NATIONALSTRATEGYTOADVANCE

PRIVACY-PRESERVINGDATASHARINGANDANALYTICS

AReportbythe

FAST-TRACKACTIONCOMMITTEEONADVANCINGPRIVACY-PRESERVINGDATASHARINGANDANALYTICS

NETWORKINGANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTSUBCOMMITTEE

ofthe

NATIONALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYCOUNCIL

March2023

AbouttheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy

TheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP)wasestablishedbytheNationalScienceandTechnologyPolicy,Organization,andPrioritiesActof1976toprovidethePresidentandotherswithintheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidentwithadviceonthescientific,engineering,andtechnologicalaspectsoftheeconomy,nationalsecurity,health,foreignrelations,theenvironment,andthetechnologicalrecoveryanduseofresources,amongothertopics.OSTPleadsinteragencyscienceandtechnologypolicycoordinationefforts,assiststheOfficeofManagementandBudgetwithanannualreviewandanalysisofFederalresearchanddevelopmentbudgetsandservesasasourceofscientificandtechnologicalanalysisandjudgmentforthePresidentconcerningmajorpolicies,plans,andprogramsoftheFederalGovernment.Moreinformationisavailableat

/ostp

.

AbouttheNationalScienceandTechnologyCouncil

TheNationalScienceandTechnologyCouncil(NSTC)istheprincipalmeansbywhichtheExecutiveBranchcoordinatesscienceandtechnologypolicyacrossthediverseentitiesthatmakeuptheFederalresearchanddevelopmententerprise.AprimaryobjectiveoftheNSTCistoensurescienceandtechnologypolicydecisionsandprogramsareconsistentwiththePresident'sstatedgoals.TheNSTCpreparesresearchanddevelopmentstrategiescoordinatedacrossFederalagenciestoaccomplishmultiplenationalgoals.TheworkoftheNSTCisorganizedundercommitteesthatoverseesubcommitteesandworkinggroupsfocusedondifferentaspectsofscienceandtechnology.Moreinformationisavailableat

/ostp/nstc

.

AbouttheSubcommitteeonNetworking&InformationTechnologyResearch&Development

TheNetworkingandInformationTechnologyResearchandDevelopment(NITRD)ProgramhasbeentheNation'sprimarysourceoffederallyfundedworkonpioneeringinformationtechnologies(IT)incomputing,networking,andsoftwaresinceitwasfirstestablishedastheHigh-PerformanceComputingandCommunicationsprogramfollowingpassageoftheHigh-PerformanceComputingActof1991.TheNITRDSubcommitteeoftheNSTCguidesthemultiagencyNITRDPrograminitsworktoprovidetheresearchanddevelopmentfoundationsforensuringcontinuedU.S.technologicalleadershipandformeetingtheNation'sneedsforadvancedIT.TheNationalCoordinationOffice(NCO)supportstheNITRDSubcommitteeanditsInteragencyWorkingGroups(IWGs)

(/about/

).

AbouttheFast-TrackActionCommitteeonAdvancingPrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalytics

TheFast-TrackActionCommitteeonAdvancingPrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalyticsisamulti-agencyvenueforbuildingawhole-of-governmentapproach,fromresearchanddevelopmenttopilotprojectsandadoption,toadvanceprivacy-preservingdatasharingandanalyticstechnologiesthatenablecollectivedatasharingandanalysiswhilemaintainingdisassociabilityandconfidentiality.

AboutThisDocument

ThisNationalStrategytoAdvancePrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalyticsisacohesivenationalstrategytoadvancetheresearch,development,andadoptionofprivacy-preservingdatasharingandanalyticstechnologies.AlistofacronymsandabbreviationsusedinthedocumentisincludedasareferenceinAppendixA.

Copyright

ThisdocumentisaworkoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentandisinthepublicdomain(see17U.S.C.§105).Asacourtesy,weaskthatcopiesanddistributionsincludeanacknowledgmenttoOSTP.PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,

2023.

Note:Anymentioninthetextofcommercial,non-profit,academicpartners,ortheirproducts,orreferencesisforinformationonly;itisnotintendedtoimplyendorsementorrecommendationbyanyU.S.Governmentagency.

NationalStrategytoAdvancePrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalytics

i

Chair

ActingExecutiveDirector

Co-Chair

Co-Chair

TessDeBlanc-Knowles,

Co-Chairs

FTACMembers

StevenLee,DOE

TessDeBlanc-Knowles,OSTP

NATIONALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYCOUNCIL

AratiPrabhakar,Director,OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP),AssistanttothePresidentforScienceandTechnology

KeiKoizumi,PrincipalDeputyDirectorforPolicy,OSTP

SUBCOMMITTEEONNETWORKINGANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT(NITRD)

MargaretMartonosi,Assistant

DirectorforComputerand

InformationScienceand

Engineering,NationalScience

Foundation(NSF)

Kathleen(Kamie)Roberts,NITRDNationalCoordinationOffice(NCO)

ExecutiveSecretary

NekeiaButler,NITRDNCO

FAST-TRACKACTIONCOMMITTEE(FTAC)ONADVANCINGPRIVACY-PRESERVINGDATASHARINGANDANALYTICS

SeniorPolicyAdvisorforArtificialIntelligence,OSTP

JamesJoshi,Program

Director,Computer

andInformation

Scienceand

Engineering,NSF

NaomiLefkovitz,Senior

PrivacyPolicyAdvisor,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)

TechnicalCoordinator

TomasVagoun,NITRDNCO

WritingTeamMembers

KatelynMcCall-Kiley,

ProgramDirector,xD,U.S.CensusBureau

DylanGilbert,NIST

JamesJoshi,NSF

NaomiLefkovitz,NIST

AaronMannes,DHS

KatelynMcCall-Kiley,CensusBureau

AngelaRobinson,NIST

LisaWolfisch,GSA

GilAlterovitz,VA

LindseyBarrett,NTIA

TimBond,DARPA

RafaelFricks,VA

SimsonGarfinkel,DHS

ElenaGhanaim,NIH

KarynGorman,DOT

MichaelHawes,Census

Bureau

JeriHessman,NITRDNCO

KevinHerms,ED

WuHe,NSF

BrianInce,ODNI

LukeKeller,CensusBureau

BrianLee,CDC

NicholasMancini,DOSKathrynMarchesini,HHSMarkPrzybocki,NISTAndrewRegenscheid,NISTScottSellars,DOS

HeidiSofia,NIH

ii

TableofContents

ExecutiveSummary 1

Introduction 3

ApplicationsofPPDSATechnologies 4

PrivacyRisksandHarmsintheContextofPPDSA 6

TheNeedforaNationalStrategy 7

1:VisionandGuidingPrinciples 8

Vision 8

GuidingPrinciples 8

ParticipantsinthePPDSAEcosystem 11

2:CurrentState 12

LegalandRegulatoryEnvironment 12

KeyChallenges 13

OverviewofPPDSACapabilities 15

3:StrategicPrioritiesandRecommendedActions 20

StrategicPriority1:AdvanceGovernanceandResponsibleAdoption 20

Recommendation1.a.EstablishasteeringgrouptosupportPPDSAguidingprinciplesandstrategicpriorities 20

Recommendation1.b.ClarifytheuseofPPDSAtechnologieswithinthestatutoryandregulatory

environments 20

Recommendation1.c.Developcapabilitiesandprocedurestomitigateprivacyincidents 21

StrategicPriority2:ElevateandPromoteFoundationalandUse-inspiredResearch 21

Recommendation2.a.Developaholisticscientificunderstandingofprivacythreats,attacks,andharms 22

Recommendation2.b.Investinfoundationalanduse-inspiredR&DforPPDSAtechnologies 22

Recommendation2.c.ExpandandpromoteinterdisciplinaryR&Dattheintersectionofscience,technology,

policy,andlaw 24

StrategicPriority3:AccelerateTranslationtoPractice 26

Recommendation3.a.Promoteappliedandtranslationalresearchandsystemsdevelopment 26

Recommendation3.b.PilotimplementationactivitieswithintheFederalGovernment 26

Recommendation3.c.EstablishtechnicalstandardsforPPDSAtechnologies 27

Recommendation3.d.Accelerateeffortstodevelopstandardizedtaxonomies,toolrepositories,

measurementmethods,benchmarking,andtestbeds 28

Recommendation3.e.ImproveusabilityandinclusivenessofPPDSAsolutions 29

StrategicPriority4:BuildExpertiseandPromoteTrainingandEducation 30

Recommendation4.a.ExpandinstitutionalexpertiseinPPDSAtechnologies 30

Recommendation4.b.EducateandtrainparticipantsontheappropriateuseanddeploymentofPPDSA

technologies 31

Recommendation4.c.Expandprivacycurriculainacademia 31

StrategicPriority5:FosterInternationalCollaborationonPPDSA 32

Recommendation5.a.FosterbilateralandmultilateralengagementsrelatedtoaPPDSAecosystem 32

