畢業(yè)論文題目：英語(yǔ)中的漢語(yǔ)借詞學(xué)院：專(zhuān)業(yè)：英語(yǔ)班級(jí)：學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)生姓名：導(dǎo)師姓名：完成日期：2013年6月ASTUDYOFCHINESELOANWORDSIN ENGLISHTHESISSubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforThedegreeofBachelorofArtsInHunanInstituteofEngineeringBySupervisor:誠(chéng)信聲明本人聲明：1、本人所呈交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）是在老師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果；2、據(jù)查證，除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外，畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中不包含其他人已經(jīng)公開(kāi)發(fā)表過(guò)的研究成果，也不包含為獲得其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位而使用過(guò)的材料；3、我承諾，本人提交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中的所有內(nèi)容均真實(shí)、可信。作者簽名：日期：年月日ContentsAbstract……………………….….(1)Introduction………(2)1.DevelopmentofChineseLoanwordsinEnglish……………(4)1.1HistoryBeforetheFoundingofNewChina………(4)1.2HistoryAftertheFoundingofNewChina...…………………...(5)2.FormationWaysofChineseLoanwordsinEnglish………(6)2.1Transliteration…………………..(6)2.2Paraphrase…………………（7）2.3TransliterationCombinedwithParaphrase………………(8)3.FeaturesofChineseLoanwordsinEnglish…………………...(8)3.1MiscellaneousandWideCoverage……………(9)3.2GreatInfluenceandStronglyAdaptation……(10)4.CausesfortheExistenceofChineseLoanwordsinEnglish(11)4.1InfluenceofChineseTraditionalCulture(12)4.2EffectofChineseEconomic,SocialandPoliticalChange(12)4.3ExtensionofEnglishItself(14)Conclusion…………………….……………….(16)Bibliography………(17)Acknowledgments………………(19)TheStudyofChineseLoanwordsinEnglishAbstract:LanguageborrowingisoneofthemostimportantwaystogetnewwordsandenrichvocabularyofEnglish,andnumerousChineseloanwordshavebeenabsorbedinthedevelopmentofEnglish.ChineseloanwordsinEnglishhavealonghistory.WiththeenhancementofChina'spolitical,economicstrengthafterthefoundingofnewChina,moreandmoreChineseloanwordsappearedinEnglish.TheformationwayofChineseloanwordsinEnglishmainlyincludestransliteration,paraphraseandtransliterationcombinedwithparaphrase.ThecontentofChineseLoanwordsinEnglishismiscellaneouswithawidecoverage,involvingallaspectsofpolitics,economy,cultureandlife.TheChineseLoanwordsinEnglishhavestrongadaptationandgreatinfluence.ThecausesfortheexistenceofChineseloanwordsinEnglishincludetheinfluenceofChinesetraditionalculture,theeffectofChineseeconomic,socialandpoliticalchangeandtheextensionofEnglishitself.Englishlanguageisakindofcompatiblelanguage,andenjoystheprocessofabsorbingwordsfromforeignlanguage.Keywords:English;ChineseLoanwords;Formation;Culture英語(yǔ)中的漢語(yǔ)借詞摘要：語(yǔ)言借用是獲取新詞和豐富語(yǔ)言詞匯的最重要途徑之一，英語(yǔ)在發(fā)展過(guò)程中吸納了眾多的漢語(yǔ)借詞。英語(yǔ)中的漢語(yǔ)借詞有很長(zhǎng)的歷史，新中國(guó)成立后由于中國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的增加，更多的漢語(yǔ)借詞出現(xiàn)在了英語(yǔ)中。英語(yǔ)中漢語(yǔ)借詞的形成方法主要有音譯法，意譯法和音譯結(jié)合法三種。英語(yǔ)中的漢語(yǔ)借詞內(nèi)容復(fù)雜且廣泛，涉及到政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、生活等各個(gè)方面，并且有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性和影響力。英語(yǔ)中之所以出現(xiàn)如此之多的漢語(yǔ)借詞的原因，一是中國(guó)古老、博大精深的傳統(tǒng)文化的影響，二是中國(guó)實(shí)力增強(qiáng)后，種種經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、政治變革對(duì)語(yǔ)言也產(chǎn)生了影響，三是英語(yǔ)作為一門(mén)有很強(qiáng)的兼容性，并樂(lè)于吸收外來(lái)詞匯的語(yǔ)言，由其本身的發(fā)展和延伸造成的。