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精神分裂癥與其他精神病性障礙5/6/20231第1頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)1.掌握精神分裂癥的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷和鑒別診斷、治療和預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)策略2.掌握精神分裂癥疾病的分型、預(yù)后特征3.了解精神分裂癥疾病的病因?qū)W5/6/20232第2頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四The
definitionofSchizophreniain
CCMD-3
Schizophreniacomprisesagroupofpsychoticdisordersofunknownspecificetiologyoftenpresentedwithagradualonsetofabnormalitiesinperception,thought,motionandbehaviorsinceyoungadulthood.Consciousnessisusuallymaintained.Intelligenceisintact,butinsomecases,thereissomedegreeofcognitiveimpairment.Thenaturalcourseofthedisorderischronicremittingbutsometimesdeteriorating.5/6/20233第3頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Epidemiology1
Prevalence:PointprevalenceinChina(1982):4.75‰(ruralarea3.42‰,urban6.06‰)。TotalprevalenceinChina(1982):5.69‰,(6.55‰1999)。LifetimeprevalenceinUSA(1988)13‰。5/6/20234第4頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Epidemiology2Age:theageofonsetin50%ofpatientsis20~30yearold,over80%ofpatientsis16~35yearold.Gender:Schizophreniaoccursequallyinmenandwomen(inabroad)Theprevalenceinmenismorethanwomen(1.6:1)inChina.Themeanageofonsetisabout2to5yearsearlierinmenthanwomen.5/6/20235第5頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四History(1)Schneider-firstranksymptoms(首級(jí)癥狀)1.thoughthearing(思維化聲)2.Third-personhallucinations(爭(zhēng)論性幻聽)3.Hallucinationsintheformofacommentary(評(píng)論性幻聽)4.thoughtwithdrawalorinsertion(思維被奪/被插入)5.Thoughtbroadcasting/diffusion(思維被廣播或擴(kuò)散)6.Forcedfeeling(強(qiáng)加的情感)7.forcedimpulsive(強(qiáng)加的沖動(dòng))8.forcedbehavior(強(qiáng)加的行為)9.somaticpassivityexperience(軀體被動(dòng)體驗(yàn))10.delusionalperception(妄想性知覺)
5/6/20236第6頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Etiology
一、biologicalfactors
1.genetics 2.Theneurodevelopmentalhypothesis 3.Changesinbrainstructure 4.Biochemicalabnormalities
二、personalityfactors
三、psycho-socialfactors5/6/20237第7頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Genetics1
StudiesMethod:FamilystudiesTwinstudiesAdoptionstudies5/6/20238第8頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Genetics2
Theresultsoffamilystudies:TheriskofSchizophrenia.Schizoaffectivedisorder,andschizotypalpersonalityisincreasedinfirst-degreerelativesofpatientswithSchizophrenia.TheriskofbothSchizophreniaandmooddisorderisincreasedinfirst-degreerelativesofpatientswithschizoaffectivedisorder.Theriskofbipolarillnessisnotincreasedinfirst-degreerelativesofpatientswithschizophrenia.5/6/20239第9頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Genetics3
TheresultsoftwinstudiesconcordanceratesamongMZpairsishigherthanthatamongcontrol(35-60times)concordanceratesareabout50%forMZandabout10%forDZ.Itmightbeexpectedthatsomeenvironmentalfactorsrelevanttoetiology.Theriskofschizophreniaintheoffspringofanunaffectedtwinisthesameasthatofanaffectedtwin. ThismeansthatanunaffectedtwinhasthesamegeneticsusceptibilitytodevelopingSchizophrenia,butforsomereasonthesusceptibilityisnotexpressed.5/6/202310第10頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Genetics4