Recommendation5.b.ExploretheroleofPPDSAtechnologiestoenablecross-bordercollaboration 33

Conclusion 35

AppendixA:AbbreviationsandAcronyms 36

Endnotes 37

NationalStrategytoAdvancePrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalytics

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ExecutiveSummary

Dataarevitalresourcesforsolvingsociety’sbiggestproblems.Today,significantamountsofdataareaccumulatedeveryday—fueledbywidespreaddatagenerationmethods,newdatacollectiontechnologies,fastermeansofcommunication,andmoreaccessiblecloudstorage.Advancesincomputinghavesignificantlyreducedthecostofdataanalyticsandartificialintelligence,makingiteveneasiertousethisdatatoderivevaluableinsightsandenablenewpossibilities.However,thispotentialisoftenlimitedbylegal,policy,technical,socioeconomic,andethicalchallengesinvolvedinsharingandanalyzingsensitiveinformation.Theseopportunitiescanonlybefullyrealizedifstrongsafeguardsthatprotectprivacy

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—afundamentalrightindemocraticsocieties—underpindatasharingandanalytics.

Privacy-preservingdatasharingandanalytics(PPDSA)methodsandtechnologiescanunlockthebeneficialpowerofdataanalysiswhileprotectingprivacy.PPDSAsolutionsincludemethodological,technical,andsociotechnicalapproachesthatemployprivacy-enhancingtechnologiestoderivevaluefrom,andenableananalysisof,datatodriveinnovationwhilealsoprovidingprivacyandsecurity.However,adoptionofPPDSAtechnologieshasbeenslowbecauseofchallengesrelatedtoinadequateunderstandingofprivacyrisksandharms,limitedaccesstotechnicalexpertise,trust,transparencyamongparticipantswithregardtodatacollectionanduse,

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uncertaintyaboutlegalcompliance,financialcost,andtheusabilityandtechnicalmaturityofsolutions.

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PPDSAtechnologieshaveenormouspotential,buttheirbenefitistiedtohowtheyaredevelopedandused.Existingconfidentialityandprivacylawsandpoliciesprovideimportantprotectionstoindividualsandcommunities,andattentionisneededtodeterminehowtoupholdtheseprotectionsthroughtheuseofPPDSAtechnologiesandmaintaincommitmentstoequity,transparency,andaccountability.Considerationofhowindividualsmaycontrolthecollection,linking,anduseoftheirdatashouldalsofactorintothedesignanduseofPPDSAtechnologies.

RecognizingtheuntappedpotentialofPPDSAtechnologies,theWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP)initiatedanationalefforttoadvancePPDSAtechnologies.

ThisNationalStrategytoAdvancePrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalytics(Strategy)laysoutapathtoadvancePPDSAtechnologiestomaximizetheirbenefitsinanequitablemanner,promotetrust,andmitigaterisks.ThisStrategytakesgreatcaretoincorporatesocioeconomicandtechnologicalcontextsthatarevitaltoresponsibleuseofPPDSAtechnologies,includingtheirimpactonequity,fairness,andbias—andhowtheymightintroduceprivacyharms,especiallytodisadvantagedgroups.

ThisStrategyfirstsetsoutavisionforafuturedataecosystemthatincorporatesPPDSAapproaches:

Privacy-preservingdatasharingandanalyticstechnologieshelpadvancethewell-beingandprosperityofindividualsandsociety,andpromotescienceandinnovationinamannerthataffirmsdemocraticvalues.

ThisStrategythenlaysoutthefollowingfoundationalguidingprinciplestoachievethisvision:

?PPDSAtechnologieswillbecreatedandusedinwaysthatprotectprivacy,civilrights,andcivilliberties.