關(guān)鍵字：英語(yǔ)；漢語(yǔ)借詞；成因；文化IntroductionLanguageisanimportantwayforhumanstocommunicatewithpeople,forwhichhumanswouldcreatemanywordssoastocommunicateefficiently.Withthedevelopmentofthesociety,communicationbetweendifferentnationalitieswhichusedifferentlanguageisbecomingmoreandmorefrequent.Tocommunicatewell,thephenomenonofloanwordsisinevasible.Loaning,asalinguisticterm,isdefinedasthetransferoflanguageelements(forms,sounds,orevengrammaticalstructures),forthemostpartinchangedformandsometimestranslated,intotalorinpart,fromonelanguageintoanother.Soaloanwordoraborrowedwordisawordtakenoverfromanotherlanguagewhichchangedinphonemicshape,spelling,andparadigmofmeaninginaccordancewiththestandardsoftheEnglishlanguage.Theimportantwaytoflourishthevocabularyisborrowingforeignwords.Inrecentyears,withthedeepeningofglobalization,andgrowingofChinesenationalcompetitiveness,therearemoreandmoreforeignpeoplelearningChinese,andthenumberofloanwordsfromChineseisexpanding.StudyingChineseloanwordsinEnglishcanhelpChinesestudentsoftheEnglishmajorcannotonlygetadeepencomprehensionofculturalcommunication,butalsolearnmoreaboutthelinguisticphenomena.WiththeupgradingofChina,ChinesecontributionstotheEnglishareincreasinggradually.AccordingtoEuropeansdetailedstatistics,theChinesecontributionhasincreasedfrom5%to20%since1994.Inthearticle“Nevertoss”toseeinfluenceofChineseloanwordsinEnglish,GongYifanandHuangXiaowen(2010)discusseditfromthesemanticregionandputthesewordsinto15categoriesroughly.TheexpressionofChinesenationalcultureissomethinguniqueinvocabulary,whichrelatestomanyaspectsofChina’spolitical,economic,socialandculturallife.WiththedeepexchangeofChineseandWesternculturesandthefurtherstrengtheningofChina’sstatusintheworld,moreandmoreChineseloanwordshaveenrichtheEnglishvocabulary.WuZhuxia（2009）pointedoutthatthelinguisticfeaturesofChineseEnglishareinfluencedbytheChinesecultureandChinesethinkingatfourlevels,therearephonology,vocabulary,syntaxanddiscourse.Intheprocessoflearning,peopledon'toftenrealizethatsomeEnglishwordsthattheyhavelearnedcomefromChineseactually,andemphasizingthesewordsconsciouslyisnotonlygoodforlearnerstomastervocabularybetterandfasterbutalsogettheirculturalconnotation.Thiscansupportlanguagelearnerstoestablishadynamiclanguageconceptofdevelopment,therebyincreasingtheChinesepeople’senthusiasminlearningEnglishandinstillingChineseculturewhenlearningtheEnglishlanguageknowledge.

1.DevelopmentofChineseloanwordsinEnglishCulturaldevelopmentneedsfullyinclusiveandequitabledifferentethniccultureswhilelanguagedevelopmentalsorequiresthefusionofdifferentethniclanguage.SoEnglishwordsborrowedfromChinesearetheinevitableproductsofthelanguageandculturaldevelopment.Inthissense,EnglishwordsthatborrowedfromChineseareessentiallyborrowedfromtheChineseculture.TheprocessthatEnglishborrowswordsfromChinese,infact,istheprocessthatthefusionandabsorptionbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures.ThisprocesshasbeencarriedoutsincetheQinDynasty.ThefollowingisthestudiesofthedevelopmentofChineseLoanwordsinEnglishbeforeandafterthefoundingofnewChina.1.1HistoryBeforetheFoundingofNewChinaFromQindynastytoHandynasty,ChinesearmypursuedandattackedtheXiongnu,anancientnationalityinChina,tothenorthwestpartsofAsia,intheattackingwaytheybuildingabigpathfromeasttowest.From192B.Cto124B.C,ZhangQian,aChineseofficialandenvoyoftheroyalcourt,embarkedonhisbusinesstriptoXiyu(meaningwesterncountries)followingthistradethoroughfarelinkingAsiaandEurope.BecauseChina’ssilkreachedtheWestalongthisroad,Europeanscholarscametocallitthe“silkroad”.Atthisperiod,besidessilkandtea,therearestillotherChinesewordsenteredintoEnglish,suchasgalingale