhodrankpureeq\o(○,\s\up3(30))orboiledwater.ThroughSnow’stirelesseffortseq\o(○,\s\up3(31)),watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecreaseeq\o(○,\s\up3(32)).However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstoeq\o(○,\s\up3(33))theworkofJohnSnow.Moreovereq\o(○,\s\up3(34)),inhisuseofmapsandstatistics，Snowtransformedeq\o(○,\s\up3(35))thewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.,課文譯文約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”霍亂曾經(jīng)是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英國醫(yī)生約翰·斯諾(向人們)展示了如何能戰(zhàn)勝它(它才不那么可怕)。這種疾病會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的腹瀉、脫水，甚至死亡。19世紀(jì)初，歐洲發(fā)生霍亂，數(shù)百萬人死于這種疾病。作為一名年輕的醫(yī)生，約翰·斯諾變得沮喪，因?yàn)闆]人知道如何預(yù)防和治療霍亂。后來，他成了名醫(yī)，甚至在維多利亞女王分娩時(shí)還照料她。但他從未放棄徹底消滅霍亂的愿望?？偟膩碚f，當(dāng)時(shí)的醫(yī)生對霍亂的傳播的解釋有兩種相互矛盾的理論。一種理論是這種疾病是由糟糕的空氣導(dǎo)致的。另一種理論是霍亂是由食物或水中的細(xì)菌感染引起的。斯諾贊同第二種理論。這是對的．但他仍然需要證據(jù)。因此，1854年倫敦發(fā)生霍亂后，斯諾開始調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，在兩條特別的街道上，霍亂疫情非常嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。他下定決心要找出原因。斯諾首先在地圖上標(biāo)出了所有死者曾經(jīng)生活的精確地點(diǎn)。許多死亡病例是在寬街水泵附近(尤其是16號、37號、38號和40號房屋)。然而，一些家庭(如寬街20號和21號，劍橋街8號和9號)卻沒有人死亡。這些人在劍橋街7號的酒吧工作。他們得到了免費(fèi)的啤酒，所以沒有飲用水泵里的水。斯諾懷疑是水泵的問題。更重要的是，在倫敦的另一個(gè)地方，一位婦女和她的女兒從寬街搬走后也因霍亂而死。這個(gè)女人似乎非常喜歡(飲用)水泵里的水，因此她每天都讓人把水送到她家?；谶@個(gè)證據(jù)，約翰·斯諾得以宣布水泵中的水?dāng)y帶了霍亂病菌。因此，他把水泵的手柄拆除了，這樣水泵就不能用了。通過這種干預(yù)，霍亂才中斷了。事實(shí)上，寬街水泵的水已被廢物污染了。此外，斯諾后來能夠指出其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同供水公司之間的聯(lián)系。一些公司出售泰晤士河的水，而河水被未經(jīng)處理的廢物污染了。喝這種水的人比喝純凈水或白開水的人更易得霍亂。通過斯諾的不懈努力，供水公司開始銷售純凈水，世界各地的霍亂威脅也大量減少。然而，霍亂仍然是一個(gè)問題。每年，世界各地有數(shù)百萬人感染霍亂，許多人因霍亂喪生。幸運(yùn)的是，由于約翰·斯諾的努力，我們現(xiàn)在知道如何預(yù)防霍亂了。此外，斯諾利用地圖和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方法。因此，斯諾被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代流行病學(xué)之父。知識解析一.frustratedadj.懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.(教材P2)作為一名年輕的醫(yī)生，約翰·斯諾變得沮喪，因?yàn)闆]有人知道如何防治霍亂。【精講】feelfrustratedat/with對……感到沮喪/懊惱frustratevt.使懊喪；使懊惱；挫敗；阻止；防止frustratingadj.令人懊惱的；令人沮喪的(常形容事物)frustrationn．[U]懊喪；沮喪[C，usuallypl.]令人懊喪(或懊惱、沮喪)的事物①Theyfeltfrustratedatthelackofprogress.沒有進(jìn)展，他們感到沮喪。②Thehunterfeltveryfrustratedashehadn’tcaughtanyanimals.獵人感到很沮喪，因?yàn)樗麤]有捕捉到任何動(dòng)物。③Everyjobhasitsdifficultiesandfrustrations(frustrate)．每份工作都有其困難和令人懊惱之處。[語境串記]Whatfrustratedmemostwasthefrustratingnewsaboutthefootballmatch,whoseresultmadeeveryoneherefrustrated.最讓我沮喪的是這個(gè)令人沮喪的關(guān)于足球比賽的消息，比賽結(jié)果使這里的每個(gè)人都很沮喪。二.suspectvt.&vi.懷疑；疑有；不信任Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.(教材P2)斯諾懷疑是水泵的問題?！揪v】(1)suspectthat...懷疑/認(rèn)為……(尤指壞事可能屬實(shí)或發(fā)生)suspectsbtobe...懷疑某人是……suspectsbof(doing)sth懷疑某人(做過)某事(2)amurdersuspect殺人嫌疑犯themain/primesuspect首要嫌疑人①Thepolicesuspectedhimoftelling(tell)alieabouthismovementslastnight.