?PPDSAtechnologieswillbecreatedandusedinamannerthatstimulatesresponsiblescientificresearchandinnovation,andenablesindividualsandsocietytobenefitequitablyfromthevaluederivedfromdatasharingandanalytics.

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?PPDSAtechnologieswillbetrustworthy,andwillbecreatedandusedinamannerthatupholdsaccountability.

?PPDSAtechnologieswillbecreatedandusedtominimizetheriskofharmtoindividualsandsocietyarisingfromdatasharingandanalytics,withexplicitconsiderationofimpactsonunderserved,marginalized,andvulnerablecommunities.

Basedontheguidingprinciples,thisStrategyidentifiesthefollowingstrategicprioritiesforthepublicandprivatesectorstoprogresstowardthevisionofafuturedataecosystemthateffectivelyincorporatesPPDSAtechnologies:

?Advancegovernanceandresponsibleadoptionthroughtheestablishmentofamulti-partnersteeringgrouptohelpdevelopandmaintainahealthyPPDSAecosystem,greaterclarityontheuseofPPDSAtechnologieswithinthestatutoryandregulatoryenvironments,andproactiveriskmitigationmeasures.

?Elevateandpromotefoundationalanduse-inspiredresearchthroughinvestmentsinmultidisciplinaryresearchthatwilladvancepracticaldeploymentofPPDSAapproachandexploratoryresearchtodevelopthenextgenerationofPPDSAtechnologies.

?Acceleratetranslationtopracticethroughpilotimplementations,developmentofconsensustechnicalstandards,andcreationofuser-focusedtools,decisionaids,andtestbeds.

?BuildexpertiseandpromotetrainingandeducationthroughconcertedeffortstoexpandPPDSAexpertiseacrossthepublicandprivatesectorandfosterprivacyeducationopportunitiesfromK-12throughhighereducation,withparticularattentiontocapacitybuildinginunderservedcommunities.

?FosterinternationalcollaborationonPPDSAthroughpromotionofpartnershipsandaninternationalpolicyenvironmentthatfurthersthedevelopmentandadoptionofPPDSAtechnologiesandsupportscommonvalueswhileprotectingnationalandeconomicsecurity.

PPDSAtechnologieshavethepotentialtocatalyzeAmericaninnovationandcreativitybyfacilitatingdatasharingandanalyticswhileprotectingsensitiveinformationandindividuals’privacy.Leveragingdataatscaleholdsthepowertodrivetransformativeinnovationtoaddressclimatechange,financialcrime,publichealth,humantrafficking,socialequity,andotherchallenges,yetitalsoholdsthepotentialtoviolateprivacyandundercutthefundamentalrightsofindividualsandcommunities.PPDSAtechnologies,coupledwithstronggovernance,canplayacriticalroleinprotectingdemocraticvaluesandmitigatingprivacyrisksandharmswhileenablingdatasharingandanalyticsthatwillcontributetoimprovementsinthequalityoflifeoftheAmericanpeople.ThisStrategyservesasaroadmapforboththepublicandprivatesectorstoresponsiblyharnessthepotentialofPPDSAtechnologiesandmovetogethertowardthevisionthatanchorsthisStrategy.

OSTP,inpartnershipwiththeNationalEconomicCouncil,willfocusandcoordinateFederalactivitiestoadvancetheprioritiesputforwardinthisStrategy.

NationalStrategytoAdvancePrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalytics

3

Introduction

Datadrivescientificandtechnologicalbreakthroughs,underpinpolicymaking,andpowertheglobaleconomy.Cliniciansusedatatoidentifythebesttreatmentsfortheirpatients,farmersusedatatopredictandimprovefarmyields,researchersusedatatogeneratenewknowledgeaboutnaturalandsocialphenomena,andpublicservantsusedatatocreateevidence-basedpolicies.ArtificialIntelligence(AI)andotheremerginganalyticstechniquesareamplifyingthepowerofdata,makingiteasiertodiscovernewpatternsandinsightsrangingfrombetterpredictionmodelstounderstandandmitigatetheimpactsofclimatechangetonewmethodsfordetectingfinancialcrime.