(良姜),bonze（和尚）,litchi(荔枝),typhoon(臺(tái)風(fēng)),mandarin(官話),sampan(舢板)andsoon.Withtheopeningofsealanesandtheestablishmentofsupremacyafterthebourgeoisrevolutioninthe17thcentury,UnitedKingdomneededtoexpandoverseasandtostrengthenthetradewithChinaatthattime.AfterdirectcontactbetweenBritainandChinain1637,moreandmoreChineseloanwordsenteredintoEnglish.Atthattimemostofthesewordswereaboutdiet,commerce,customsandculture,amongwhichthereweremanydialectwordscamefromGuangdongandFujian,suchasketchup(蕃茄醬),chow-chow(雜拌),pokchoy(小白菜),ginseng(人參),longan(龍眼),loquat(枇杷),kowtow(叩頭),longtimenosee(好久不見(jiàn)),KungHeiFatChoy(恭喜發(fā)財(cái)),etc.Sincethe19thcentury,theUKisaworldpowercountry,whowasknownasthe"theSunNeverSets",andtheUnitedStatesisalsooneofthepowers.TheylaunchedtheOpiumwarandopenedChina'sdoorsusingartilleryandwarships.AftertheOpiumwar,Chinawasgraduallybecomingtoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalsociety.Duringthisperiod,ChineseborrowingsenteredintoEnglishmainlyincludechowfan(炒飯),lomein(拉面),drunkenshrimp(醉蝦),oolong(烏龍茶),shangtung(山東府綢),yingching(影青),Tang(唐代),nienhao(年號(hào)),fen(分),coolie(苦力),kylin(麒麟),pakua(八卦)andsoon.TheappearanceoftheoverseasChineseisassociatedwithChina’sbackwardnessatthattime.TheoverseasChinesearelookedascompetitorsbyAmericans,sothattheybecomethetargetsofdiscriminationandbullying.Theycanonlydothemostmenialandheavywork.ThemainoccupationistoopenalaundryoraChineserestaurant.Duringthisperiod,therearestillalotofChineseloanwordsenteredintoEnglish,amongwhichsomearerelatingtotea,silk,porcelainandothers,suchasgamble(賭博),wench(嫖妓).NeverthelesstheyarenolongerthesymbolofChineseadvancedculture.1.2HistoryAftertheFoundingofNewChinaAfterthefoundingofnewChina,ChineseloanwordsinEnglishrecordChinesesignificanteventsinpolitics,economyandlifeetc.SincethefoundingofnewChinatoChina’sReformandOpeningup,thetradeloanwordsdepressed,whilealotofpoliticalwordsnotonlyfrequentlyappearedintheBritishandAmericannewsmedia,butalsoenteredintotheEnglishvocabulary,suchasMaoist(毛澤東主義者),Denger(鄧小平追隨者),LandReform(土改),twocivilization(兩個(gè)文明),GreatLeapForward(大躍進(jìn)).Afterthereformandopeningupinthe80s,moreandmoreChineseloanwordsabouteconomy,tradeandcultureenteredintoEnglish.WiththesuccessfullaunchofShenzhouVspacecraft,theChinesehaveshowntheadvancedtechnologyandstrongcomprehensivenationalcompetitivenesstotheworld.WiththefirstChineseastronauttravelingthespace,thewordtaikonaut（中國(guó)宇航員）cameintoEnglishattheendof2003.InNovember2003,theBritishandAmericanmediareportthenewsthatChinasuccessfullylaunchedtheShenzhouVspacecraft,thisisthefirsttimethatthemediausethetermtodescribetheChineseastronautinspace.NowmanywesterncountriesbegantousethetermtodescribeChineseastronauts.Thebirthofthiswonderfulwordtaikonaut,isoneofthesignsthattheChinesenationstandupintheworld.Sincetherevolution,Chinahasexperiencedseveralmajorsocialchanges.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,withthedevelopmentofinternationalexchangesandcooperation,alotofChineseloanwordsenterintoEnglish.TheseloanwordsaremainlyrelatingtoChina’spolitics,economy,culture,scienceandtechnology,sportsandmedicine,forexample,officialprofiteering(官倒),mahjong(麻將),cheongsam(旗袍),kuo-yu(國(guó)語(yǔ)),wonton(餛飩),jiaozi(餃子),birdsnest(燕窩),job-hop(跳槽),belatedaction(馬后炮),bigbucks(大款),Chineseherbalmedicine(中草藥),etc.2.FormationWaysofChineseLoanwordsinEnglishThegenerationofChineseloanwordsinEnglishmainlyhasthefollowingways:transliteration,paraphraseandtransliterationcombinedwithparaphrase.2.1TransliterationTransliterationistoborrowawordwiththesoundandthemeaningtothetargetwordaccordingtotheoriginalpronunciation,andusingthetargetlanguagesymbols.Inanotherword,itisjusttotranslateaworddirectlybyusingthewordthathassimilarpronunciationinEnglishinaccordancewiththeChinesesyllable,whichisoftenusedinthetranslationofChinesepropernouns.Bythisway,Englishcanbeusedwithoutanychangeoftheexternalcomponentswhenabsorbingtheforeignwords.SothisformationwayofloanwordisusedmostwidelyandtheincomingofChinesewordsbythiswayisthemost.Generallyspeaking,theloanwordsformedbythiswayseemslikeChinesepinyinexceptthetone,suchasmaotai(茅臺(tái)),yingyang(陰陽(yáng)),fengshui(風(fēng)水),pingying(拼音),guanxi(關(guān)系)andsoon,allofthesewordsareemergedaccordingtothespellingofChinesepinyin.AttentionshouldbepaidthatmanyloanwordsareconvertedfromdialectpronunciationofGuangdongandFujian.Forexample,litchi(荔枝),cheongsam(旗袍),dimsum(點(diǎn)心)comefromCantonesetone,andAmoy(廈門(mén)),Fujian(福建),clamshaw(賞金)comefromFujiandialect.Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,manyloanwordsformedoriginallybytransliterationarereplacednowbyfreetranslation.Forexample,wushuisturnedintomartialarts(武術(shù)),pingpangbecometabletennis(乒乓球),andjiaoziisturnedintodumpling(餃子),etc.2.2ParaphraseParaphraseistotranslateaccordingtotheChinesemeaningandkeepthecontentoftheChinese,whichismainlyusedtointroducewordsrelatingtothenewaffairsandthecharacteristicsinChineseculture.TheformationsofthefollowingChineseloanwordsarebythisway,suchasSpecialEconomicZone(經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū))whichmeansaspecificareawhereadoptspecificpoliciesinforeigneconomicactivities,itreflectingChina'seconomicpolicy,andtheSpringFestival(春節(jié)),whichisoneofthemostimportantChinesetraditionalfestivals,marksthebeginningoftheChineseLunarNewyear.Mostimportantofall,theSpringFestivalistheoccasionforafamilyreunionandLanternFestival(元宵節(jié)),anotherimportantChinesetraditionalfestivalfallsonthe15thofthefirstlunarmonth.AlltheseChineseloanwordsareformedbyparaphrase.ParaphrasewordistousetheoriginalEnglishwordstoexpressthethingswithChinesecharacteristics.TherearemanyChinesewordsbecometheEnglishwordsinthiswayandthesewordsareusuallyphraseswithmorethantwowords,liketheDragon-BoatFestival(端午節(jié))whichisonthe5thdayofthe5thlunarmonthtocelebrateinmemoryofQuYuan,anancientpoetandloyalministerwhodrownedhimselfwhileinexilefromacorruptcourt,andspringroll(春卷)whichisalsocalledgriddlecake,isakindoftheHanNationalitytraditionalfood,runningdog(走狗),whichmeanssomeonehelpabadpersontodosomebadthingsetc.Thosephrasesrelatingtoface,suchasloseface(丟臉),saveface(保全面子),giveface(給面子)areallChineseborrowingscreatedbyparaphrase.InChina,peopleoftenuserhetoricaldevicesinexpressions,andifthewordwithfigureisborrowedintoEnglishbythemeansofparaphrase,theloanwordformedisalsowiththatfigure.MostoftheseChineseloanwordsinEnglishhaveChinesecharacteristicsofcertaintimesandnationalculture.IfsomeonedoesnotknowChinesehistorical,culturalorpoliticalconditioninacertainperiodoftime,hecan'tunderstandtheseChineseloanwordsinEnglish.Forexample,ifpeopledon'tknowthemetaphormeaningofthepapertiger(紙老虎),hewillthinkitmeansatigermadeofpaperandconsideritasatoyandthenitwillmakeajokewhenthiswordappearsinsomespecificcontext.2.3TransliterationCombinedwithParaphraseTransliterationcombinedwithparaphraserefersthattheloanwordismadeupoftwoparts,amongwhichonepartisformedbytransliterationaccordingtoitsoriginalChinesepronunciationandtheotherpartisformedbyparaphraseaccordingtotheChinesemeaning.TherearemanyChineseloanwordsenterEnglishwithcombinedingredients,suchasShandonguniversity(山東大學(xué)),lungchingtea(龍井茶)，hula-hoop(呼啦圈）arebelongtothistype.Intheseloanwords,Shandong,lungchingandhulaaretransliterationwhileuniversity,teaandhoopareparaphrase.Thiskindofmethodforcomposingnewloanwordsistocombinethenationallanguagecomponentswiththewordsborrowedfromforeigncountriestogether,suchas,Beijingopera(京劇),TianAnMenSquare(天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)),Tungoil(桐油),etc.BeijingandTianAnMenandTungaretransliterationwhileopera,Squareandoilareparaphrase.ThisformationwayofloanwordsgreatlyenrichestheEnglishlanguage.3.FeaturesofChineseLoanwordsinEnglishTheloanwordsinEnglishthatarederivedfromtheChinesevocabularyhavereachedabout1000.Apparently,theChineseloanwordsinEnglishshowthefeatureswhichrecordedthehistoryofthecommunicationbetweenChinesecultureandWesternculture.3.1MiscellaneousandWideCoverageChinesefoodculturehasalonghistoryandenjoysahighreputationallovertheworld.SowhentheEastandtheWestculturesstartedcollisionandcommunication,EnglishborrowedwordsfromtheChinesefoodcultureatfirst.Later,astheChina'sfoodcultureenteredtheEuropeanandAmerica,Chineserestaurantsspreadalloverthosecountries.China’sReformandOpeningupmaketheWesternworldtoknowmoreabouttheChinesebesidesfoodculture.MoreandmoreChinesewordsenterintoEnglishandareabsorbedinallkindsofgeneral-purposedictionaries,andthenbecomeanorganicpartofEnglish.TheseChineseloanwordscoveralotofaspects,forexample,EQ\o\ac(○,1)Ondietary:beancurd(豆腐），soysauce(醬油），steamedbun(饅頭），mooncake(月餅），puffedrice(爆米花），birdsnest（燕窩）etc.WiththeexchangeofChineseandWesternculture,theexchangesbetweenChineseandWesternfoodculturearefrequently.MoreandmorewesternslikeChinesefood,therearemanyChinesefoodloanwordsenteringintoEnglish.EQ\o\ac(○,2)Onpolitics:RedChina(紅色中國(guó)),Maoist(毛澤東主義者),LandReform(土改),GreatLeapForward（大躍進(jìn)）,LongMarch（長(zhǎng)征）,CulturalRevolution（文化大躍進(jìn)）etc.ChairmanMaohasnotonlyaffectedtheChinesepeoplebutalsoaffectedthewesterns.MoreandmorewesternscholarsstudytheMaoism.ThemostpoliticsloanwordsinEnglishcomefromtheperiodofChairmanMao.EQ\o\ac(○,3)Onculture:BookofChanges(易經(jīng)）,BookofOdes（詩(shī)經(jīng)）,LunYu（論語(yǔ)）,FourBooks（四書(shū)）,FiveClassics（五經(jīng)）,TaHsueh（大學(xué)）,ChungYung（中庸）etc.ThesebooksareChineseConfucianclassicbooksandChineseclassicalliterature.IftheWesternerswanttounderstandChina,theymustunderstandChineseclassicbooks.WiththedevelopmentofConfuciusheat,moreandmoreliteratureloanwordsenterintoEnglish.EQ\o\ac(○,4)Oneconomy:vegetablebasketproject(菜籃子工程）,family-contractresponsibilitysystem（家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制）,townshipenterprises(鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)),familyplanning（計(jì)劃生育)etc.ThedevelopmentofChina'seconomynotonlyenhancesChina'spositionintheworldbutalsoprovidesalargenumberofnewwordsforEnglish.TheseloanwordsarefullwithChinesecharacteristics.Inthelong-termpractice,EnglishalsohasborrowedChinesevocabularyaboutagriculture,suchaslingchi(靈芝),ginseng(人參),caoliang(高粱),kumquat(金橘),poko(薄荷),loquat(枇杷),mango(芒果)etc.3.2GreatInfluenceandStronglyAdaptationTheloanwordisknownas"CulturalAmbassador",whichplaystheimportantroleinculturalcommunication.Languagereflectsthecultureandwillhaveanimpactinfluenceonculture.Languageisanimportantcarrierandmediainculture,itcanreflectallaspectsofculture,likepolitics,economy,scienceandtechnology,art,religion,diet.So,whenEnglishborrowswordsfromChinese,theseChinesevocabulariesinfluencetheEnglishculture.TherearemanyChineseloanwordsinfluencetheEnglishlanguageandculture.Theparticularwordistea,accordingtotheEncyclopediaBenthoniccontained,theDutchEastIndiaCompanyisthefirstonethatsentChineseteatoEuropein1610.Sincethen,westerncountriesbegantoappreciatethisparticulardrinkfromChina.TeaculturehaschangedtheBritishdiet,whichgettheEnglishmanintothehabitofdrinkingtea.TheteatradebetweenChinaandEuropebegantoflourish.Teabegantospreadthecontinents,andtheteamofthewordteaenteredtheEnglish.Thenwiththedevelopmentoftheteatradeandteaspreadingwidely,thetermhasbecomeabasicvocabularyinEnglishandmakesupalotofnewwords,suchasteacup(茶杯）,teaboard(茶盤(pán)),teapoy(茶幾),teatrolley(茶具車(chē)),teaparty(茶話會(huì))etc.Anotherkindofexampleisthedimsum,whichistransliteratedintoEnglishfromGuangdongdialect,itmeansagreatvarietyofsmallsnacksoriginally,suchasshrimpdumplings（蝦餃）,akindofGuangdongspecialdessert,shaomai(燒賣(mài)),akindofcookedwheatenfoodandsoon.Thiskindof"dimsumrestaurant"(點(diǎn)心餐廳)isextremelypopularinChinatown.Thecustomerscaneatmanykindsoffood.SuchaChineseloanwordcarriesforwardtheChinesedietcultureandreflectsthetraditionalChinesecultureandvalues.Althoughtherearemanyloanwordschangingintheprocessofusing,theystillexistintheEnglishlanguage.ThisChineseloanwordreflectsgreatadaptation.Forexample,ketchupistransliteratedintoEnglishfromtheGuangdongdialect.Itreferstoasaucemadeupofsaltedfishsauceandspices,whilethesematerialsarereplacedbytomatoesafterbeingintroducedtoEurope.Thereforethetermnowreferstothe"tomatosauce".Chopsuey’soriginalmeaningisacookingwithavarietyofvegetablesandmeattogether,andeatswithrice.AfterenteringintoEnglish,ithasbeenaddednewmeaningsintheprocessofusing,whichrefersto"mixture".Forexample,“Hiscoterieofexecswereuptotheirpinstripesinachopsueyofdeals”(他的那班主管人員完全是一鍋大雜燴).4.CausesfortheExistenceofChineseLoanwordsinEnglishFromtheChineseloanwordsinEnglish,weseeavarietyoffactorsinfluencethecommunicationbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures.TheChineseloanwordsthatinputindifferentperiodsaretheproductsunderdifferentideologiesanddifferentsocialandculturalbackgrounds,whichreflectChina’ssocialstatusandnationalstrengthin

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different

historical

periods.4.1InfluenceofChineseTraditionalCultureTraditionalculture,whichisformedbycivilizationevolution,isareflectionofnationalcharacteristicsandastyleofthenationalcultureandtheoverallcharacterizationofideologicalculturesinthenationalhistory.AsthefruitoftheChinesecivilization,Chinesetraditionalcultureincludesspiritualcultureandmaterialculture.TheTaoistcultureandtheBuddhistculturearethemostimportantcultures,theConfuciancultureiscomponentofspiritualcultureandthosenativeproductswithhightechnologyattheirtimesbelongtomaterialculture,suchassilk,porcelain,teaandsoon.TheUnitedKingdomabsorbedmanyadvancedChinesecultures.Materialcultureisthemostactivefactorintheculturalexchange.It’seasytobefoundandabsorption.SoChinesetraditionalcultureinfluencedonChineseloanwords.Inthe17thand18thcenturies,theChineseculturesthatpenetratedtothewestaretherichandmysteriousChinesespiritualandmaterialcultures,whichastonishedthewesterncountries.Chinesetraditionalculturealsoinfluencestheworlduntilnowadays.FromtheChineseloanwordsinEnglishvocabularies,itcanbeseenthatalotofChinesewordsthatrelatedtotheChinesetraditionalculturehasenteredintoEnglishandthenbecomepartofEnglishvocabulary.ThemostpartofChineseloanwordsinEnglishcomefromChinesetraditionalculture,becauseoftheuniquecharacteristicsandgreatinfluenceofChinesetraditionalculture,forexample,=5\*GB3⑤Onreligion:Taoism(道教),bonze(和尚),Confucius(孔子),Mencius(孟子),Mohism(墨家學(xué)說(shuō)),Laotzu(老子),etc.