警方懷疑他關(guān)于昨晚的行蹤說了謊。②IfthemotherhasasuspectedorconfirmedCOVID－19case,breastfeedingshouldbestoppedandsheshouldbeseparatedfromthebaby.如果母親疑似或被確診感染新型冠狀病毒肺炎，則應(yīng)中止母乳喂養(yǎng)，母親應(yīng)與嬰兒隔離。[名師提醒]有些單詞詞性不同，發(fā)音不同。作名詞時(shí)重音在前，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)重音在后，即“名前動(dòng)后”。三.blamevt.把……歸咎于；責(zé)怪；指責(zé)(教材P2)【精講】(1)blamesbfor(doing)sth因(做)某事責(zé)備某人blamesthon...把某事歸咎于……betoblame(forsth)(對某事)負(fù)有責(zé)任(2)taketheblamefor對……承擔(dān)責(zé)任put/lay/placetheblameforsthon...把某事歸咎于……Ifthathappens，thecoachwilltaketheblameforit.如果發(fā)生那樣的事，教練將對此承擔(dān)責(zé)任。[語境串記]Heisblamedforthebigmistake,butheblameditonothers.Infact,itishe,notothers,thatistoblameforit.他因這次嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤受到了責(zé)備，但他把它歸咎于別人。事實(shí)上，應(yīng)該是他，而不是別人，對此負(fù)責(zé)。四.handlen．把手；拉手；柄vt.處理；搬動(dòng)；操縱(車輛、動(dòng)物、工具等)Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.(教材P2)因此，他把水泵的手柄拆除了，這樣水泵就不能用了。[一詞多義]寫出下列句中handle的詞性及含義【精講】①Slowlyhestooped(彎腰)down,graspedthehandlesonbothsidesofthebox,andgatheredallhisstrengthtoliftit.n.把手②Butwhenhefinallyreachedher,thewomanfloodedhimwithquestions：“Whoareyou？Whatantiqueshop？”However,whenshehungup,sheregrettedthewayshehadhandledthecall.vt.處理③Iwasn’tsureifIcouldhandlesuchapowerfulcar.vt.操縱④Thelabelontheboxsaid：“Fragile.Handlewithcare.”vt.搬動(dòng)五.linkn．聯(lián)系；紐帶vt.把……連接起來；相關(guān)聯(lián)；挽住Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.(教材P3)此外，斯諾后來能夠指出其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同供水公司之間的聯(lián)系?！揪v】(1)link...to/with...把……與……連接/聯(lián)系起來belinkedto/with與……有聯(lián)系/關(guān)系(2)alinkbetween...and...……與……之間的關(guān)系/聯(lián)系arail/road/telephonelink鐵路/公路/電話線①Thenewly－builtsubwaywilllinktheairporttothecitycentre.新建的地鐵將把機(jī)場和市中心連接起來。②Yellowisgenerallylinkedwithconfidence,self－respectandfriendliness.黃色一般與自信、自尊和友好聯(lián)系在一起。③Inmyopinion,thereisacloselinkbetweenteachersandstudents.在我看來，師生之間有著密切的關(guān)系。六.decreasen．減少；降低；減少量ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.(教材P3)經(jīng)過斯諾的不懈努力，供水公司開始銷售純凈水，世界各地的霍亂威脅也大量減少?！揪v】(1)decrease(from...)to(從……)減少到……(表示減少后的量)decreaseby減少了……(表示減少的量)decreasein在……方面減少(2)adecreasein...……的減少onthedecrease在減少①Thisspeciesofbirdisdecreasinginnumbereveryyear.這種鳥的種類在逐年減少。②Thepriceofwheathasdecreasedby5%。小麥價(jià)格降低了5%。③Therehasbeenadecreaseintrafficaccidents.交通事故減少了。④Thechargefortransportationisonthedecreasebecauseoflowerfuelcosts.由于更低的燃料成本，運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用在降低。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子⑤Thenewlawhascomeintoeffect,andthenumberofwildanimalshereisincreasing/ontheincreasenow.新的法律已經(jīng)生效，這里的野生動(dòng)物的數(shù)量正在增加。七.subscribeto同意；贊同；訂購；捐款Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.(教材P2)斯諾贊同第二種理論?！