2022-2023年湖北省孝感市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Theauthorthoughtaweakpointofthebookisthatitis______.

2.

TheHistoricSavannahFoundationisresponsibleforprotectingmany______.

3.

AccordingtothePlatinumrule,weshouldtreatourteammembersaswewouldhavethemtreatus.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Whentheinterviewerreferstotheinterviewees'previousjob,hereallywantstoknowiswhethertheintervieweesarereadytotaketheroughandapproachthejobwith______.

5.

Apersonwithlittlesleepthenightbeforehisspeechmayshowthat______.

A.hehasnospeakingexperience

B.hedidn'tpreparethespeechcarefully

C.hewasquitenervousaboutthespeech

D.hegotnosuggestionsfromotherspeakers

6.

ThestrongenvironmentalsentimentsthatledtoEarthDayyieldeddramaticchangesinAmericanlegislationandreflected______.

7.WhyBilingualEducation?

Bilingualeducationcontinuestoreceivecriticisminthenationalmedia.Thisarticleexaminessomeofthecriticism,anditseffectonpublicopinion,whichoftenisbasedonmisconceptionsaboutbilingualeducation'sgoalsandpractice.Thearticlealsoexplainstherationaleunderlyinggoodbilingualeducationprogramsandsummarizesresearchfindingsabouttheireffectiveness.

Thecombinationoffirstlanguagesubjectmatterteachingandliteracydevelopmentthatcharacterizesgoodbilingualprogramsindirectlybutpowerfullyaidsstudentsastheystriveforathirdfactoressentialtotheirsuccess:Englishproficiency.Ofcourse,wealsowanttoteachinEnglishdirectly,viahighqualityEnglish-as-a-SecondLanguage(ESL)classes,andthroughshelteredsubjectmatterteaching,whereintermediate-levelEnglishlanguageacquirerslearnsubjectmattertaughtinEnglish.

Thebestbilingualeducationprogramsincludeallofthesecharacteristics:ESLinstruction,shelteredsubjectmatterteaching,andinstructioninthefirstlanguage.Non-English-speakingchildreninitiallyreceivecoreinstructionintheprimarylanguagealongwithESLinstruction.AschildrengrowmoreproficientinEnglish,theylearnsubjectsusingmorecontextualizedlanguage(e.g.,mathandscience)inshelteredclassestaughtinEnglish,andeventuallyinmainstreamclasses.Inthisway,theshelteredclassesfunctionasabridgebetweeninstructioninthefirstlanguageandinthemainstream.Inadvancedlevels,theonlysubjectsdoneinthefirstlanguagearethosedemandingthemostabstractuseoflanguage(socialstudiesandlanguagearts).Oncefullmainstreamingiscomplete,advancedfirstlanguagedevelopmentisavailableasanoption.Gradualexitplans,suchasthese,avoidproblemsassociatedwithexitingchildrentooearly(beforetheEnglishtheyencounteriscomprehensible)andprovideinstructioninthefirstlanguagewhereitismostneeded.Theseplansalsoallowchildrentohavetheadvantagesofadvancedfirstlanguagedevelopment.

SuccesswithoutBilingualEducation

Acommonargumentagainstbilingualeducationistheobservationthatmanypeoplehavesucceededwithoutit.Thishascertainlyhappened.Inthesecases,however,thesuccessfulpersongotplentyofcomprehensibleinputinthesecondlanguage,andinmanycaseshadadefactobilingualeducationprogram.Forexample,RodriguezanddelaPenaareoftencitedascounter-evidencetobilingualeducation.

RodrigueztellsusthathesucceededinschoolwithoutaspecialprogramandacquiredaveryhighlevelofEnglishliteracy.Hehadtwocrucialadvantages,however,thatmostlimited-English-proficient(LEP)childrendonothave.First,hegrewupinanEnglish-speakingneighborhoodinSacramento,California,andthusgotagreatdealofinformalcomprehensibleinputfromclassmates.ManyLEPchildrentodayencounterEnglishonlyatschool;theyliveinneighborhoodswhereSpanishprevails.Inaddition,Rodriguezbecameavoraciousreader,whichhelpedhimacquireacademiclanguage.MostLEPchildrenhavelittleaccesstobooks.