Althoughdataenablescience,innovation,andinsights,balancingthebenefitsofthesedata-derivedinsightswiththeimperativesofprivacy,security,andothervaluesisalongstandingchallenge.Forexample,whendevelopingnewtreatmentoptions,medicalresearchersmaybenefitfrombroadaccesstoelectronichealthrecords.However,thoserecordsmaycontainpersonalhealthinformationrelatedtoindividualpatients,compromisingtheprivacyandsafetyofthosepatientsaswellasrightsunderhealthprivacylawsandregulationsontheprotectionofhumansubjects.Similarly,whenresearchersaccessauthorizeddatawithoutsafeguardsonhowtheyaccessthedata,privacy-sensitiveinformationsuchastheirlocationorthespecifictypeofinformationtheyareaccessingmayberevealed.Inmanydomains,collaborationsthatcouldimproveAImodeltrainingandaccelerateprogressmustbebalancedwithethicalandlegalprivacyconcernsandintellectualpropertyprotectionconcerns.

Whatismeantbydata?

Forthepurposesofthisstrategy,dataareelementsorvaluesthatconveyinformation.Datacanrangefromabstractconceptstophysicalmeasurements.Theyexistinawidevarietyoftypes(e.g.,text,image,audio,video)andcontexts(e.g.,location,time),includingdigitalandnon-digitalforms.Datacanvaryincomplexityfrombasicrepresentationsofinformationandgraphstomultimodal,includingthosegeneratedbycomplexhuman-computerinteractions.Datathatconveyinformationaboutotherdataareknownasmetadata.Datamayrepresentaggregateinformationorderiveddata.Numerousdataoperations,includingthoseinvolvingmetadata,canhaveprivacyimplicationsforindividualsandgroups.Examplesincludedatacollection,access,analysis,sharing,transmission,andretention.

Overseveraldecades,privacyresearchers,including

statisticiansandcryptographers,havebeenadapting

variousanonymization,statisticaldisclosure

limitation,andprivatecomputationtechniquesto

addressprivacyorconfidentialityneeds.Asdemands

forgranulardatagrowandastheamountofpublicly

availabledataonindividualshasproliferated,sohave

thechallengestoprotectingagainstre-identification

andrecord-linkagerisksinprotecteddatasetsor

membershipinferenceattacksonanalyticalmodels

builtonsensitivedata.Newsolutionstoaddressthese

threatsareincreasinglyneeded.

Privacy-preservingdatasharingandanalytics(PPDSA)

solutionsincludetechnicalandsociotechnical

approachesthatemploycertaintypesofprivacy-

enhancingtechnologies(PETs)togeneratevaluefrom

andenableanalyticsondatawhileprotectingprivacy

andsecurity.SomePPDSAapproachesallowusers

(e.g.,researchersandphysicians)togaininsightsfrom

sensitivedatawithoutexposingtheoriginaldataitself

orallowthemtoaccessshareddatawithoutbeing

trackedoridentified.OtherPPDSAapproachesenable

datasharingbyobscuringpersonaldataormaking

syntheticreflectionsoftheoriginaldatathatpreservethepropertiesofinterestinthedatawhileprotectingindividualprivacy.

4

PPDSAtechnologiescanunlocknewformsofcollaborationandnewnormsintheresponsibleuseofpersonaldata.Byenablingtheuseofmorecomprehensiveanddiversedatasets,PPDSAtechnologiescanhelptheglobalcommunitytacklesharedchallengesanddrivesolutionsinareassuchashealthcare,climatechange,financialcrime,humantrafficking,andpandemicresponseandachievemoreequitableoutcomesforunderserved,marginalized,andvulnerablepopulations.

WhatarePETsandPPDSA

technologies?

Forthepurposesofthisstrategy,PETsrefertoabroadsetoftechnologiesthatprotectprivacybyremovingpersonalinformation,byminimizingorreducingpersonaldata,orbypreventingundesirableprocessingofdata,whilemaintainingthefunctionalityofasystem.PPDSAtechnologiesrefertoasubsetofPETsthatareessentialforenablingdatasharingandanalyticsinaprivacy-preservingmanner,suchassecuremultipartycomputation,homomorphicencryption,differentialprivacy,zeroknowledgeproofs,syntheticdata,federatedlearning,andtrustedexecutionenvironments,whicharediscussedfurtherinthedocument.