揪v】[一詞多義]寫出下列句中subscribeto的含義①Weprefertosubscribetoanalternativeexplanation.贊同②Subscribetothemagazinefortwelvemonthsandyouwillreceiveafreelimited－editionT－shirt.訂閱③HeisoneofthemillionswhosubscribetotheNSPCC.捐款八.thanksto幸虧；由于Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(教材P3)幸運(yùn)的是，由于約翰·斯諾的努力，我們現(xiàn)在知道如何預(yù)防霍亂了。【精講】表示“由于；因?yàn)椤钡钠渌Ｓ枚陶Zbecauseof因?yàn)?；由?常作狀語)owingto由于；因?yàn)?作狀語或表語)asaresultof作為……的結(jié)果；由于(作狀語)dueto因?yàn)椋挥捎?作狀語或表語)onaccountof由于；因?yàn)?作狀語或表語)①Hisfailureisduetothefactthathelacksexperience.他的失敗是由于缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)。②Thetrainarrivedlateonaccountof/asaresultofaheavysnow.火車因?yàn)榇笱┩睃c(diǎn)了。③Hewasinjureddueto/owingtoacaraccident.他因?yàn)檐嚨準(zhǔn)軅?。?getdownto開始干，著手做Thiswaswhenyoushouldhavecalmeddownandgotdowntodoingsomesolidwork.(教材P5)這時(shí)候你本應(yīng)該冷靜下來，開始做一些扎實(shí)的工作?！揪v】getacross(to)(使)被理解；(把……)講清楚getaround/round(消息等)傳開getover越過(墻等)，克服(困難、偏見等)getthrough(使)通過，(電話)接通，辦完①TheinformationontheInternetgetsaround/roundmuchmorerapidlythanthatinthenewspaper.網(wǎng)上的信息比報(bào)紙上的信息傳播得要快得多。②Iamsurehewillgetoverhisillness.我相信他一定會戰(zhàn)勝疾病的。③Howlongwillittakeustogetthroughthecustoms?通過海關(guān)檢查要花費(fèi)我們多長時(shí)間？[名師提醒]表示“開始做某事”的結(jié)構(gòu)還有：begin/starttodo/doingsth,setaboutdoingsth,setouttodosth等。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④I’mgoingtogetdowntostudyingEnglishthisterm.這學(xué)期我要開始學(xué)英語了。十.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.(教材P2)他發(fā)現(xiàn)，在兩條特定的街道上，霍亂疫情非常嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡?！揪v】(1)so...that...意為“如此……以至于……”，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，此結(jié)構(gòu)中so為副詞，后面跟形容詞或副詞。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：so＋eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(adj./adv.＋that...,adj.＋a（n）＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that...,many/few/much/little（少）...＋n.＋that...))(2)such...that作“如此……以至于”，連接一個(gè)表示結(jié)果的狀語從句時(shí)，與so...that意思相同，但用法不同。such后邊要跟名詞(這個(gè)名詞前面可以帶形容詞，也可以不帶)，such...that的句型結(jié)構(gòu)可分以下三種：①such＋a(n)＋adj.＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋that...②such＋adj.＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋that...③such＋adj.＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that...①Thisissuchaninterestingbookthatweallenjoyreadingit.→Thisissointerestingabookthatweallenjoyreadingit.這本書非常有趣，我們都喜歡看。②Hehadsomanythingstodothathewasbusyalldaylong.他要做的事情太多，以至于整天忙個(gè)不停。2.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.(教材P2)這個(gè)女人似乎非常喜歡(飲用)水泵里的水，因此她每天都讓人把水送到她家。havesthdone結(jié)構(gòu)中過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示被動(dòng)的含義，此結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可以用getsthdone來替換；其常用三種含義如下：(1)表示“讓某人做某事”(2)表示“遭遇到某種不幸；受到打擊”(3)表示“做完某事(主語可能參與其中)”①Imusthavemybikerepairedtoday.