DelaPenareportsthathecametotheUnitedStatesatageninewithnoEnglishcompetenceandclaimsthathesucceededwithoutbilingualeducation.HereportsthatheacquiredEnglishrapidly,and"bytheendofmyfirstschoolyear,Iwasamongthetopstudents."DelaPena,however,hadtheadvantagesofbilingualeducation:InMexico,hewasinthefifthgrade,andwasthusliterateinSpanishandknewsubjectmatter.Inaddition,whenhestartedschoolintheUnitedStateshewasputbacktwogrades.HissuperiorknowledgeofsubjectmatterhelpedmaketheEnglishinputheheardmorecomprehensible.

Childrenwhoarrivewithagoodeducationintheirprimarylanguagehavealreadygainedtw

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8.

Theaccountnumberissecuresinceaccordingtofederallaw,thenumberofthecardholders'accountprintedoutare______.

9.MoreandmoreJapaneseshopkeepersencourageusingelectroniccashby______

10.

______chatroomuserswillproceedtomeetfacetoface.

11.Whatisnotsaidtobeawayofcleaningupafterourselves?

A.Throwlessaway.

B.Designrecycledproducts.

C.Don'tuseitagain.

D.Lastlonger.

12.

Whenourbiddingisdefeatedbyanotherbidder,eBaywillinform.usofthisby_______________.

13.

WhatthescientistslearnedatRangeCreekhasbeguntohelpthemuncoveroneofthegreatestmysteriesof______.

14.

CuttingbudgetforscienceresearchanddevelopmentfurthersmothersincentivesforAmericanstudentsto______.

15.

TheSWAPapproachinvolvesbreakingataskdownintoseveralpiecesandthendealingwiththemonebyoneaccordingto______.

16.TheScienceofLastingHappiness

ThedayImeetSonjaLyubomirsky,shekeepsgettingcallsfromherToyotaPriusdealer.Whenshefinallypicksup,sheisexcitedbythenews:shecanbuythecarshewantsintwodays.Lyubomirskywondersifherenthusiasmmightcomeacrossasmaterialism,butIunderstandthatsheisbuyinganexperienceasmuchasapossession.Twoweekslater,inlateJanuary,the40-year-oldLyubomirsky,whosmilesoftenandseemstoapproachlifewithzestandgoodhumor,reportsthatsheis"totallylovingthePrius."Butwillthefeelingwearoffsoonafterthenew-carsmell,orwillitlast,makinganaturallyhappypersonevenmoreso?

ThePossibilityofLastingHappiness

Anexperimentalpsychologistinvestigatingthepossibilityoflastinghappiness,Lyubomirskyunderstandsfarbetterthanmostofusthefollyofpinningourhopesonanewcar—oronanygoodfortunethatcomesourway.Wetendtoadapt,quicklyreturningtoourusuallevelofhappiness.Theclassicexampleofsuch"hedonicadaptation"(享樂適應(yīng))comesfroma1970sstudyoflotterywinners,whoayearaftertheirwindfall(意外橫財(cái))endedupnohappierthannonwinners.Hedonicadaptationhelpstoexplainwhyevenchangesinmajorlifecircumstances—suchasincome,marriage,physicalhealthandwherewelive—dosolittletoboostouroverallhappiness.Notonlythat,butstudiesoftwinsandadopteeshaveshownthatabout50percentofeachperson'shappinessisdeterminedfrombirth.This"geneticsetpoint"alonemakesthehappinessglasslookhalfempty,becauseanyupwardswinginhappinessseemsdoomedtofallbacktonearyourbaseline."There'sbeenatensioninthefield,"explainsLyubomirsky'smaincollaborator,psychologistKennonM.SheldonoftheUniversityofMissouri-Columbia."Somepeoplewereassumingyoucanaffecthappinessif,forexample,youpickedtherightgoals,buttherewasallthisliteraturethatsuggesteditwasimpossible,thatwhatgoesupmustcomedown."