TheresultsofadoptionstudiesTherateforSchizophreniaisgreateramongthebiologicalrelativesoftheSchizophreniaAdopteesthanamongtherelativesofcontrol.Thefindingsupportsthegenetichypothesis.5/6/202311第11頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四MoleculargeneticstudiesTwomainapproaches:1.linkageanalysis
Itisappliedtomultiplyaffectedfamilies(高發(fā)家系),butnolinkagemarkershavebeenclearlyidentified.2.Candidategeneapproaches
GenesforbiologicalmechanismsthatmaybeinvolvedinSchizophreniahavebeenlocalizedandcloned.Usingthistechnique,anumberofgenescodingforDAand5-HTreceptorshavebeenexcludedfromlinkagetoSchizophreniainvariouspedigrees(家系).5/6/202312第12頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Biochemicalstudies
Thedopaminehypothesis. 5-HThypothesis.AminoacidsinSchizophrenia5/6/202313第13頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Etiologystudies---conclusions1Thereisstrongevidencethatschizophreniahasimportantgeneticcauses,butthemodeofinheritanceisnotknown.Thereisincreasingevidencethatmanycasesareofneurodevelopmentalorigin,butwhetherneurodevelopmentalabnormalitiesarepresentinallpatientsisnotclear.MostbelievethatSch.resultsfromaninteractionofgeneticpredispositionandenvironmentalfactors.Stressfullifeeventsoftenprovokethedisorder,butnon-specificeventstoschizophrenia.5/6/202314第14頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Etiologystudies---conclusions2SchizophreniaMaybeprecededbycognitiveandsocialimpairmentinchildhood,andthatthepresenceoftheseimpairmentandcertainkindofpersonalitydisorderareformsofexpressionofschizophreniagenotype精神分裂癥病人可能在兒童期就有認(rèn)知和社會(huì)功能損害,這些損害及某些人格障礙的出現(xiàn)是精神分裂癥基因型表達(dá)的一種形式5/6/202315第15頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Etiologystudies---conclusions3Thedeficitsoftemporalandfrontalstructuralandfunctionareassociatedwithnon-progressiveneuropsychologicalimpairment.Dopaminereceptorareblockedbydrugsthatcontrolsymptoms,butthereisnocompellingevidenceatpresentthatover-activityofDAsystemsisthecentraldisorderinschizophrenia.顳葉與額葉的功能和結(jié)構(gòu)的缺陷與非進(jìn)展性的神經(jīng)心理?yè)p害有關(guān)多巴胺受體阻斷能控制癥狀,但尚無(wú)確信證據(jù)表明多巴胺功能亢進(jìn)是該病的主要原因5/6/202316第16頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四clinicalfeatures
Allofthesymptomsandsignsthatdescribedinchapter4maybeseeninschizophrenicpatients,butdifferentsymptomsandsignshavedifferentdiagnosticvalueforschizophrenia.
5/6/202317第17頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四ProdromalsyndromeChangesinmood:depression,anxiety,moodswings,irritabilityChangesincognition:oddorunusualideas,vagueness,deteriorationinstudyorworkChangesinperceptionofselfandtheworldChangedbehaviors,withdrawalandlossofinterestinsocializing,suspiciousness,deteriorationinrolefunctionPhysicalchanges:insleepandappetite,lossofenergy,reduceddriveandmotivation,etc.5/6/202318第18頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Disordersofsensationandperception
感覺障礙(disordersofsensation)感覺過(guò)敏(hyperesthesia)感覺減退(hypoesthesia)內(nèi)感性不適(senestopathia)知覺障礙(disturbanceofperception)錯(cuò)覺(illusion)幻覺(hallucination)感知綜合障礙(psychosensorydisturbance)5/6/202319第19頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Disordersofsensationandperception幻聽(auditoryhallucination)幻視(visualhallucination)幻嗅(olfactoryhallucination)幻味(gustatoryhallucination)幻觸(tactilehallucination)內(nèi)臟幻覺(visceralhallucination)功能性幻覺(functionalhallucination)反射性幻覺(reflexhallucination)5/6/202320第20頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Thinkingdisorder 思維形式障礙(disordersofthethinkingform)
