【詞匯短語(yǔ)】1.Artemisininhasbeeavitalpartofthetreatmentformalaria,andisthoughttosave100,000livesayearinAfricaalone.(P2)青蒿素成了抗瘧疾藥物的關(guān)鍵成分，據(jù)估計(jì)每年僅在非洲就挽救了10萬(wàn)人的性命。vital/?va?tl/n.必不可少的；極其重要的；充滿生機(jī)的【搭配】bevitalfor/to=beofvitalimportance(to)對(duì)……至關(guān)重要Itisvitalthatsbshoulddosth某人做某事是十分重要的【例句】Vitaltohumanlife,artisusedbynationsacrosstheworldforvariouspurposes.藝術(shù)對(duì)人類(lèi)生活至關(guān)重要，世界各地的國(guó)家都在為各種目的而使用藝術(shù)。AsfarasI’mconcerned,readingisofvitalimportanceinlanguagelearning.就我個(gè)人而言，閱讀在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中至關(guān)重要。2.TuYouyou,amittedandpatientscientist,wasborninNingbo,China,on30December1930,andgraduatedfromPekingUniversityMedicalSchoolin1955.(P2)屠呦呦，這位盡職盡責(zé)、鍥而不舍的科學(xué)家1930年12月30日出生于中國(guó)寧波，1955年畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部（原北京醫(yī)學(xué)院）。mitted/k??m?t?d/adj.盡心盡力的；堅(jiān)定的；堅(jiān)信的【搭配】bemittedto(doing)sth承諾，保證（做某事、遵守協(xié)議或遵從安排等）【例句】Thepanyismittedtobeinganequalopportunitiesemployer.這家公司承諾向所有雇員提供均等機(jī)會(huì)?！就卣埂縨itv.承諾；保證（某個(gè)人、機(jī)構(gòu)等）；犯（罪或錯(cuò)誤等）mitmentn.承諾；奉獻(xiàn)【搭配】mitto(doing)sth/mitoneselftodo承諾；保證（做某事、遵守協(xié)議或安排等）【例句】Theymustmittospendingtimewiththeirolderneighbours.他們必須承諾與年長(zhǎng)的鄰居共度時(shí)光。Wemadeamitmenttokeepworkingtogether.我們作了承諾要繼續(xù)在一起工作。3.Herteamexaminedover2,000oldmedicaltexts,andevaluated280,000plantsfortheirmedicalproperties.(P2)她的團(tuán)隊(duì)研讀了2000多篇（個(gè)）中醫(yī)藥古籍（古方），評(píng)估了28萬(wàn)種植物的藥學(xué)屬性。evaluate/??v?ljue?t/v.評(píng)價(jià)；評(píng)估【例句】Themarketsituationisdifficulttoevaluate.市場(chǎng)形勢(shì)難以評(píng)估?！就卣埂縠valuationn.估計(jì)，評(píng)價(jià)【搭配】makeanevaluationof對(duì)……進(jìn)行評(píng)估【例句】Threeprofessorswereaskedtomakeanevaluationoftheteachingplansdesignedbythenewteachers.三位教授被要求對(duì)新教師設(shè)計(jì)的教案進(jìn)行評(píng)估。4.Fromtheirresearch,theydiscoveredandtested380distinctancientChinesemedicaltreatmentsthatshowedpromiseinthefightagainstmalaria.(P2)通過(guò)研究，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)并測(cè)試了380種不同的有望戰(zhàn)勝瘧疾的古代中醫(yī)療法。distinct/d??st??kt/adj.清晰的；清楚的；有區(qū)別的【搭配】bedistinctfrom(in)（在……方面）與……不同【拓展】distinctiveadj.與眾不同的distinctionn.差別；區(qū)分；優(yōu)秀；特質(zhì)【例句】Engineeringandtechnologyaredisciplinesdistinctfromoneanotherandfromscience.工程學(xué)和工藝學(xué)互不相同，也有別于自然學(xué)科。5.However,TuYouyouwouldnotacknowledgedefeat.(P2)然而，屠呦呦并不認(rèn)輸。acknowledge/?k?n?l?d?/v.承認(rèn)（屬實(shí)、權(quán)威等）；（公開(kāi)）感謝【搭配】acknowledgedoing/havingdone承認(rèn)做了……Itiswidely/generallyacknowledgedthat……是大家公認(rèn)的【拓展】acknowledgementn.承認(rèn)；感謝【例句】Theflowerswereasmallacknowledgementofyourkindness.這些花聊表謝意，感謝你的好心幫助。6.However,TuYouyouwouldnotacknowledgedefeat.(P2)然而，屠呦呦不認(rèn)輸。defeat/d??fi:t/n.失敗；挫敗vt.擊?。粦?zhàn)勝【搭配】sufferadefeat遭遇失敗accept/acknowledgedefeat承認(rèn)/接受失敗defeatanenemy打敗敵人【例句】Wehavepreparedandwillnotsufferathoroughdefeat.