=6\*GB3⑥Onspecialnativeproducts:china（瓷器),silk(絲綢),serge(毗磯),Cantonware(廣東瓷器),Chienware(宋瓷),Wuts'ai(五彩釉),etc.=7\*GB3⑦Onculturallife:taijiquan(太極拳),zhen-jiu(針灸),Pinju(評(píng)劇),Yuju(豫劇),Kunqu(昆曲),Qinqiang（秦腔),dan(旦),sheng(生),chou(丑),etc.4.2EffectofSocial,EconomicandPoliticalChangesUndertheinfluenceofglobalvillage,becauseofthestrongeconomicstrengthofwesternEnglish-speakingcountries,Englishhasbecomethestronglogicallanguageintheworld.Whilealongwiththedevelopmentofourcountry,China'seconomicstrengthhascertaininfluenceintheworld.Inrecentyears,ChinahasjoinedWTO,hostedthetwenty-ninthsessionoftheOlympicGamesandheldtheShanghaiWorldExposuccessfully,whichalsomarkedtheChineseexchangeswiththeoutsideworldarebecomingmoreandmorefrequent.WesternershaveseenChina’ssituationmoreclearly,sosomeWesternersgetamoreactiveattitudetoabsorbChinesevocabulary.WithChina'seconomicstrengthhasbeencontinuouslystrengthened,WesternerseagertoparticipateinChineseAffairs,whichneedstocommunicatewithadeeperunderstandingofpeople.WiththedevelopmentofChina'seconomy,alotChinesenewwordsappearandenteredintoEnglish.SuchasPlannedEconomy（計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)）,aneconomicsystemandinthissystem,thegovernmentorconsortiumwillmakeaplanabouttheproduction,distributionandconsumptionofallaspectsofresourcesproducts,Well-offSociety(小康社會(huì)),asocietynotonlytosolvetheproblemsoffoodandclothing,butalsotomeettheneedsofurbanandruraldevelopmentfromtheaspectsofpolitics,economy,culture,etc.What’smore,Outward-lookingEconomy(外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)),isakindofeconomicpatterntoexchangetrade,capital,technology,laborandothereconomicactivitieswiththeworld.ThestrengtheningofChina’seconomyalsobringsaboutsocialandpoliticalchanges.ThesechangesleadtotheemergenceofalotofnewChinesewords,whichownstrongChineseculturalcharacteristics.ThesenewwordsareborrowedintoEnglishandthenbecomepartofEnglishvocabulary,suchasHundredFlowersBlossom（百花齊放）,whichisputforwardbychairmanMaoinapoliticalmeeting.MoreandmoreChineseloanwordsareenteredintotheEnglishvocabularyafterthereformandopeningup,likeReformandOpeninguptotheoutsideworld(改革開(kāi)放),whichmeansreforminginternallyandopeningtotheoutsideworld,Onecountry,Twosystems(一國(guó)兩制),whichisputforwardbyDengXiaopingwiththegreatconceptionfromthefundamentalinterestsoftheChinesenationtosolvetheproblemsofHongKong,Macao,TaiwanandChinamainland,ThreeRepresentatives(三個(gè)代表),representingthedevelopmenttrendofChina’sadvancedproductiveforces,representingtheorientationofChina’sadvancedculture,andrepresentingthefundamentalinterestsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheChinesepeople.4.3ExtensionofEnglishItselfFirstofall,theEnglishhasfewwordsinanimals,plantsandcrops,whichpushtheEnglishpeopletoborrowagriculturewordsfromothernationsintheworld.AndtheChinesenationhasarichvocabularyofanimalsandplants,cropsandcustomculture.TheEnglishlanguageborrowedalargenumberofsuchkindsofwordswhen