思維貧乏(povertyofthought)思維散漫(loosenessofthought)思維破裂(splittingofthought)思維不連貫(incoherenceofthought)思維中斷(blockingofthought)思維被奪(thoughtdeprivation)。思維插入(thoughtinsertion)和強(qiáng)制性思維(forcedthinking)思維化聲(thoughthearing)思維擴(kuò)散(diffusionofthought)和思維被廣播(thoughtbroadcasting)象征性思維(symbolicthinking)語(yǔ)詞新作(neologism)邏輯倒錯(cuò)性思維(paralogismthinking)強(qiáng)迫觀念(obsessiveidea)或稱強(qiáng)迫性思維內(nèi)向性思維(autism)
5/6/202321第21頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四delusion
妄想(delusion)
按其起源與其他心理活動(dòng)的關(guān)系可分為原發(fā)性妄想(primarydelusion)和繼發(fā)性妄想(secondarydelusion)被害妄想(delusionofpersecution)關(guān)系妄想(delusionofreference)物理影響妄想(delusionofphysicalinfluence)-被控制感。鐘情妄想(delusionoflove)
嫉妒妄想(delusionofjealousy)
被洞悉感(experienceofbeingrevealed)夸大妄想(grandiosedelusion)罪惡妄想(delusionofguilt)疑病妄想(hypochondriacaldelusion)虛無(wú)妄想(delusionofnegation)5/6/202322第22頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Abnormalitiesofmood
Threemainkindsofmoodarecommon:First,theremaybesustainedabnormalitiesofmoodsuchasanxiety,depression,irritability,oreuphoria.Second,theremaybebluntingofaffect.Essentiallythisissustainedemotionalindifference(冷淡)ordiminutionofemotionalresponse.Third,thereisincongruityofaffect.Heretheexpressedmoodisnotinkeepingwithsituationorwiththepatient’sownfeeling.5/6/202323第23頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Abnormalitiesofvolition
SomeacutepatientsarenormalOthersmaypresentsomewhatabnormalitiesofvolitionhypobuliaabuliaParabulia(意向倒錯(cuò))ambivalenceparanoidschizophreniamaypresenthyperbulia5/6/202324第24頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Abnormalitiesofbehavior1Excitement(興奮狀態(tài))----hebephrenicexcitement,catatonicexcitementStupor(木僵)----.Thepatientremainmotionlessforalongtime(catatonicstupor),ormaintaintheirlimbsortrunksinunusualpositions(waxyflexibilitas)forvariouslengthsoftime.Negativism(違拗)----refusetocooperate(activenegativism,passivenegativism)Passiveobedience(被動(dòng)服從)5/6/202325第25頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Abnormalitiesofbehavior2Stereotypedact-(刻板動(dòng)作)---thepatientrepeatvariousfunctionsorgestures,orimitateother’movements(echopraxia模仿動(dòng)作)Mannerism(作態(tài))Bizarrebehavior(怪異行為)Forcedact,compulsiveactViolenceandsuicidebehaviorSomepatientsmaycauseself-inducedwaterintoxicationoravoideatingbecauseofcertaindelusionalbeliefs.5/6/202326第26頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四OrientationandinsightInacuteschizophreniaorientationisnormalInsightisusuallyimpaired.Mostofpatientdonotacceptthattheirexperiencesresultfromillness5/6/202327第27頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Cognitivedysfunction1CognitivedysfunctionIsacardinal(主要的)featureofschizophreniaOnaverage,firstdiagnosedschizophrenicpatient’sIQis10pointslowerthancontrol.ChildrenatriskforschizophreniahavelowerIQsthandocontrol.認(rèn)知功能異常是精分癥的主要特征首診的精分癥病人較正常人IQ低10分高危兒童的IQ低于正常對(duì)照組5/6/202328第28頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Cognitivedysfunction2Thefirstepisodepatientsexhibitimpairmentsinattention,concentration,workingmemory,visual-spatialmemory,semanticmemory,recallmemory,andexecutivefunction.Cognitiveimpairmentisoftenindependentofpositiveandnegativesymptomsandevenofthedisorganizationsyndromeandthecourseofillness..首發(fā)精分癥病人表現(xiàn)有注意力、注意集中能力、工作記憶、視-空記憶、語(yǔ)義記憶、回憶和執(zhí)行功能的異常認(rèn)知功能損害獨(dú)立于陽(yáng)性和陰性癥狀,甚至獨(dú)立于解體癥狀和疾病的病程。5/6/202329第29頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Tab.3Themostfrequentsymptomsofacuteschizophrenia(急性精分癥病人癥狀頻譜)