TheHappinessPie

Lyubomirsky,Sheldonandanotherpsychologist,DavidA.SchkadeoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,puttheexistingfindingstogetherintoasimplepiechartshowingwhatdetermineshappiness.Halfthepieisthegeneticsetpoint.Thesmallestsliceiscircumstances,whichexplainonlyabout10percentofpeople'sdifferencesinhappiness.Sowhatistheremaining40percent?"Becausenobodyhadputittogetherbefore,that'sunexplained,"Lyubomirskysays.Butshebelievesthatwhenyoutakeawaygenesandcircumstances,whatisleftbesideserrormustbe"intentionalactivity,"mentalandbehavioralstrategiestocounteractadaptation'sdownwardpull.

Lyubomirskyhasbeenstudyingtheseactivitiesinhopesoffindingoutwhetherandhowpeoplecanstayabovetheirsetpoint.Intheory,thatispossibleinmuchthesamewayregulardietandexercisecankeepathletes'weightbelowtheirgeneticsetpoints.ButbeforeLyubomirskybegan,therewas"ahugevacuumofresearchonhowtoincreasehappiness,"shesays.Thelotterystudyinparticular"madepeopleshyawayfrominterventions,"explainseminentUniversityofPennsylvaniapsychologistMartinE.P.Seligman,thefatherofpositivepsychologyandamentortoLyubomirsky.Whensciencehadscrutinized(細(xì)察)happinessatall,itwasmainlythroughcorrelationalstudies,whichcannottellwhatcamefirst—thehappinessorwhatitislinkedto—letalonedeterminethecauseandeffect.Findingoutthatindividualswithstrongsocialtiesaremoresatisfiedwiththeirlivesthanloners,forexample,begsthequestionofwhetherfriendsmakeushappierorwhetherhappypeoplearesimplylikeliertoseekandattractfriends.

Lyubomirsky'sResearch

Lyubomirskybeganstudyinghappinessasagraduatestudentin1989afteranintriguingconversationwithheradviser,StanfordUniversitypsychologistLeeD.Ross,

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17.

Intheprocessofmixing,youshouldalsomakesurethateachsoundcomesoutof______.

18.

Globalismismerelythesociologyofinternationalrelations.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

Dihydrogenmonoxidecanacceleratecorrosionandrusting,andcauseseverburnsandevendeathfrominhalation.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

Itisadvocatedthatyoushouldunderstandthesituationsbeforeyoumake______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：SydneyrecordedhistorybeganwiththearrivaloftheFirstFleetanditsEnglishcriminalsandsoldiersonJanuary26,1788.TransportationofcriminalstoSydneydidnotstopuntil1840andshortlyafterwards,in1842,Sydneywasdeclaredacity.Thepopulationgrewrapidlyduringthisperiod,helpedbythediscoveryofgoldandthegoldrushof1850.

SydneysufferedlittleduringWWII.Afterthewar,Europeanimmigrantsfloodedintothecity,andSydneyspreadrapidlywestwards.Italsopickeduponeofitsmostfamouslandmarksin1957.ThearchitectJornUtzonwonacompetitiontodesigntheSydneyOperaHouse.In1966,beforethecompletionoftheOperaHouse,Utzonresignedinfrustration.Anotherarchitecturalteamtookover,andtheOperaHousewasopenedin1973.

DuringtheVietnamwar,SydneybecameamajorrestingstopoverforUSsoldiersandanentertainmentareadevelopedbyKing'sCrossmaintainstothisday.TheBicentennialcelebrationsin1988andthemassiveDarlingHarbourredevelopmentprojectboostedthecity'sdevelopment,andtodaytheeconomyisdoingwell.