我今天一定要找人修我的自行車。②Hehadhislegbrokenwhenplayingfootball.他踢足球時(shí)把腿弄斷了。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子③Hehadhiscomputerrepairedlastweekend.上周末他讓人修理了他的電腦。分層練習(xí)分層練習(xí)題組A基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練一.根據(jù)首字母或漢語提示拼寫單詞1．Whatwasitthatmadeher(改變)fromanordinarywomanintoasuccessfullady?2．Ididn’tknowhowto(應(yīng)對)thesituation,butanideasuddenlystruckmethatIcouldturntomybestfriendforhelp.3．Whattheymaynotknowisthatsomebottledwatermaynotbeas(干凈的)astheyexpect.4．Householdbehaviouractuallycanmakea(重大的)difference,reducinggreenhousegasemissions,accordingtoresearchersfromMichiganStateUniversityandVanderbiltUniversity.5．Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthat(多種多樣的)changestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.6．Accordingtothelatestrule,peopleshallsort(家庭)garbageintofourcategories.7．Thedestructionoftheearthquakewassothatitmighttakeyearstorebuildthecity.8．Ikeepgettingadvice—somepeopletellmetokeepitwarmandsometellmetoputiceonit.9．SincetheoftheNovelcoronavirusdisease,theChinesehavebeenmakingall－outeffortstobattleagainstit.10．Researchersclaimtohavefoundthethatgettingaregulareight－h(huán)oursleepeverynightmakesarealdifferencetoourhealth.【答案】1.of二.單句語法填空1．Heiscominghere(pure)becausehewantstoparticipateinthefootballchampionshipsagain.2．Thepolicesuspectedhimhavingapartinthejewelrobbery.3．Thevaccineisdevelopedtoprotectthewholepopulationagainst(infect)ofCOVID－19.4．ItwasreportedthatGermanyhadtakenalotofmeasurestoslowtherateofinfection,includingclosinghairandbeautystudios.Othernon－essentialshops(shut)already.5．Ifeelitisbothofyouwhoare(blame)forthespoiledchild.6．Thenewstudentissincerethatallclassmateswanttomakefriendswithher.7．seemedthatthesealiondidn’tmindbeingwiththetouristsatall.8．WangPengsatinhisemptyrestaurantfeelingvery(frustrate)becausenocustomershadcometohisrestauranteversincehegotupinthemorning.9．Thewaythathedidthingswas(contradiction)towhathehadsaidearlierthisweek.10．Your(subscribe)willbeautomaticallyrenewedeachmonthwithoutnoticeuntilyoucancelit.【答案】1.purely2.of3.infection4.hadbeenshut5.toblame6.so7.It8.frustrated9.contradictory10.subscription三.選詞填空subscribeto,diefrom,attendto,onceandforall,ingeneral，forthisreason,thanksto,asaresultof,whatismore,findout,intime1．WhentheoutbreakofCOVID－19hittheworld,tensofthousandsofpeoplethedisease.2．Inthosedaysdoctorshadtwocontradictorytheories.Snowthesecondtheory.3．Hewasdeterminedtothetruthofthisincident.4．,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.5．,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.6．However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholera．7．,physicsisonlyonescienceamongmany.8．thisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.9．