我們有準(zhǔn)備，決不會(huì)一敗涂地。Youmustlearntoacceptdefeatwithgoodgrace.你必須學(xué)會(huì)欣然接受失敗。Leadersareexpectedtohavethewillandabilitytodefeatanenemy.人們期望領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者有戰(zhàn)勝敵人的意志和能力。7.Sheconcludedthatboilingthesweetwormwoodapparentlydestroyeditsmedicalproperties.(P2)她得出結(jié)論，認(rèn)為水煎青蒿顯然破壞了它的藥學(xué)屬性。apparently/??p?r?ntli/adv.顯而易見(jiàn)；看來(lái)；顯然【例句】Hepaused,apparentlylostinthought.他停頓下來(lái)，顯然陷入了沉思?！就卣埂縜pparentadj.顯而易見(jiàn)的；顯然的；表面上的【搭配】Itisapparent(tosb)that（對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)）……是顯而易見(jiàn)的【例句】Itisapparentthatthismoviehasanartisticvision.很明顯，這部電影具有藝術(shù)性。8.TuYouyouandherteammemberseveninsistedontestingthemedicineonthemselvestomakesurethatitwassafe.(P3)屠呦呦與團(tuán)隊(duì)成員甚至堅(jiān)持以身試藥，以確保藥物的安全性。insist/?n?s?st/v.堅(jiān)持；堅(jiān)決要求【搭配】insistondoingsth堅(jiān)持做某事insistthat表示堅(jiān)決要求或堅(jiān)決主張，that后從句的動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生，則that從句必須使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should)do；當(dāng)表示堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為或堅(jiān)持說(shuō)，that后從句表示已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，則that從句為陳述語(yǔ)氣，即從句該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)，當(dāng)然還要和主句時(shí)態(tài)保持呼應(yīng)?！纠洹縄insistonpayingforthedamage.我堅(jiān)持要求賠償損失。Healsoinsistedthatthey(should)leaveenoughspaceforchildren.他還堅(jiān)持要求給孩子們留出足夠的空間。MyhusbandandIinsistedthatourchildrenwereoldenoughtomaketheirbeds.我的丈夫和我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為我們的孩子年齡已經(jīng)大到可以自己鋪床了。9.Didyouetoanyconclusions?(P4)你得出什么結(jié)論了嗎？conclusion/k?n?klu:?n/n.結(jié)論；推論【搭配】arriveat/eto/reach/drawaconclusion得出結(jié)論inconclusion最后，總之【拓展】concludevt.斷定；推斷出；得出結(jié)論【搭配】concludefrom...從……中得出結(jié)論conclude(sth.)with用……結(jié)束（某事）【例句】Whatdoyouconcludefromthat?你從那件事中得到了什么結(jié)論？Iwanttoconcludewithproblems,whichmaysoundkindofnegative.我想以問(wèn)題來(lái)結(jié)束，這聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)否定意味。10.Hercircumstancesarebeyondourcontrol.(P5)她的情況是我們無(wú)法控制的。circumstance/?s?:k?mst?ns/n.條件；環(huán)境；狀況【搭配】in/under...circumstances在……情況下in/undernocircumstances決不；無(wú)論如何不（放在句首，部分倒裝）【例句】Therulescanonlybewaivedinexceptionalcircumstances.該規(guī)定僅在特殊條件下方可失效。Prisonerscanonlyleavetheircellsundercertaincircumstances.在押犯只能在特定時(shí)間離開(kāi)自己的牢房。UndernocircumstancesshouldyoulendPaulmoney.什么情況下都不要把錢(qián)借給保羅。11.Theteacheraskedustolistentoaspeechbyhisfavouritenovelist,J.K.Rowling.Itinspiredusalot.(P5)老師讓我們聽(tīng)他最喜歡的小說(shuō)家J.K.羅琳的演講。它啟發(fā)了我們很多。novelist/?n?v?l?st/n.小說(shuō)家【例句】Foranovelist,that’squiteanacplishment.對(duì)于一個(gè)小說(shuō)家來(lái)說(shuō)，那是一個(gè)了不起的成就。【拓展】noveln.（長(zhǎng)篇）小說(shuō)【例句】Herlatestnoveliseagerlyawaited.