Symptom
Frequency(%)
Lackofinsight97Auditoryhallucinations74Ideasofreference70Suspiciousness66Flatnessofaffect66Delusionalmood64Delusionsofpersecution64Thoughtsspokenaloud505/6/202330第30頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四ThechronicsyndromeIncontrastwiththepositiveoftheacuteschizophrenia,thechronicsyndromeischaracterizedbythoughtdisorderandthenegativesymptoms.Themoststrikingfeatureisdiminishedvolition,thatislackofdriveandinitiative.與急性精分癥相比,慢性病人以思維障礙和陰性癥狀為特征最突出的癥狀是意志減退,缺乏動(dòng)力和始動(dòng)性5/6/202331第31頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Subtypesofschizophrenia
Schizophreniahasalsobeensubdividedonthebasisofpsychopathology,course,andresponsetotreatment.HebephrenicschizophreniaParanoidschizophreniaCatatonicschizophreniaSimpleschizophreniaUndifferentiatedschizophreniaOthertypeorunspecifiedofschizophrenia5/6/202332第32頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Simple-schizophreniaAbout2%ofpatientscandiagnosedthistype.Ischaracterizedbytheinsidious(隱襲性的)
developmentofoddbehavior,socialwithdrawal,anddecliningperformanceatwork.Clearsymptomsareabsent.Difficulttoidentifyreliably.約2%的病人可診斷為此型其臨床特點(diǎn)為:隱襲性起病,逐步出現(xiàn)一些奇怪的行為、回避社交、社會(huì)功能減退等常缺乏明確的精神病性癥狀此型常難于確診5/6/202333第33頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四HebephrenicschizophreniaAbout11%ofpatientscandiagnosedthistype.Ischaracterizedbytheabsenceofsystematizeddelusionsandthepresenceofincoherenceandinappropriateaffect.Silly(愚蠢)andchildishintheirbehavior約11%的病人可診斷此型以思維聯(lián)想障礙、情感不協(xié)調(diào)、缺乏系統(tǒng)性的妄想為特征常伴有一些幼稚愚蠢行為、意向亢進(jìn)或倒錯(cuò)5/6/202334第34頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四CatatoniaschizophreniaThistypeismuchlessfrequentlynowthaninpreviousyears.Motordisturbanceisthedominantfeature,consistingofeitheragitatedhyperactivityoradecreaseingrossmotoractivitywithstupor,rigidity,orbizarrepostures此型較以往少見以運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙為主要特征,表現(xiàn)為緊張性興奮和緊張性抑制(木僵、肌肉強(qiáng)勁、奇怪的姿勢(shì))5/6/202335第35頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四ParanoidschizophreniaThistypeisthemostcommonformoftheillness.Ischaracterizedbyprominentparanoiddelusion,thoughtprocessesandmoodarerelativelyspared.Thepatientmayappearnormaluntilhisabnormalbeliefsareuncovered此型最常見以妄想為主要表現(xiàn),常伴有幻覺。思維過(guò)程和情緒常相對(duì)完好,在妄想未被暴露時(shí),病人常被認(rèn)為“正常”。5/6/202336第36頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四UndifferentiatedschizophreniaThistypeisthenextmostfrequentformDelusionsandhallucinationsofanytypeareprominentandareaccompaniedbyincoherenceandgrosslyofdisorganizedbehavior.此型為第二常見類型妄想和幻覺都突出,常伴有思維聯(lián)想障礙和行為紊亂不符合以上各型的診斷5/6/202337第37頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四OthertypeschizophreniaConditionsmeetingthegeneralsymptomcriteriaofschizophrenia.Theclinicalfeaturedoesnotsatisfythecriteriaofanyofthesubtypesmentionedabovesuchaschildrenschizophreniaandlate-onsetschizophrenia符合精分癥的癥狀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)臨床特征不符合以上各型,如兒童和晚發(fā)性精分癥5/6/202338第38頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Post-schizophrenicdepressionThepatientexhibitsfeaturesofschizophreniainthepastoneyear.ThedepressivesymptomsoccurwhentheschizophrenicsymptomsareinpartialremissionProminentdepressivesymptomshavebeenpresentforatleasttwoweeks,accompaniedbyresidualpsychoticsymptomsDepressionandschizoaffectivedisorderareexcluded.