MedicalTerminology（3）TheRespiratorySystem呼吸系統(tǒng)

劉帥研究生英語(yǔ)教研室（綜合樓110）

醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)IntroductionoftheRespiratorysystem

Themainfunctionoftherespiratorysystemistoprovideoxygentobodycellsforenergymetabolismandtoeliminatecarbondioxide,abyproductofmetabolism.Becausethesegasesmustbecarriedtoandfromthecellsintheblood,therespiratorysystemworkscloselywiththecardiovascularsystemtoaccomplishgasexchange.醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)TheLung:Exchangeofgasesbetweentheatmosphereandthebloodtakesplaceinthelungs,twocone-shapedorganslocatedinthethoraciccavity.Adoublemembrane,thepleura(胸膜),coversthelungsandlinesthethoraciccavity.Theouterlayerthatisattachedtothewallofthethoraciccavityistheparietalpleura(胸膜壁層);theinnerlayerthatisattachedtothesurfaceofthelungsisthevisceralpleura(胸膜臟層).Theverythin,fluid-filledspacebetweenthetwolayersofthepleuraisthepleuralspace(胸膜腔).醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)UpperRespiratoryPassageway：Airentersthroughthenose,whereitiswarmed,filtered,andmoistenedasitpassesoverthehair-coveredmucousmembranesofthenasalcavity.Cilia(纖毛),microscopichair-likeprojectionsfromthecellsthatlinethenose,sweepdirtandforeignmaterialtowardthethroatforelimination.Materialthatiseliminatedfromtherespiratorytractbycoughingorclearingthethroatiscalledsputum(痰).醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)

Inhaledairpassesintothethroat,orpharynx(咽),whereitmixeswithairthatentersthroughthemouthandalsowithfooddestinedforthedigestivetract.Thepharynxisdividedintothreeregions:(1)anupperportion,thenasopharynx(鼻咽),behindthenasalcavity;(2)amiddleportion,theoropharynx(口咽),behindthemouth;and(3)alowerportion,thelaryngealpharynx(喉咽),behindthelarynx.Thepalatinetonsils(腭扁桃體)areoneithersideofthesoftpalate(軟腭)intheoropharynx;thepharyngealtonsils,oradenoids(咽扁桃體),areinthenasopharynx.醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)LowerRespiratoryPassagewaysandLungs

Thepharynxconductsairintothetrachea,atubereinforcedwithC-shapedringsofcartilage(軟骨)topreventitscollapse.Ciliaintheliningofthetracheamoveimpuritiesuptowardthethroat,wheretheycanbeeliminatedbyswallowingorbyexpectoration(咳痰).Thelarynxisshapedbyninecartilages,themostprominentofwhichisthethyroidcartilageatthefrontthatformsthe“Adam’sapple.”Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsistheglottis(聲門).Thesmallleaf-shapedcartilageatthetopofthelarynxiscalledtheepiglottis(會(huì)厭).Whenoneswallows,theepiglottiscoverstheopeningofthelarynxandhelpstopreventfoodfromenteringtherespiratorytract.醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)Atitslowerend,thetracheadividesintoarightandaleftmainstembronchus(支氣管干)thatenterthelungs.Therightbronchusisshorterandwider;itdividesintothreesecondarybronchithatenterthethreelobes(肺葉)

oftherightlung.Theleftbronchusdividesintotwobranchesthatsupplythetwolobesoftheleftlung.Thesmallestoftheconductingtubes,thebronchioles(細(xì)支氣管),carryairintothemicroscopicairsacs,theaveoli(肺泡),whroughwhichgasesareexchangedbetweenthelungsandtheblood.醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)TheProcessofBreathing:Airismovedintoandoutofthelungsbytheprocessofbreathing,technicallycalledventilation.Thisconsistsofasteadycycleofinspiration

(inhalation)andexpiration(exhalation),separatedbyaperiodofrest.Thecyclebeginswhenthephrenicnerve(膈神經(jīng))stimulatesthediaphragm(隔膜)

tocontractandflatten,thusenlargingthechestcavity.醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)ISuffixforRespirationROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-pneabreathingorthopneaDifficultyinbreathingexceptinanuprightposition(端坐呼吸)-oxiaLevelofoxygenhypoxiaDecreasedamountofoxygeninthetissues(缺/低氧)-capniaLevelofcarbondioxidehypercapniaIncreasedcarbondioxideinthetissues(高碳酸血癥)-phoniavoicedysphoniaDifficultyinspeaking(發(fā)音困難)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)Exercise1:

Usethesuffix-pneatobuildawordwitheachofthefollowingmeanings:1.painfulordifficultbreathingdyspnea2.easy,normal(eu-)breathing

3.lackof(a-)ofbreathing

4.rapidrate(tachy-)ofbreathing

Dyspnea(呼吸困難)Eupnea(平靜呼吸)Apnea(呼吸暫停)Tachypnea(呼吸急促)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)IIRootsfortheRespirationPassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLENas/o(拉丁詞源)noseNasalPertainingtothenoseRhin/o(希臘詞源)noserhinorrheaDischargefromthenose(鼻漏)Pharyng/opharynxpharyngealPertainingtothepharynx(咽的)Laryng/olarynxlaryngoscopyEndoscopicexamofthelarynx(喉鏡檢查)Trache/otracheatracheotomeInstrumentusedtoincisethetrachea(氣管刀)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)IIRootsfortheRespirationPassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEBronch/o,bronch/ibronchusbronchogenicOriginatinginabronchus(支氣管源的)bronchiolbronchiolebronchiolectasisDilatationofthebronchioles(細(xì)支氣管擴(kuò)張)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)Exercise2:Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.nearthenoseparanasal2.inflammationofthepharynx

3.pertainingtothelarynx

4.endoscopicexaminationofabronchus

5.inflammationofthebronchioles

6.narrowing(-stenosis)ofabronchus

7.plasticrepairofthelarynx

8.surgicalincisionofthetrachea

Paranasal(鼻側(cè)的)pharyngitis(咽炎)laryngealbronchoscopy(支氣管鏡檢)bronchiolitis(毛細(xì)支氣管炎)bronchostenosis(支氣管狹窄)laryngoplasty(喉成形術(shù))tracheotomy(氣管切開(kāi)術(shù))醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)

Definethefollowingwords(notetheadjectivalendings):9.intranasalwithinthenose10.bronchiolar

11.bronchiectasis

12.peribronchial

13.endotracheal

14.nasopharyngeal

9.withinthenose10.pertainingtoabronchiole11.dilatationofthebronchi12.aroundthebronchi13.withinthetrachea14.pertainingtothenoseandpharynx醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEPhren/oDiaphragmphrenicPertainingtothediaphragmPhrenic/oPhrenicnervephrenicotripsyCrushingofthephrenicnerve(膈神經(jīng)壓扎術(shù))Pleur/oPleurapleurodesisFusionofthepleura(胸膜固定術(shù))Pulm/o,pulmon/o(拉丁語(yǔ)源)LungsintrapulmonaryWithinthelungsPneumon/o(希臘語(yǔ)源)lungpneumonectomySurgicalremovalofalungorlungtissue(肺切除術(shù))醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLESpir/oBreathingspirometerInstrumentformeasuringbreathingvolumes(肺活量計(jì))Pneum/o,pneumat/oAir,gas;alsorespiration,lungpneumatocardiaPresenceofairintheheart(心腔積氣)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)呼吸系統(tǒng)Exercise3：Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.