Afterwinningthebidtohostthe2000OlympicGames,Sydneyputvastamountsofmoneyintocityconstructionandthisisevidentwhenwalkingthroughthecitytoday.NowadaysSydneyhaspeoplefromoveronehundredcountries.Ithasapopulationofnearly4million.Thecityprovidesexcellentplacestosatisfyanyvisitor’sneeds.

(30)

A.1788.B.1840.C.1842.D.1850.

22.

【B5】

23.(35)

A.PeopleknowalmostnothingaboutShakespeare'searlylife.

B.ShakespearewasalreadywellknownbeforehewenttoLondon.

C.PeopleknowalotaboutShakespeare'slifeinLondon.

D.PeopleknowonlyalittleaboutShakespeare'slifeinLondon.

24.聽力原文：W:Dad,Dad,Dad!

M:Uh,what?

W:Themovieisover.Yousleptthroughthebestpart.

M:Ah,ah,Imusthavedozedoffduringthelastfewminutes.

W:Right.Youweregoneforsolongyoushouldhavebroughtyourpillowandblanket.So,whatdidyouthinkaboutit?

M:Well,overall,(19)I'mquitedisappointedwiththemovie.Imean,thestorywastooweird;it'swhatyouhavetoadmit.Imeanit,really.Howbelievableisaplotaboutacaptainwhosteershisspaceshiptothefarreachesofthegalaxyandencountersaraceoffrogpeople.Imean,comeon.

W:Well,Ithoughtitwasfantastic.Imean,youhavetoadmitthatthespecialeffectswereawesome,andtheactingwasn'tbad,either.

M:Ah,comeon.Whatabouttheship'scommunicationsofficer?Imean,whatdidyouthinkabouthim?Wasn'thealittleweirdtoyou?Hewasalwaystalkingtohimself,andhehadthatfunnyhair.

W:Well,Ithinkthat'scool;youarejustoutoffashion.(20)Don'tyouthinkthedoctorwasamazing?Hewassocoolwhenhebroughtthecaptainbacktolifeduringoneofthebattles.

M:Oh,(20)thedoctorwastheonlyhighlightofthewholemovie,butfromtheveryscenethatyoumentioned,itjustwentfrombadtoworse.Andthephotographywassofake!

W:Howdoyouknow?(21)Youweresnoringsoloudtheneighborsprobablyhadtoclosetheirwindows.Itwasthatbad.

M:Ah,well,it'sbedtimenow.

(20)

A.Heisn'tinterestedinthemovie.

B.Hesleptthroughthewholemovie.

C.Hedidn'tmissthebestpartofthemovie.

D.Hebroughtpillowwithhim.

25.(17)

A.Theprofessorpostponedtheexamandwillinform.everyonelater.

B.Theprofessorphonedhimaboutthepostponingoftheexam.

C.Theprofessorcanceledtheexam.

D.Theprofessorputofftheexam.

26.(39)

27.

【B2】

28.聽力原文：IfyouareinanymajorcityinAmerica,thechancesarehighthatyouarenotfarfromaStarbucks.Infact,youmightbeveryclosetoseveralofthesecoffeestores.ThecompanystartedintheWestCoastcityofSeattle,Washington,in1971.StarbuckswasnamedafteracharacterinthefamousAmericannovel"Moby-Dick"byHermanMelville.Today,therearemorethantwelvethousandStarbucksaroundtheworld.

Saleslastyearwerealmosteightbilliondollars.Thecompanybelievesinopeningmanystoresinbusyareasofcities.Forexample,thereareaboutthirtyStarbucksstoresindowntownSeattle.Recently,threeStarbucksopenedintheareanearVOAheadquartersinWashington,D.C.