在過(guò)去一年診斷為精分癥,抑郁癥狀發(fā)生在精神癥狀部分緩解后明顯的抑郁癥狀持續(xù)至少2周,且伴隨有殘留的精神癥狀排除抑郁癥和分裂情感障礙5/6/202339第39頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四ResidualschizophreniaSchizophreniawithoutcompleteremissionforatleast2years;Markedimprovementinmentalstatewithpartialremissionofsymptomsandpresenceofatleastoneofthefollowing:specificpositivesymptom;specificnegativesymptom,suchaspovertyofthought,apathy,abuliaorsocialwithdrawal;personalitychange.Theimpairmentofsocialfunctioningandinsightarenotsevere;Symptomsarerelativelystableandhaveminimalimprovementordeteriorationforatleastoneyear患精分癥至少2年未徹底緩解精神癥狀明顯改進(jìn),但仍表現(xiàn)至少以下一項(xiàng):個(gè)別陽(yáng)性癥狀個(gè)別陰性癥狀人格改變社會(huì)功能和自知力損害但不嚴(yán)重癥狀相對(duì)穩(wěn)定至少一年5/6/202340第40頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四ChronicschizophreniaSymptomsmeetingthediagnosticcriteriaofschizophrenia;Thecourselastsforatleast2years.5/6/202341第41頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四TypeIandtypetypeIIschizophreniaCrowhavedescribedtwosyndromesin1980ThefeatureofTypeI:acuteonset,positivesymptoms,goodsocialfunctionduringremissions,goodresponsetoantipsychoticdrug,DAover-activity.1980年由英國(guó)學(xué)者Crow提出
I型綜合征的特征:急性起病、陽(yáng)性癥狀、緩解后社會(huì)功能良好、對(duì)藥物治療反應(yīng)良好、多巴胺功能亢進(jìn)5/6/202342第42頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四TypeIandtypetypeIIschizophreniaThefeatureofTypeII:negativesymptoms,pooroutcome,poorresponsetoantipsychoticdrugs,withoutevidenceofDAover-activity,poorpremorbidadjustment,anearlierageofonset,structurechangeinthebrain.MostofpatientsareamixtureoftypeIandtypeIIII型精分癥的特點(diǎn):陰性癥狀為主預(yù)后不良對(duì)藥物治療反應(yīng)不佳無(wú)多巴胺功能亢進(jìn)的證據(jù)病前適應(yīng)不良起病年齡較早有腦結(jié)構(gòu)異常大多數(shù)病人為一種混合類型5/6/202343第43頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四ThefeatureofCourse
Overa30yearperiod(隨訪30年結(jié)果)25%ofpatientsrecoverfully35%improvesignificantlyandreachrelativeindependence15%improvebutrequireextensivehelp10%remainhospitalizedandunimproved15%diemostlyasaresultofsuicide5/6/202344第44頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Diagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosis
診斷與鑒別診斷5/6/202345第45頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四CCMD-3diagnosticcriteria
Symptomcriteria(癥狀標(biāo)準(zhǔn))
Twoofthefollowingcriteriaaremet.Ingeneral,mentalretardation,manic-depressiveepisodesanddeliriumareexcluded.Thereisseparatediagnosticcriteriaforsimpletypeofschizophrenia: 1.Repeatedauditoryhallucinationsthatareusuallynotmoodcongruent; 2.Looseningofassociation,derailment,incoherenceinthinkingorpovertyofthought 3.Thoughtinsertionorwithdrawal,thoughtblockorforcedthinking5/6/202346第46頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四CCMD-3diagnosticcriteria
4.Delusionofcontrol,influenceorpassivity,thoughtbroadcasting; 5.Primarydelusionsincludingdelusionalperception,delusionalmoodorotherbizarredelusions; 6.Paralogicthinking,symbolicthoughtorneologism; 7.parathymia(情感倒錯(cuò))orapathy; 8.Catatonicsyndrome,unusualorsillybehavior; 9.Avolition.5/6/202347第47頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Differentialdiagnosis
