雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第1頁(yè)要求：1，Turnoffyourphones;2，Itwouldbeappreciatedifyoudonotcomeintotheclassroomafterthebellhadrung;3，Don’tdoanythingthathasnorelationshipwithwhatwearelearning.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第2頁(yè)References:《EssentialMicrobiology》,writtenbyStuartHogg(theUniversityofGlamorgan,UK),andpublishedbyWiley.《BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms》（10,11,12th），M.T.Madiganetal，NewJersey,EnglewoodCliffs:PrenticeHall.《微生物學(xué)》（第二版）主編：沈萍，陳向東。高等教育出版社；.5，北京《微生物學(xué)》主編：張文治。高等教育出版社；.10《微生物學(xué)》（第六版）主編：李阜棣。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社；，北京雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第3頁(yè)漢字期刊微生物學(xué)報(bào)微生物學(xué)通報(bào)菌物系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用與環(huán)境微生物學(xué)報(bào)病毒學(xué)報(bào)中國(guó)食用菌生物工程進(jìn)展試驗(yàn)生物學(xué)報(bào)食品與發(fā)酵工業(yè)生物技術(shù)參考書(shū)微生物學(xué)教程周德慶微生物學(xué)沈萍工業(yè)微生物學(xué)岑沛霖Microbiology(fifthedtion)LansingM.Prescott;JohnP.Harley;DonaldA.Klein雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第4頁(yè)Inthisopeningchapter,weoffersomeanswerstothefollowingquestions:

Whatismicrobiology?

ThehistoryfortheresearchofMicrobiology;Whyisitsuchanimportantsubject?

Howhavewegainedourpresentknowledgeofmicrobiology?雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第5頁(yè)雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第6頁(yè)雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第7頁(yè)Anagarplatewithmicroorganismsisolatedfromadeep-watersponge.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第8頁(yè)1.Microbe&MicrobiologyWhatismicroorganismormicrobe?Microbesareadiversegroupoforganismsthatcanbedividedintotheviruses,unicellulargroups(Archaea,Eubacteria,protista,somefungiandsomechlorophyta)andasmallnumberoforganismswithasimplemulticellularstructure(thelargefungiandchlorophyta).Mostmicrobescannotbeseenwithouttheaidofamicroscope.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第9頁(yè)不一樣研究學(xué)者對(duì)微生物定義：凡是肉眼看不見(jiàn)或看不清楚其個(gè)體全部生物總稱。形體微小、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、進(jìn)化低等，只能借助光學(xué)顯微鏡或電子顯微鏡才能看清楚其個(gè)體形態(tài)全部生物總稱。全部形體微小、單細(xì)胞或個(gè)體結(jié)構(gòu)較為簡(jiǎn)單多細(xì)胞，甚至無(wú)細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)低等生物總稱雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第10頁(yè)Whatismicrobiology?thescience(logos)ofsmall(micro)life(bios).thestudyoflivingthingssosmallthattheycannotbeseenwiththenakedeye.Isthattrue?Bacterianeatlyfitthisdefinition,butwhataboutfungiandalgae?Thesetwogroupseachcontainmembersthatarefarfrommicroscopic.Ontheotherhand,certainanimals,suchasnematodeworms,canbemicroscopic,yetarenotconsideredtobethedomainofthemicrobiologist.Virusesrepresentanotherspecialcase;theyaremostcertainlymicroscopic,butbymostaccepteddefinitionstheyarenotliving.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第11頁(yè)Three-domainsystemThethree-domainsystemisabiologicalclassificationintroducedbyCarlWoesein1990thatdividescellularlifeformsintoarchaea,bacteria,andeukaryotedomains.Inparticular,itemphasizestheseparationofprokaryotesintotwogroups,originallycalledEubacteria(nowBacteria)andArchaebacteria(nowArchaea).Woesearguedthat,onthebasisofdifferencesin16SrRNAgenes,thesetwogroupsandtheeukaryoteseacharoseseparatelyfromanancestorwithpoorlydevelopedgeneticmachinery,oftencalledaprogenote.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第12頁(yè)