Starbuckssellsmorethanjustplaincoffee.Itstartedawholecoffeeculturewithitsownspeciallanguageandcoffeeworkerscalledbaristas.Itsellsmanykindsofhotandcoldcoffeedrinks,likeWhiteChocolateMochaandFrappuccino.Italsosellsmusicalbums,coffeemakers,food,andevenbooks.Butmostofall,itsellstheideaofbeingawarmandfriendlyplaceforpeopletosit,readortalk.

Starbucksisagreatsuccessstory.Buyersarewillingtopayasmuchasfivedollarsforacoffeedrink.PeoplewetalkedtosaidtheygotoStarbucksbecausetheycandependonittohaveexactlywhattheywantandtobenearby.

However,somepeopledonotlikethecompany'saggressiveexpansion.Asmallcoffeeselleristakingthecompanytocourt.Shesaysthewaythecompanydoesbusinessisillegalbecauseitstopspropertyownersfromleasingstorestoothercoffeecompanies.SheseesStarbucksascontrollingthemarketandforcingoutcompetition.

NicolasO'ConnellworksforLaColombe,acoffeeroastingcompanybasedinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.HesaysStarbuckshashelpedtoeducatepeopleaboutcoffeefrommanycountries.Buthecriticizesthecompanyforusingmachinesmorethanpeopletomakethecoffee.Mr.O'Connellpointsoutthatthecoffeecultureisallaboutahand-madeproductandinteractionbetweenpeople.

Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

33.WheredidStarbucks,thestorenamecomefrom?

34.WhatisStarbucks'mostextraordinarycharacter?

35.WhydoesMr.O'ConnellnotlikeStarbucks?

(30)

A.Aspecialsymbolinlife.

B.Atheatricalroleinaplay.

C.Agreatcharacterinhistory.

D.Animaginarypersoninafiction.

29.(13)

A.Thegamehasbeencanceled.

B.Theirteamplayedverybadly.

C.Footballisherfavoritepastime.

D.She'sneverwatchedabettergame.

30.(34)

A.WomencriminalsinScotland.

B.Criminalswhoaregivenlongsentences.

C.Criminalswhoaregivenshortsentences.

D.CriminalsinScotland.

31.

【B7】

32.

【B4】

33.(21)

A.Heisgoingforapart-timejob.

B.Heisgoingforameeting.

C.Heisgoingformeetingthewoman'ssecretary.

D.Heisgoingforaninterview.

34.聽力原文：M:Doyouthinkit'sabouttorain?Lookattheskyandthecloud．IguessitWillrain0．

W:Rain?It'sabouttopour．AlsoIwishtohaveastorm.Thesedaysit'ssodry，

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(18)

A.Therewillbealotofrain.

B.Rainisveryunlikely.

C.It’salreadyraining.

D.She'snotsure.

35.聽力原文：M:YouaremuchskinnierthanlasttimewemetinthatItalianCafeteria!Itlooksasifyourweightlosingplanhasbeengoingonwell.

W:Ihavetoadmitthatillnessismuchmoreeffectivethandietinlosingweight.Thisflucouldhavekilledme.

Q:Whatcanweinferabouttheconversation?

(13)

A.TheyaredininginanItaliancafeteria.

B.Thewomansuccessfullylostsomeweightondiet.

C.Thewomaneffectivelylostsomeweightduringsickness.

D.ThewomanisinterestedinItalianfood.

36.聽力原文：M：Iamtakingupacollectionforthejazzband．Wouldyouliketogive?

W：JustaminutewhileIgetmywallet.

Q：Whatwillthewomanprobablydonext?

(13)

A.Putsomemoneyinherwallet.

B.Buyaband-concertticket.

C.Makeadonation.

D.Lendthemansomemoney.

37.(36)

A.Mastersneedn'tworrymuchaboutanimalillnesses.

B.Itdoesnotpaytoseekmedicalattendanceforanimals.

C.Someanimalsshouldgetattentionabouttheirhealthfortheirservicetoman.

D.Moreorganizationsshouldbeestablishedtoprovidefreetreatments.

38.聽力原文：W:Ihatethewaythetrainsruninthiscity.I'vebeenwaitinghereforalmostahalfhour.

