------------------------------------------------------------------------大學(xué)英語讀寫教程第1冊(cè)u(píng)nit8閱讀理解三篇unit8Part1Readingcomprehension

Directions:Readthefollowingpassagescarefully.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Questions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Mannersevolveddifferentlyindifferentcultures.Inearliertimestherewasatendencyformannerstobecomeincreasinglyformal,andthiswasoftenviewedasprogress.Inthe18thand19thcenturieshavinggoodmannerswasseenasanimportantpartofone'seducationandsocialclass,anditwasnecessarytobetakenasaladyoragentlemantogetaheadintheworld.Inthe20thand21stcenturies,mannershavegraduallybecomemorerelaxedandinformal.Thehostingofdinnersandothersocialgatheringsarenolongertheexclusiveprivilegeofthewealthyelite(精英),andprivateclubsarebeinggraduallyreplacedbymoreopenmeetingplaces.Sothemannersofthesalon(沙龍)aregraduallycombiningwiththemannersofthepub.Clothingisagoodindicationofthechangesinmanners,ascanbeseeninthefollowingexamples.Itissurprisingthatthewearingofhatsindoorsbymalesisonceagainbecomingacceptable.StudentsinNorthAmericaoftenwearbaseballcapstoclass.Inmanycountriesthewearingofhatsindoorsbymaleswasonceacceptableeveninverypolitesociety,butovertheyearsthisbecameconsideredasalower-classbehaviorandwasthusdiscouragedinboththemiddleandupperclasses.Theyoungpeoplewhowearhatsindoorsdonotrealizetheyareactuallyrestartingaveryoldculturaltradition.Acomparabledevelopmentforfemalesisthewearingofjeans.Manyfemalesnowwearjeansonadailybasis,eitherathomeoratwork.Someseethisasasymbolicdeclarationthattheyarenowmodernwomen,notgirlsorladies.Somegirls,likeboys,wearbaseballcapsbothindoorsandoutdoors.Sneakersandshortsarenowacceptableforeithermalesorfemalesinavarietyofnon-athleticsituations.SomecompanieshaverulesrequiringinformaldresssuchasjeansorsneakersonFridays(called"dress-downFriday"or"casualFriday"),andotherspermititalmostallthetime.Inthesecompanies,andmanyothers,itisacceptabletocallthebossesbytheirfirstnames.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Changesofmannersovertime.B.Formalmannersintheearliertimes.C.Differentmannersindifferentcultures.D.Developmentofmannersindifferentclasses.2.Inthe20thand21stcenturies,_________.A.mannersarenotasformalasinthepastB.mannersinapubaregettingmoreandmoreformalC.properclothingisagoodindicationofgoodmannersD.richpeoplenolongerbehaveformallyinsocialgatherings3.Accordingtothepassage,"themannersofthesalon"inparagraph2mostlikelyrefersto__________.A.Formalmannersofdrinking.B.Informalmannersofdrinking.C.Formalmannersatsocialgatherings.D.Informalmannersatsocialgatherings.4.Accordingtothepassage,nowadayswearingahatindoorscanactuallybeviewedas_________.A.arevolutionB.socialprogressC.aworseningsituationD.areturntotheoldtradition5.Accordingtotheauthor,todaywearinghatsindoors,andwearingjeansatworkmainlyindicatethat_________.A.womenarenolongerinferiortomenB.peoplenolongerpayattentiontodressingdetailsC.peoplearegettingmorerelaxedintermsofmannersD.somecompanieshavelowerrequirementsfortheiremployeesQuestions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Betweenthe1950sandtheearly1980s,theevolvingroleofJapanesewomenhadbeenmostobviousintheirattitudestowardmarriageandthefamilysystem.Therehadbeenatrendawayfromarrangedmarriages.Manyyoungwomenadmittedthattheytookpaidemploymentmostlyinordertofindahusbandontheirown.Inspiteofthisandotherinfluencesa1982figureshowedthatalmost40percentofmarriageswerestillarranged.Thisfigurewas,however,halfthesizeofa1955surveywhichshowedthatalmost81percentofmarriageswerearranged.Oncemarried,manywomenintheearly1980scontinuedtowork,andincreasinglytheyreturnedtoworkafterchildbirth,somethingwhichwashardtoimagineagenerationbefore.Awoman'sroleinthefamilywasevolvingaswell,becomingmoreandmoredominant.Womenhadsoughtmorepersonalsatisfactionfromtheirlivessince1950s.Inthebeginningofthe1980s,duringtheirlivesbeforemarriagewomenmadeupanalmostfree-wheeling(隨心所欲)partofJapanesesociety.Asurveyofnewbridesreportedthatonly12percentexpectedtheirmarriagetobehappy.Atthattime,Japanesestillregardedmarriagenotasthepeakofaromancebutasadutythatwasprimarilysocialandpracticalinsignificance.Asaresult,Japanesewomentookfulladvantageoftheiryearsbeforemarriage.Mostwomenremainedathomewhileworking,livingwiththeirfamilyinasortofextendeddependency.Japanesewomen,however,mustbecarefultomaintainthemselveswithinacceptablesocialstandards,onewomanbeingtold,"Ifyouactlikethat,youwillnotbewantedasabride."OncemarriedaJapanesewomenfoundherselfinaroleoppositeoftheperceivedsexrolesinJapan–thefemalewasdominantinthehouse.TherelationshipbetweenthepartnersofaJapanesemarriageclearlyshowedtheevolvingroleofwomen.Itmustberememberedthatashortonehundredyearsagotheattitudetowardwomenwasthat"Ineverythingshemustobeyherhusband".Bytheearly1980stheroleofwomenhadchanged:AJapanesewomanhadalmostunquestionedpowerwithinthefamilysystemoftoday'sJapan.6.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ChangesintheroleofJapanesewomen.B.ChangesinthestylesofJapanesemarriages.C.Japanesewomen'sstruggleforindependence.D.Japanesewomen'sincreasedpowerintheirfamilies.7.WhatdidtheauthorsayaboutJapanesewomenbeforethe1950s?A.Manywomencontinuedtoworkaftermarriage.B.Amajorityofwomenhadtheirmarriagesarranged.C.Onlylessthanhalfofwomenhadarrangedmarriages.D.Manywomenwenttoworkinordertofindahusband.8.WhatwasmarriageinmanyJapanesepeople'seyesintheearly1980s?A.Itwastheendoftheirromance.B.Itwasthebeginningofahappylife.C.Itwasasocialresponsibilityonehastofulfill.D.Itwasthehighestpointoftheirromanticrelationship.9.WhichofthefollowingwasthemaincauseformostJapanesewomenintheearly1980stotakefulladvantageoftheiryearsbeforemarriage?A.Theybelievedtheywouldnolongerhaveahappylifeaftermarriage.B.Theyknewtheycouldnotbeasdominantasbeforeaftergettingmarried.C.Theyshouldnotgobeyondacceptablesocialstandardsaftermarriage.D.Theywouldnolongerhavetimetoworkaftermarriage.10."Theperceivedsexroles"inthelastparagraphmostprobablyreferstothefactthatthewife_________.A.hadtoobeythehusbandinthefamilyB.hadtosupportthehusbandandhisfamilyC.couldmakedecisionsoneverythinginthefamilyD.couldquestionsomeofthehusbands'decisionsQuestions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Leadershipistheabilityofapersontoguidepeopleinagrouptowardachievingataskathand.Ibelievethatleadersaremade;theyarenotbornandapersoncanalwaysbeagoodleaderifhemakesfulluseofthefollowinglistofleadershipstrengths.Firstly,taskexecution(實(shí)施)isoneofthemostimportantleadershipstrengths.Comingupwithabrilliantideaandexecutingthatideaaretwocompletelydifferentthings.Bringinganideatolifeisaloteasiersaidthandone.Anideareallycomestolifeonlywhenitisexecutedtoperfection.Forthis,youneedtobeateamplayer.Thereisafinelinebetweenhavingfollowersthatfollowyououtofrespectandhavingfollowersthatfollowyoubecausetheyhavenochoice.Anykindofdisagreementintheteamwillaffecttheendresultandtheefficiencyofperformingthetask.Secondly,beforeyougoontoputanykindofstrategyintoplace,youneedtounderstandandenvisionwhatyouwishtoachieve.Thisisimportantbecausetheexpectationsoftheentiregroupwillrideonyourshoulders.Thus,oneoftheimportantleadershipstrengthsistohaveaveryclearvisionabouthowtogoaboutataskathand,keepingthelong-termandshort-termgoalsandconsequencesinmind.Youneedtobepracticalyetoptimisticaboutthepossibilitiesinvolvedinanytaskandmusttakeintoconsiderationalltherisksinvolved.Thirdly,beingtheleaderdoesnotmeanthatyouownthepeopleyouworkwith.Manypeopletendtogetcarriedawayanddonotlistentotheirteammembers.Thiscangoagainstthemastheteammembersthentendtoloserespectfortheirleader.Youneedtogenuinelylistentoyourteammembersbecausetheyaretheonlyonesthatwilltellyouifyougowrongatanypointoftime.Furthermore,listeningwillmakesurethatyouconnectwithyourteammembersonapersonallevel,whichwillimprovetheperformanceofyourteamgreatly.11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasoneoftheleadershipstrengths?A.Lendinganeartoteammembers.B.Performingataskinaperfectway.C.Acceptingmistakeswithgoodgrace.D.Planningforthefuturewit