人們熱切期待她的最新小說(shuō)。12.Iwasaskedtoexplaintheprojectwiththehelpofaflowchart.(P5)要求我借助流程圖來(lái)解釋這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。flow/fl??/n.流；流動(dòng)；流暢；供應(yīng)vi.流；流動(dòng)【搭配】cashflow現(xiàn)金流量flowchart流程圖【例句】Wearekeepingourheadabovewater,butourcashflowpositionisnottoogood.我們雖然還未陷入困境，但資金流轉(zhuǎn)狀況不太好。Thisflowchart,shownbelow,summarizestheoverallcostingprocess.如下所示，這張流程圖概括了成本計(jì)算的全程。Thisvalveregulatestheflowofwater.這個(gè)閥門(mén)調(diào)節(jié)水流。13.foundedhigh-techandfuturisticpanies(P6)創(chuàng)建高科技未來(lái)派公司found/fa?nd/vt.創(chuàng)建；建立；把……建立在【例句】Theirmarriagewasfoundedonloveandmutualrespect.他們的婚姻建立在愛(ài)情和互相尊重的基礎(chǔ)上?！就卣埂縡oundern.建立者；創(chuàng)立者【例句】HeisthefounderofInternationalSportsManagementLimited.他是國(guó)際體育管理的創(chuàng)始人。14.Atothertimes,thereasonisgivenrightaftertheopinionordecision,andthelinkcanbeinferred.(P6)在其它時(shí)候，理由是在意見(jiàn)或決定之后給出的，并可以推斷出聯(lián)系。infer/?n?f?:(r)/vt.推斷；推定【搭配】infer...from...從……中推斷出……【例句】Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?從文章中我們能推斷出作者的什么信息？雖未明說(shuō)，警方卻暗示他們發(fā)現(xiàn)她的行跡相當(dāng)可疑。15.Hemadenumerouscontributionstotheworld,themostwell-knownbeingthegeneraltheoryofrelativityandthefamousformulaE=mc2.(P8)他為世界作出了無(wú)數(shù)的貢獻(xiàn)，最為出名的當(dāng)數(shù)廣義相對(duì)論和著名的方程式E=mc2。theory/?θ??ri/n.理論；學(xué)說(shuō)【例句】Thetheoryremainsuntested.該理論仍未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證?！就卣埂縯heoristn.理論家theoreticaladj.理論上的theoreticallyadv.理論上【例句】Theoretically,thepriceissupposedtobemarkedontheshelf.從理論上說(shuō)，價(jià)格是要標(biāo)在貨架上的。16.Whileworkingthere,outofastrongpassionforknowledge,hecontinuedtostudy,earningadoctorateinphysicsin1905.(P8)工作期間，出于強(qiáng)烈的求知欲，他仍繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，于1905年獲得物理學(xué)博士學(xué)位。passion/?p??(?)n/n.酷愛(ài)；激情【搭配】fullofpassion充滿激情haveapassionfor對(duì)……有強(qiáng)烈的激情/愛(ài)好【例句】Toworkandlivefullofpassion,everythingwillbesodynamic.充滿激情地工作和生活，一切都會(huì)如此充滿活力。TheEnglishhaveapassionforgardens.英國(guó)人酷愛(ài)花園。【拓展】passionateadj.狂熱的17.Followingthis,hegraduallybecamefamousthroughouttheworldasthenewIssacNewton.(p8)此后，他漸漸聞名于世，被譽(yù)為第二個(gè)艾薩克·牛頓。gradually/?ɡr?d?u?li/adv.逐漸地，逐步地【例句】Theweathergraduallyimproved.天氣逐漸好轉(zhuǎn)。18.Circumstanceschangedin1933,whenHitlercametopowerinGermany.(P8)1933年，希特勒在德國(guó)上臺(tái)，形勢(shì)發(fā)生了變化。etopower（開(kāi)始）掌權(quán)；上臺(tái)【例句】Buthehasetopowerindifficultcircumstances.但是他是在艱難的情況下上臺(tái)的?！就卣埂縝einpower執(zhí)政，掌權(quán)beyond/outofone’spower力所不能及的【例句】Clearly,youdon’twanttomakeanenemyofsomeonewhowillbeinpowerforawhile.顯然，你不會(huì)想和一個(gè)暫時(shí)還在當(dāng)權(quán)的人作對(duì)。Finishingthetaskinjustonedayisoutofmypower.僅在一天之內(nèi)就完成這個(gè)任務(wù)是我力所不能及的。19.Asaconsequence,hehadtofleeGermany.(P8)因此，他不得不逃離德國(guó)。consequence/?k?ns?kw?ns/n.