M:It'salmosteighto'clock,soweshouldbeonourwaysoon.

Q:Whendidthewomanbeginwaitingforthetrain?

(16)

A.Seveno'clock.

B.Seventhirty.

C.Eighto'clock.

D.Eightthirty.

39.聽力原文：M:IamjustwritingMaryaboutourvacation.Whydon'tyouenclosethispictureofusinfrontoftheGrandCanyon?

W:Don'tyouthinkit'salittleoutoffocus?

Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(13)

A.Thephotographisnotgoodenoughtosend.

B.ThephotographwasnottakenattheGrandCanyon.

C.TheyalreadysentMaryaphotographoftheirvacation.

D.Sendingpicturesthroughthemallistooexpensive.

40.

【B3】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathigh-qualitycollegeeducationcallsfor______.

A.puttingacademicworkinthepropercontext

B.acommitmenttostudentsandeffectiveteaching

C.thepracticeofputtinglearningtoproductiveends

D.dedicationtoresearchinfrontierareasofknowledge

42.

Thewriterstatesthat,untilrecently,Americansthoughtoftheircountryasa______.

A.sourceofenlightenment

B.leaderintechnologicalprogress

C.recipientofaEuropeanheritage

D.peacemaker

43.Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.Psychologistswhostudyoptimizationcomparetheactualdecisionsmadebypeopletotheoreticalidealdecisionstoseehowsimilartheyare.Proponentsoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.Althoughthereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetscantake,theyareallsimilarintheiressentialaspects.Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,thepertinentconsiderationsthatwillbeaffectedbyeachdecisionarelisted,andtherelativeimportanceofeachconsiderationorconsequenceisdetermined.Eachconsiderationisassignedanumericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.Adecisionismathematicallycalculatedbyaddingthesevaluestogether.Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.

Sincemostimportantproblemsaremultifaceted,thereareseveralalternativestochoosefrom,eachwithuniqueadvantagesanddisadvantages.Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce.Aworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolvesalargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.Arealisticexampleformanycollegestudentsisthequestion"WhatsillIdoaftergraduation?"Agraduatemightseekapositionthatoffersspecializedtraining,pursueanadvanceddegree,ortravelabroadforayear.

Adecision-makingworksheetbeginswithasuccinctstatementoftheproblemthatwillalsohelptonarrowit.Itisimportanttobeclearaboutthedistinctionbetweenlongrangeandimmediategoalsbecauselong-rangegoalsofteninvolveadifferentdecisionthanshortrangeones.Focusingonlong-rangegoals,agraduatingstudentmightrevisethequestionaboveto"WhatwillIdoaftergraduationthatwillleadtosuccessfulcareer?"

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Amethodtoassistinmakingcomplexdecisions.

B.Acomparisonofactualdecisionsandidealdecisions.

C.Researchonhowpeoplemakedecisions.

D.Differencesbetweenlong-rangeandshort-rangedecisionmaking.

44.

Howdoesthepolygraphwork?

45.

Whatdomanyvicechancellorsthinkofthesituationoftheiruniversities,asitismentionedinthelastparagraph?

A.Theyareconfidentofchangingit.

B.Theyaremuchdisturbedbyit.

C.Theyfinditnaturalinthemarket.

D.Theycherishitwithanostalgicmood.

46.

Whenyouarefrustratedwithsomething,theauthoradvisesyouto______.

A.getrelaxedandwait

B.workmuchharder

C.asksomeoneelsetohelpyou

D.giveintheproblem

47.

InwhatwaydoesLauraLenox-Conynghammakeherliving?

A.Bytakingphotographsformagazines.

B.Bymarryingarichman.

C.Bysublettingtheloungesofa-bedtoherbrother.

D.Bypreparingfood,forphotographsforsomemagazines.