theChinesepeople’sunitedandarduousefforts,thesituationinChinaisgettingbetter.10．,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.【答案】1.diedfrom2.subscribedto3.findout4.Whatismore5.Intime，attendedto6.onceandforall7.Ingeneral8.Asaresultof9.Thanksto10.Forthisreason四．.補(bǔ)全句子1．Notmanypeoplemoneycanbringhappiness.并不是很多人贊同金錢能帶來幸福的觀點(diǎn)。2．Cathyhadquitherjobwhenhersonwasbornandraiseherfamily.凱西在兒子出生時(shí)就辭掉了工作，以便能留在家里養(yǎng)家。3．mostofthestudentswenttosleep.這堂課如此無聊以至于大多數(shù)學(xué)生都睡著了。4．theyknowwhatthey’redoing.看來，他們知道自己在干什么?！敬鸢浮?.subscribetotheidea/viewthat2.sothatshecouldstayathome3.Thelessonwassoboringthat/Soboringwasthelessonthat4.Itseemsthat題組B能力提升練一.課文語法填空Intheearly19thcentury,anoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,1.(cause)millionsofdeaths.Seeingthis,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Atthattime,doctors2.(have)twotheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onewasthatbadaircausedthediseaseandanotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.JohnSnowdiscoveredthatintwoparticularstreets3.choleraoutbreakwassoseverethatover500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Through4.(he)seriousinvestigation,hefounditwasthepumpwaterinBroadStreetcontaininggerms5.resultedintheoutbreakofcholera.Therefore,hehadthehandleofthepump6.(remove)sothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.ItturnedoutthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump7.(infect)bywaste.Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshowalink8.othercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwater9.(company)inLondon.ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.10.(fortunate),wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.【語篇解讀】本文介紹了約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”。1．causing【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞cause與anoutbreakofcholera之間是主謂關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語。2．had【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)句中的Atthattime及前后句的時(shí)態(tài)可知，此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。3．the【解析】考查冠詞。根據(jù)上文可知，此處指的是19世紀(jì)初發(fā)生在歐洲的那次霍亂，表特指，故填the。4．his【解析】考查代詞。根據(jù)空后的investigation可知，此處應(yīng)用he的形容詞性物主代詞his。5．that【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。found后是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)了句子的主語thepumpwaterinBroadStreetcontaininggerms，故填that。6．removed【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。此處考查了“havesthdone”結(jié)構(gòu)；remove與thehandleofthepump之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此用過去分詞。7．hadbeeninfected【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)“Itturnedout”可知，infect所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在turnedout所表示的動(dòng)作之前，而infect與主語water之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。