WoeseC,KandlerO,WheelisM(1990)."Towardsanaturalsystemoforganisms:proposalforthedomainsArchaea,Bacteria,andEucarya.".ProcNatlAcadSciUSA87(12):4576–9.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第13頁(yè)雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第14頁(yè)ArchaeaDomain

-prokaryotic,nonuclearmembrane,distinctbiochemistryandRNAmarkersfromeubacteria,possessuniqueancientevolutionaryhistoryforwhichtheyareconsideredsomeoftheoldestspeciesoforganismsonEarth;traditionallyclassifiedasarchaebacteria;oftencharacterizedbylivinginextremeenvironments.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第15頁(yè)HalobacteriumNRC-1FerroplasmaacidophilumHerminiimonasglacieiPyrodictiumabyssi雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第16頁(yè)BacteriaDomain

-prokaryotic,nonuclearmembrane,traditionallyclassifiedasbacteria,containallknownpathogenicprokaryoticorganisms,studiedfarmoreextensivelythanArchaea.

雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第17頁(yè)EukaryaDomain–eukaryotes,nuclearmembraneKingdomProtistaorprotists;KingdomFungiorfungi;KingdomPlantaeorplants;KingdomAnimaliaoranimals.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第18頁(yè)Microbesinclude：Prokaryotes（原核微生物）Non-cellularmicrobes(非細(xì)胞型）：virus(病毒）Bacteria（細(xì)菌）Archaea（古菌）Eukaryotes（真核微生物）Cellularmicrobes（細(xì)胞型）Fungi（真菌）Algea（藻類）Protozoa（原生動(dòng)物）雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第19頁(yè)Bacteriaareprokaryotes;theothermicroorganismsareeukaryotes.Prokaryotecellslackanuclearmembraneandmembrane-boundorganelles.Recently,bacteriahavebeendividedintoeubacteriaandarchaebacteria,withthelattermorecloselyrelatedtoeukaryotecells.Fungiincludeyeasts,molds,andmushrooms.Virusesarenotcellularorganisms;theyareintra-cellularparasitesofanimals,plants,orbacteria.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第20頁(yè)Whyismicrobiologyimportant?

雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第21頁(yè)Togetsomeideaoftheimportanceofmicrobiologyintheworldtoday,justconsiderthefollowinglistofsomegeneralareasinwhichtheexpertiseofamicrobiologistmightbeused:(1)medicine(2)environmentalscience(3)foodanddrinkproduction(4)fundamentalresearch(5)agriculture(6)pharmaceuticalindustry(7)geneticengineering.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第22頁(yè)Whilstthereareundoubtedlysomewhofearallmicrobesduetotheassociationofsomemicrobeswithvarioushumanillnesses,manymicrobesarealsoresponsiblefornumerousbeneficialprocessessuchasindustrialfermentation(e.g.theproductionofalcohol,vinegaranddairyproducts),antibioticproductionandasvehiclesforcloninginhigherorganismssuchasplants.ScientistshavealsoexploitedtheirknowledgeofmicrobestoproducebiotechnologicallyimportantenzymessuchasTaqpolymerase,reportergenesforuseinothergeneticsystemsandnovelmolecularbiologytechniquessuchastheyeasttwo-hybridsystem.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第23頁(yè)ThedevelopmentofMicrobiologyAntonivanLeeuwenhoek;LouisPasteur;RobertKoch;雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第24頁(yè)MicroorganismshadbeenontheEarthforsome4000millionyears,whenAntonivanLeeuwenhoekstartedoutonhispioneeringmicroscopeworkin1673.MicroorganismswerefirstvisualizedbyAntonivanLeeuwenhoek(1632–1723),aDutchclothmerchantandanexpertlensgrinder.Hissimplemicroscopesmagnifieduptothreehundreddiameters.Intheeighteenthcentury,manypeoplestillbelievedthatlivingorganismscouldarisespontaneouslyfromorganicmatter—thedoctrineofabiogenesis,orspontaneousgeneration.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第25頁(yè)1664年，微生物學(xué)先驅(qū)列文虎克曾用原始顯微鏡對(duì)生長(zhǎng)在皮革表面及薔薇枯葉上霉菌進(jìn)行觀察。1676年，首次觀察到了細(xì)菌。雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第26頁(yè)P(yáng)asteurtrainedasachemist,andmadealastingcontributiontothescienceofstereochemistrybeforeturninghisattentiontospoilageproblemsinthewineindustry.Henoticedthatwhenlacticacidwasproducedinwineinsteadofalcohol,rod-shapedbacteriawerealwayspresent,aswellastheexpectedyeastcells.Thisledhimtobelievethatwhiletheyeastproducedthealcohol,thebacteriawereresponsibleforthespoilage,andthatbothtypesoforganismhadoriginatedintheenvironment.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第27頁(yè)InresponsetoacallfromtheFrenchAcademyofScience,hecarriedoutaseriesofexperimentsthatledtotheacceptanceofbiogenesis,theideathatlifearisesonlyfromalreadyexistinglife.Usinghisfamousswan-neckedflasks,hedemons-tratedin1861thataslongasdustparticles(andthemicroorganismscarriedonthem)wereexcluded,thecontentswouldremainsterile.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第28頁(yè)雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第29頁(yè)ThefirstproofoftheinvolvementofbacteriaindiseaseandthedefinitiveproofofthegermtheoryofdiseasecamefromtheGermanRobertKoch.In1876KochshowedtherelationshipbetweenthecattlediseaseanthraxandabacilluswhichwenowknowasBacillusanthracis.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第30頁(yè)Kochinfectedhealthymicewithbloodfromdiseasedcattleandsheep,andnotedthatthesymptomsofthediseaseappearedinthemice,andthatrodshapedbacteriacouldbeisolatedfromtheirblood.Thesecouldbegrowninculture,wheretheymultipliedandproducedspores.Injectionofhealthymicewiththesespores(ormorebacilli)ledthemtootodevelopanthraxandonceagainthebacteriawereisolatedfromtheirblood.TheseresultsledKochtoformalizethecriterianecessarytoproveacausalrelationshipbetweenaspecificdiseaseconditionandaparticularmicroorganism.ThesecriteriabecameknownasKoch’spostulates,andarestillinusetoday.Koch’spostulates雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第31頁(yè)Koch’spostulates:1,Themicroorganismmustbepresentineveryinstanceofthediseaseandabsentfromhealthyindividuals.2,Themicroorganismmustbecapableofbeingisolatedandgrowninpureculture.3,Whenthemicroorganismisinoculatedintoahealthyhost,thesamediseaseconditionmustresult.4,Thesamemicroorganismmustbere-isolatedfromtheexperimentallyinfectedhost.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第32頁(yè)柯赫定律概括以下：1.病原微生物一定存在于一切患病個(gè)體中，而在健康個(gè)體中不存在;2.一定能分離和純培養(yǎng)所懷疑病原微生物;3.當(dāng)分離病原微生物接種健康宿主時(shí)，一定造成相同疾病;4.相同病原微生物一定再?gòu)倪@種發(fā)病宿主中分離到。雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第33頁(yè)Despitetheirvalue,itisnowrealisedthatKoch’spostulatesdohavecertainlimitations.Itisknownforexamplethatcertainagentsresponsibleforcausingdisease(e.g.viruses,prions:seeChapter10)can’tbegrownin

vitro,butonlyinhostcells.Also,thehealthyanimalinPostulate3isseldomhuman,soadegreeofextrapolationisnecessary–ifagentXdoesnotcausediseaseinalaboratoryanimal,canwebesureitwon’tinhumans?Furthermore,somediseasesarecausedbymorethanoneorganism,andsomeorganismsareresponsibleformorethanonedisease.雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第34頁(yè)AlexanderFleming(1881-1955）雙語(yǔ)微生物專題知識(shí)講座第35頁(yè)WhilePasteurandKochareoftenconsideredthefoundersofmicrobiology,theirworkdidnotaccuratelyreflectthetrue