48.Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheocean'swatermassasconsistingoflargeslow-movingcurrents,suchastheGulfStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.Butinthe1950sandthe1960s,researchersbegantoemploynewlydevelopedtechniquesandequipmentincludingsubsurfacefloatsthatmovewithoceancurrentandemitidentificationsignalsformonthsatfixedlocationsintheocean.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanunexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthe'deepocean.Ratherthanbeingcharacterizedbysmooth,large-scalecurrentsthatchangeseasonally(ifatall),theseasaredominatedbywhatoceanographers(海洋研究者)callmesoscalefields(紊流):fluctuating,energeticflowswhosevelocitycanreachtentimesofthemeanvelocityofthemajiorcurrents.

Mesoscalephenomena--theoceanicanalogueofweatherterms--oftenextendtodistancesof100kilometersandpersistfor100days(weathersystemsgenerallyextendabout1000kilometersandlast3to5daysinanygivenarea).Morethan90percentofthekineticenergyoftheentireoceanmaybeaccountedforbymesoscalevariabilityratherthanbylarge-scalecurrents.Mesoscalephenomenamay,infact,playasignificantroleinoceanicmixingair-seainteractions,and'occasionalbutfar-reachingclimateeventssuchasEINino,theatmospheric-oceanicdisturbanceintheequatorialPacificthataffectsglobalweatherpatterns.

Unfortunately,itisnotfeasibletouseconventionaltechniquestomeasuremesoscalefields.Tomeasurethemproperly,monitoringequipmentswouldhavetobelaidoutonagridatintervalsofatmost50kilometers,withsensorsateachgridpointlowereddeepintheoceanandkeptthereformanymonths.Becauseusingthesetechniqueswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensiveandtime-consuming,itwasproposedin1975thattomography(X射線斷層攝影技術(shù))beadaptedtomeasuringthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.InmedicaltomographyX-raysmapthehumanbody'sdensityvariations(andhenceinternalorgans);theinformationfromtheX-rays,transmittedthroughthebodyalongmanydifferentpaths,isrecombinedtoform.three-dimensionalimagesofthebody'sinterior.Itisprimarilythismultiplicativeincreaseindataobtainedfromthemulti-pathtransmissionofsignalsthataccountsforoceanographers'attractiontotomography:itallowsthemeasurementofvastareaswithrelativelyfewinstruments.Researchersreasonedthatlow-frequencysoundwaves,becausetheyaresowelldescribedmathematicallyandbecauseevensmallperturbations(動搖)inemittedsoundwavescanbedetected,couldbetransmittedthroughtheoceanovermanydifferentpathsandthatthepropertiesoftheocean'sinterior-itstemperature,salinity,densityandspeedofcurrents-couldbededucedonthebasisofhowtheoceanalteredthesignals.Theirinitialtrialswerehighlysuccessful,andoceanacoustictomographywasborn.

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtoPara.1?

A.Nowadays,scientistspicturedthecirculationofocean'swatermassasconsistingoflargeslow-movingcurrents.

B.Before1965,theconceptofscientistsproducedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.

C.Researchersbegantodoresearchonthedevelopedtechniquesandequipment.

D.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthedeepocean.

49.

Accordingtothepassage,somehavecriticizedthechangesbecausethey__________.

A.ignorelocalandstatetaxes

B.werenotdiscussedinpublic

C.arenotinaccordancewithfederallaw

D.leavemanyfamiliesunabletopayforcollege

50.【S6】

51.

WhatwouldKouskyliketodowithLaevents?

A.Topredicttheclimateconditions.

B.Tomeasurethechangesofclimate.

C.Topredictnaturaldisasters.

D.Tomeasuredamageprecisely.

52.

Whatdoestheword"laid-off"inthepassagemean?

A.Heavily-burdened.B.Old.C.Inexperienced.D.Jobless.

53.

TheNationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestancethat______.

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.onlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkoutstandardsfortesting

D.theacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

54.

Accordingtothepassage,whydotheoldpeopleresistacellphoneoremail?

A.Theyaretoooldtousethesemodernformsofcommun