TheFast-TrackActionCommittee(FTAC)onAdvancingPrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalyticswascharteredundertheNationalScienceandTechnologyCouncil’s(NSTC)

4

NetworkingandInformationTechnologyResearchandDevelopment(NITRD)

5

SubcommitteeinJanuary2022todevelopthisNationalStrategytoAdvancePrivacy-PreservingDataSharingandAnalytics(Strategy)toadvancetheresearch,development,andadoptionofPPDSA

technologies.

6

ThisStrategyintendstochartapath

forwardfortheNationtostewardresponsibleand

accountabledevelopmentandadoptionofthese

transformativetechnologies.

ApplicationsofPPDSATechnologies

DeploymentsofPPDSAtechnologieshavebegunto

showpromisingresults.Forexample,theBoston

Women'sWorkforceCouncilinitiatedastudyofthe

Boston-areagenderwagegaptoassessthecompliance

ofBoston-areaemployerswiththeEqualPayAct.

7

A

PPDSAtechnique,securemultipartycomputation,was

usedtoenablethejointanalysisofsensitivesalary

dataacrossBoston-areaemployerswithoutdisclosing

thosedatatoanypartyexternaltotheemployer.The

2020U.S.Censususeddifferentialprivacy,another

PPDSAtechnique,topublishaggregatestatisticaldata

whileprotectingtheprivacyofindividuals.

8

Inanother

example,researchersattheUniversityofPennsylvania

collaboratedwithnineotherinstitutionsusingthe

PPDSAtechniqueoffederatedlearningtodevelopa

machinelearning(ML)modeltoanalyzemagneticresonanceimagingscansofbraintumorpatientsanddistinguishhealthybraintissuefromcancerousregions.

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CaseStudy:BostonWomen’sWorkforceCouncilWageGapStudy

Challenge:TheBostonWomen’sWorkforceCouncil(BWWC)soughttoassessthecomplianceofBoston-areaemployerstotheEqualPayActbycomputingtheBoston-areagenderandracewagegaps.Theassessmentrequiredemployerstoshareprivacy-sensitivepayrolldata.

Approach:AtraditionalapproachwouldhaverequiredBoston-areaemployerstoreleasesensitiveinformationaboutemployeestoatrustedentityforstatisticalanalysis.Instead,theBWWCusedsecuremultipartycomputation.Boston-areaemployerswereabletoprovidethesalaryinformationoftheiremployeesinaprivacy-preservingwaysothataccuratewagestatisticswerecomputedeventhoughunderlyingsalaryinformationwasneverdisclosed.

Impact:Sixty-nineemployersparticipatedinthe2016BWWCwagegapreport,contributingwageinformationon113,000employees.By2021,134employerscontributedinformationon156,000employees'wages.ThisadoptionofsecuremultipartycomputationhasallowedtheBWWCtodeterminewhetherthegenderwagegapisclosinginBostonandtracktheprogresseachyear.

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Inthepublicsector,PPDSAtechnologiesareadvancingtheFederalStatisticalSystem’sabilitytosafelyexpandaccesstosomeofthenation’smostsensitivedataasintendedundertheFoundationsforEvidence-BasedPolicymakingActof2018(EvidenceAct).

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TheycanalsoadvancethemissionarticulatedintheFederalDataStrategy

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“tofullyleveragethevalueoffederaldataformission,service,andthepublicgood”

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byenablingdatasharingandanalysisacrossagenciestosafelyandresponsiblyshareFederaldataforresearch.Theycansupportnationalprioritiestoadvanceopensciencebyenablingfederallyfundedresearcherstomaximizesharingofscientificdatawhilerespectingpotentiallegalandprivacylimitations.

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TheCHIPSandScienceActof2022

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includesaprovisionthatestablishesaNationalSecureDataService(NSDS)demonstrationwhichwill,inconcertwiththestatisticalsystem’simplementationoftheEvidenceAct,pilotatieredaccesssystem,leveragingPPDSAtechnologiestofacilitateaccesstoFederalstatisticaldataforevidence-basedpolicymaking.TherearealsoPPDSAapplicationsinpublichealth,real-timedataforemergencyresponse,trafficanalysis,improvedqualityofhumanresourcesinformation,andurbanplanning,allofwhichcanbenefitfromtheanalysisofsensitivedata.

Intheprivatesector,PPDSAapproachescan,forexample,enableco