Someneurosis(某些神經(jīng)癥)
1.thefeatureofinsight 2.thefeatureofsymptoms 3.somepatientsneedtobefollowing-up5/6/202348第48頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Differentialdiagnosis
Mooddisorder(心境障礙)ManicorseverelydepressedpatientsmayexhibitpsychoticsymptomsduringthepeakoftheirdiseasestatesAccuratehistoricalandclinicaldatashouldhelptodifferentiatefrommania-relatedpsychoticfeaturesinthepresenceofothersymptomssuchas:increasedenergylevels,grandiosity,hypersexuality,irritabilityspeech,distractibility.Bythesametokentodifferentiatedepressionfromschizophrenia.5/6/202349第49頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Psychoticdisorderduetoageneralmedicalorneurologiccondition&substance-inducedpsychoticdisorder1.Carefullyevaluatethechronologyofsymptomsinrelationtotheincitingcauseandnotewhethersymptomsimproveorworseninrelationtosuchcause.2.Thefeatureofsymptomsandcourse3.Laboratoryexamination仔細(xì)評(píng)估癥狀的產(chǎn)生與促發(fā)因素在時(shí)間上的聯(lián)系,癥狀的消長(zhǎng)與這種促發(fā)因素的關(guān)系分析癥狀的特征與病程演變的特征必要的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查5/6/202350第50頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Personalitydisorder
Schizotypal,schizoid,paranoid,andborderlinepersonalitydisordersharesomefeaturewithschizophrenia,suchasParanoidideation,magicalthinking,socialavoidance,vaguespeech. Inpersonalitydisorderabovesymptomsare: 1.mild 2.presentthroughoutthepatient’slife 3.havenoexactdateofonset分裂型、分裂樣、偏執(zhí)行、及邊緣型人格障礙常具有某些精分癥的特征,如偏執(zhí)觀念、社交回避,一些奇怪的思想和言行但人格障礙的癥狀:相對(duì)較輕,貫穿病人的一生、無(wú)確切的發(fā)病日期5/6/202351第51頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentandprevention
治療和預(yù)防5/6/202352第52頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations
急性發(fā)作的藥物治療
pharmacotherapies:treatmentofacutesymptomepisodes5/6/202353第53頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations
1.Antipsychoticmedications,shouldbeusedasthefirst-linetreatmenttoreducepsychoticsymptomsforpersonsexperiencinganacutesymptomepisodeofschizophrenia. 2.Thedosageofantipsychoticmedicationforanacutesymptomepisodeshouldbeintherangeof300-800mgCPZequivalentsperdayforaminimumof6weeks.Outsidethisrangeshouldbejustified.急性發(fā)作的病人抗精神病藥物應(yīng)作為首先的治療方案藥物的劑量以氯丙嗪的效價(jià)折算為300-700mg/天,至少治療6周。超過(guò)此劑量要做相當(dāng)?shù)呐R床判斷5/6/202354第54頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations3。Personsexperiencingtheirfirstacutesymptomepisodeshouldbetreatedwithanantipsychoticdrug.butthedosageshouldremaininthelowerendoftherange(300-500mgCPZequivalentsperday)4.Rapidneuroleptizationshouldnotbeused5.Nosuperiorefficacyofanydrugsoveranotherinthetreatmentpositivesymptoms,choiceofdrugsshouldbemadeonthebasispatientacceptabilitypriorindividualdrugresponseside-effectprofilelong-termtreatmentplanning首發(fā)病人劑量可適當(dāng)減量不應(yīng)采用快速神經(jīng)阻滯化治療對(duì)陽(yáng)性癥狀的治療各種抗精神病藥物的療效相當(dāng),藥物的選擇主要依據(jù)以下方面:病人的接受性、以前對(duì)藥物的反應(yīng)、副作用大小、長(zhǎng)期治療計(jì)劃5/6/202355第55頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations6.Prophylacticuseofanti-ParkinsonagentstoreducetheincidenceofEPSshouldbedeterminedonacase-by-casebasis.預(yù)防使用抗膽堿能要做個(gè)體化的仔細(xì)分析,權(quán)衡利弊,尤其是老年病人5/6/202356第56頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations抗精神病藥物的維持治療Maintenancepharmacotherapy5/6/202357第57頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations1.