8．between【解析】考查介詞。alinkbetween...and...意為“……與……之間的聯(lián)系”。9．companies【解析】考查名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)句中的different可知，此處用company的復(fù)數(shù)形式。10．Fortunately【解析】考查副詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處位于句首，修飾整個(gè)句子，故用副詞。二.語法填空NooneissurehowmanyAmericansbelongtoreadinggroupscalledbookclubs.Yet1.(publisher)andbookstoresreportthatmoreandmorepeoplethroughouttheUnitedStatesarejoining2.(they)．Mostoftheclubsworkthesameway.Membersreadthesamebookatthesametime.Thentheymeettotalkaboutthebook.Membersmaybefriendsorpeople3.liveneareachother.SomeAmericansbelongtoreadinggroupson4.Internet.Thesegroupsincludepeoplearoundtheworldwhocommunicateaboutbookstheyread.Theysendelectronicmailsinsteadofgathering5.(discuss)books.Mostreadinggroupsstudybooksby6.(variety)writers.However，somegroupsreadtheworkofasinglewriter，7.(usual)onethathasbeenfamousforawhile.Othergroupsmay8.(name)afteranimportantpersonintheworkofthewriter，9.aSherlockHolmesClub.Membersofthesebookclubsoftenareexpertsabouttheir10.(choose)readingmaterials.OnememberofaHolmesreadinggroup，forexample，canidentifyalmosteverypersonineverySherlockHolmesstory.【語篇解讀】越來越多的美國人正在加入讀書俱樂部，讀書俱樂部也有各種各樣的活動(dòng)形式。隨著科技的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在也有網(wǎng)上讀書俱樂部。1．publishers【解析】句意：然而出版商和書店告知，越來越多的美國人正在加入讀書俱樂部。根據(jù)語境及后面的bookstores可知，此處所指的出版商不止一個(gè)，且設(shè)空處為可數(shù)名詞，故填publishers。2．them【解析】句意見上題解析。設(shè)空處在及物動(dòng)詞之后作賓語，應(yīng)用賓格，且指代上文提到的bookclubs，為復(fù)數(shù)，故填them。3．who/that【解析】句意：會員們之間可能是朋友或者是住得比較近的人。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞people，在定語從句中作主語，指人，故填who/that。4．the【解析】句意：有些美國人加入了網(wǎng)上的讀書俱樂部。ontheInternet為固定搭配，故填the。5．todiscuss【解析】句意：他們發(fā)電子郵件而不是聚在一起討論圖書。根據(jù)句意可知，設(shè)空處應(yīng)用不定式表目的，故填todiscuss。6．various【解析】句意：大多數(shù)的讀書俱樂部會讀不同作者的書。設(shè)空處應(yīng)用形容詞修飾名詞writers，故填various。7．usually【解析】句意：然而有些讀書俱樂部也會只讀某一個(gè)作者的書，通常是一段時(shí)間以來已經(jīng)小有名氣的作者。設(shè)空處應(yīng)用副詞，修飾整句話，故填usually。8．benamed【解析】句意：其他一些俱樂部可能是以作者作品中的一個(gè)重要人物命名的，比如一個(gè)叫夏洛克·福爾摩斯的俱樂部。設(shè)空處作謂語，且主語和name為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)詞原形，故填benamed。9．like【解析】句意見上一題解析。設(shè)空處是舉例，意為“像”，故填like。10．chosen【解析】句意：這些讀書俱樂部的很多成員在他們挑選的閱讀材料方面是專家。設(shè)空處應(yīng)用形容詞修飾名詞短語readingmaterials，故填chosen。題組C培優(yōu)拔尖練WhataScientistIsLikeIfyouwereaskedtoimagineascientist,whatimagewouldcometoyourmind?Thecommonideathatmostkidsfromkindergartenthroughcollegehaveofascientistisamanwearingawhitelabcoatwithmessyhair,bigglasses,andseveralglasscupsofmysteriouscolourfulliquidsgivingoffcloudsofsmoke.Asforadults,themajorityviewscientistsasstrangepeoplewhospend100hoursaweekslavingawayinalonelylaboratory.However,therealityisquitedifferent.RecentlyI’vehadachancetotakepartinascientificexperiencefarfrommylaboratoryandintoCostaRica.ItsupportsahugeamountofwildlifeduetoitsgeographicalplacementbetweenNorthandSouthAmerica.Itishometomorethan500，000species,whichareatpresentnearly4%ofthetotalspeciesworldwide!Firstweworkedalongsideconservationiststopreservewildlifeataleatherbackturtle(棱皮龜)rescuecentre.Wehelpedthevolunteerspreserveturtlepopulationsbyremovingrubbishfromtheshorelinetocreateasafeenvironmentforturtleeggstocomeout.AfterthatwestayedatMountArenalwherewestudiedseismicactivityrelatingtoearthquakes.DuringourstayatArenal,werodeoverthemountainousareasandtookalongwalkthroughtherainforest.Afterreachingthetop,wewentdownandthroughwaterfallstothebeautifulvalleybelow!Onthelastdaywegotahands－onintroductiontorocketsciencewherewelearntaboutnewrockettechnologythatwillbeusedontheinternationalspacestation.DuringmyCostaRicaexperience,Iknowthatbeingascientistdoesn’tmeanworkinginalaballdayandnight.Ascientistisonewholoveslearningandgettingabetterunderstandingoftheworldfromhelpingpreservewildlife,learningaboutearthquakesorinventingrockets.Ithinkthatschoolsshouldreallystressthatscienceissomuchmorethanwearingalabcoatandmixingchemicals.Kidsneedtobeawareoftheexcitementandadventuressciencecanbring!1．Accordingtothefirstparagraph,scientistsareoftenbelieved．A．toworkasslavesB．tobehaveinastrangewayC．tospendtoomuchtimeinlabsD．todoexperimentsinmessylabs2．Howdidtheauthorhelptopreservetheturtlepopulations?A．Bycreatingasafenestforturtles.B．Bypickinguprubbishfromtheshoreline.C．Bycollectingtheturtleeggsonthebeach.D．Byfindingacomfortableenvironmentforturtles.3．Whatdoestheauthorlearnaboutsciencefromhisexperience?A．Scienceisfullofboringexperiments.B．Scienceismorethanworkinginalab.C．Scienceisrelatedtomysteriousliquids.D．Scienceisaboutwildlifeandearthquakes.4．Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A．Toencouragekidstostudyscience.B．TotellthestoryoftravellinginCostaRica.C．ToexpectmorepeopletotravelinCostaRica.D．Tosharethesecretsbehindsciencephenomena.【語篇解讀】人們通常認(rèn)為科學(xué)家整天在實(shí)驗(yàn)室做著無聊的實(shí)驗(yàn)。作者通過自己的親身經(jīng)歷向人們展示了科學(xué)家并不是人們通常所認(rèn)為的樣子，科學(xué)能帶來興奮與奇遇，以此鼓勵(lì)孩子們要熱愛科學(xué)，并去研究科學(xué)。1.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的themajorityviewscientists...alonelylaboratory可知，人們通常認(rèn)為科學(xué)家大多數(shù)時(shí)間都在實(shí)驗(yàn)室做實(shí)驗(yàn)。故選C項(xiàng)。2.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Wehelpedthevolunteerspreserve...tocomeout.可知，作者是通過清除海岸上的垃圾來為海龜?shù)绊樌鰵?chuàng)造安全環(huán)境的方式幫助海龜?shù)?。故選B項(xiàng)。3.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的Iknowthatbeingascientistdoesn’tmeanworkinginalaballdayandnight和scienceissomuchmorethanwearingalabcoatandmixingchemicals可知，作者通過這次經(jīng)歷，了解了科學(xué)并不僅僅意味著在實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作。故選B項(xiàng)。4.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后兩句Ithinkthatschoolsshouldreallystress...andadventuressciencecanbring！可推知，作者寫這篇文章的目的是鼓勵(lì)孩子們?nèi)W(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)，真正了解科學(xué)。