Personswhoexperienceacutesymptomsreliefwithanantipsychoticmedicationshouldcontinuetoreceivethismedicationforatleast1yeartoreducetheriskofrelapseorworseningofpositivesymptoms.急性發(fā)作的病人經(jīng)抗精神病藥物治療緩解后仍需接受藥物治療至少一年,目的是減少陽(yáng)性癥狀復(fù)發(fā)和惡化的可能性5/6/202358第58頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations2.Themaintenancedosageshouldbeintherangeof300mgto600mgCPZequivalentsperday. iftheinitialdosagetorelieveanacutesymptomsepisodeexceedsthisthisrange,effortsshouldbemadetoreducethedosagegraduallytothisrange,suchasa10%reductionindosageevery6weeks.維持劑量一般為300-600mg/d,(以氯丙嗪效價(jià)折算,見書本264頁(yè))。如急性期治療劑量超過(guò)此量,應(yīng)逐漸減量,一般每6周減少10%。5/6/202359第59頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations3.
targeted,intermittentdosagemaintenancestrategiesshouldnotbeusedroutinely.4.Deportantipsychoticmaintenancetherapyshouldbestronglyconsideredforpersonswhohavedifficultycomplyingwithoralmedicationorwhopreferthedepotregimen.靶癥狀給藥,間歇給藥不應(yīng)作為常規(guī)對(duì)治療依從性不佳的病人,長(zhǎng)效制劑可作為首選5/6/202360第60頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations5.patientswhohavenotrespondedtorecommendeddrugsshouldbeconsideredforatrailofECT.
病人對(duì)推薦的藥物治療無(wú)反應(yīng),可試用ECT5/6/202361第61頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations
Psychologicaltreatment5/6/202362第62頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations1.Individualandgrouppsychotherapiesadheringtoapsychodynamicmodel(definedastherapiesthatuseinterpretationofunconsciousmaterialandfocusontransferenceandregression)shouldnotbeused.2.Individualandgrouptherapiesemployingwell-specifiedcombinationofsupport,education,andbehaviorandcognitiveskilltrainingapproachesshouldbeofferedtothespecificdeficitofpatients動(dòng)力心理治療一般不主張用于精分癥病人對(duì)有缺陷的病人,應(yīng)通過(guò)支持、教育、行為和認(rèn)知技能訓(xùn)練的有機(jī)結(jié)合,有針對(duì)性的給予個(gè)別和小組心理治療。5/6/202363第63頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Treatmentrecommendations3.Familytreatment,vocationalservices,casemanagement,andassertivecommunitytreatment(ACT)programsshouldofferedinaccordingtothepatient’sfeatures.應(yīng)根據(jù)病人的具體情況給予家庭治療、職業(yè)服務(wù)、個(gè)案管理、社區(qū)治療等措施。5/6/202364第64頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Part2Otherpsychoticdisorders
Include:1.Paranoidmentaldisorder2.AcuteandtransientpsychosisSchizophrenia-likepsychosisTravellingpsychosisDelusionalepisode3.Inducedpsychosis4.Schizoaffectivepsychosis5/6/202365第65頁(yè),共74頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期四Paranoidmentaldisorders
Definition:Thisgroupincludesavarietyofdisordersinwhichsystemicdelusionsconstitutethemainclinicalfeatureandinwhichetiologyisunknown.Hallucinationsmaybetransientlypresentbut
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