第二講UsingLanguage&OtherParts目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航j(luò)ing目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航j(luò)ing重點(diǎn)詞匯1．rainbown．彩虹2．plasman.血漿3．a(chǎn)erospacen.航空航天工業(yè)4．patrioticadj.愛國的5．a(chǎn)viationn.航空制造業(yè)；航空；飛行6．jetn.噴氣式飛機(jī)7．missilen.導(dǎo)彈8．telescopen.望遠(yuǎn)鏡9．castvt.(過去式cast，過去分詞cast)投射；向……投以(視線、笑容等)；投擲10．shadown.陰影；影子；背光處11．concreten.混凝土adj.混凝土制的；確實(shí)的；具體的12．defendvt.保衛(wèi)；防守；辯解13．leadershipn.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能14．tracevt.追溯；追蹤；查出n.痕跡；遺跡；蹤跡15．outstandingadj.優(yōu)秀的；杰出的；明顯的16．a(chǎn)bstractadj.抽象的；理性的n.(文獻(xiàn)等的)摘要17．conceptn.概念；觀念18．besidesprep.除……之外(還)adv.而且；此外19．brilliantadj.聰穎的；絕妙的；明亮的20．furthermoreadv.此外；再者21．faultn.弱點(diǎn)；過錯(cuò)22．shiftn.改變；轉(zhuǎn)換；輪班vi.&vt.轉(zhuǎn)移；挪動(dòng)；轉(zhuǎn)向23．vividadj.生動(dòng)的；鮮明的；豐富的24．pourvt.倒出；傾瀉；斟(飲料)詞匯拓展1．mechanicaladj.機(jī)械的；發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的；機(jī)器的→mechanicn．機(jī)械師；機(jī)械修理工→machinen．機(jī)器；機(jī)械裝置2．a(chǎn)ssistantn．助理；助手→assistvt.幫助；援助→assistancen．幫助3．giftedadj.有天賦的；有天才的；天資聰慧的→giftn．天賦；天才4．steadyadj.穩(wěn)定的；平穩(wěn)的；穩(wěn)步的→steadilyadv.平穩(wěn)地；穩(wěn)定地5．a(chǎn)stronomern．天文學(xué)家→astronomyn．天文學(xué)重點(diǎn)詞組1．breakout突然開始；爆發(fā)2．inchargeof主管；掌管3．comedown患(病)；染上(小病)4．a(chǎn)boveall最重要的是；尤其是5．switch...to...改變……到6．conductresearchinto/on從事……的研究7．discouragesbfromdoingsth阻止某人做某事8．tracebackto追溯到9．a(chǎn)dmitone’sfault承認(rèn)某人的錯(cuò)誤重點(diǎn)句型1....itcastsdifferentshadowsofyou...……它投射出你不同的影子……2.Anon－Newtonianfluidisstrangebecauseyoucanpouritlikealiquid，butifyouputanypressureonit，itsuddenlybecomeshardasconcrete.非牛頓流體很奇怪，因?yàn)槟憧梢韵褚后w一樣把它倒出來，但是如果你對它施加壓力，它會突然變得像混凝土一樣堅(jiān)硬。3.However，aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932，QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.然而，在1932年“一·二八淞滬抗戰(zhàn)”打響后，錢學(xué)森決定轉(zhuǎn)到航空專業(yè)，因?yàn)樗庾R到中國需要強(qiáng)大的空軍來保護(hù)和保衛(wèi)國家。4.StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.斯蒂芬·霍金是物理學(xué)界最著名和最有天賦的科學(xué)家之一。5.However，aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932，QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.然而，在1932年“一·二八淞滬抗戰(zhàn)”打響后，錢學(xué)森決定轉(zhuǎn)到航空專業(yè)，因?yàn)樗庾R到中國需要強(qiáng)大的空軍來保護(hù)和保衛(wèi)國家。6.WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.)我們中國人能做出和別人一樣的東西。知識點(diǎn)睛jing知識點(diǎn)睛jing原文呈現(xiàn)THEFATHEROFCHINA’SAEROSPACE①PerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen【1】．DescribedbytheauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith“greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit”whowaspatriotic②andservedhishomelandwitheffort,achievement，andde