結(jié)果，后果【搭配】asaconsequence=inconsequence結(jié)果，因此take/suffer/facetheconsequences(ofsth)承擔(dān)……的后果【例句】Hesufferedmuchinconsequence.結(jié)果他遭受了很大的損失。Hewaspreparedtofacetheconsequences.他準(zhǔn)備承擔(dān)后果?！就卣埂縞onsequentadj.作為結(jié)果的，隨之而來(lái)的consequentlyadv.結(jié)果，因此【例句】Theyhadchildrenandwereconsequentlytiedtotheschoolvacations.他們有幾個(gè)孩子，因此被假期束縛住了。20.AfterspendingtimeinEurope,hefinallytookupapositionasaresearcherattheInstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton,USA.(P8)在歐洲度過(guò)一段時(shí)間后，他終于在美國(guó)普林斯頓高等研究院謀得研究員一職。takeupaposition擔(dān)任；任職【例句】HeleftacareerinteachingtotakeupapositionwiththeArtsCouncil.他放棄了教學(xué)工作，到藝術(shù)委員會(huì)任職。Helefttotakeupanewpositionwithanotherpany.他走了，在另一家公司謀得了一個(gè)新職位?！就卣埂縯akeup接受；開(kāi)始從事；占據(jù)（時(shí)間或空間）【例句】Iwon’ttakeupanymoreofyourtime.我不會(huì)再占用你的時(shí)間了。21.Infact,Einsteinoftenencounteredpeopleonthestreetwhowouldstophimtohelpexplainthings.(p9)事實(shí)上，愛(ài)因斯坦經(jīng)常遇到有人當(dāng)街?jǐn)r住他，請(qǐng)他解釋各種事物。encounter/?n?ka?nt?(r)/vt.偶然碰到；遇到n.邂逅；遭遇【例句】Shewasthemostremarkablewomanhehadeverencountered.她是他所見(jiàn)到過(guò)的最出色的女性。HisfirstencounterwithWilsonwasbackin1989.他第一次遇到威爾遜是早在1989年。22.Useyournotestowriteyourintroductionandsumuphowyoufeelaboutthisperson.(P9)在你的筆記上寫(xiě)下你的介紹并總結(jié)你對(duì)這個(gè)人的感覺(jué)。sum/s?m/vi.總結(jié)；概括n.金額；款項(xiàng)；總數(shù)；總和【搭配】sumup總結(jié)；概括tosumup概括地說(shuō)insum總之；總而言之【例句】Thesumofalltheanglesofatriangleis180degrees.一個(gè)三角形的所有角度之和是180度。Tosumup,therearethreemainwaysoftacklingtheproblem.概括起來(lái)說(shuō)，這一問(wèn)題主要有三種解決辦法。Insum,talentisnotsoimportantasworkinghardineitherstudyordailywork.總之，無(wú)論是在學(xué)習(xí)中或是在日常工作中，天賦并不像努力工作那么重要。

【語(yǔ)法知識(shí)】1.Later,themedicinewastestedonmalariapatients,mostofwhomrecovered.(P3)隨后，該藥物試用于瘧疾患者，其中大多數(shù)人康復(fù)了。本句是一個(gè)含有非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。主句是themedicinewastestedonmalariapatients。第二個(gè)逗號(hào)后面是“不定代詞+of+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。【例句】Heplantedtwotreeslastyear,bothofwhicharegrowingwell.他去年種了兩棵樹(shù)，長(zhǎng)得都很好。Hehasthreedaughters,allofwhomwentabroadforfurthereducation.他有三個(gè)女兒，她們都出國(guó)深造了。2.UponhearingthatshehadbeenawardedtheNobelPrize,shesaid,“Thehonourisnotjustmine.”(P3)獲悉自己被授予諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，她說(shuō)：“這份榮譽(yù)不僅僅屬于我?！痹诒揪渲校瑂hesaid,...是主句，that引導(dǎo)的句子作hearing的賓語(yǔ)。Uponhearing...是“upon+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。upon還可換為介詞on，表示“一件事情緊接著另一件事情發(fā)生”。這種用法常見(jiàn)于正式文體中，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可翻譯為“當(dāng)……時(shí)；一……就……”。【例句】Uponhearingthathehadwonthelottery,themanlaughedheartily.當(dāng)知道自己中彩票時(shí)，這個(gè)男人開(kāi)懷大笑。【拓展】有時(shí)也可用“upon/on+名詞”形式表達(dá)相同的意思。【例句】Onhisreturnfromhisvacation,hebeganwritinghisfirstnovel.他一休假回來(lái)，就開(kāi)始寫(xiě)他的第一部小說(shuō)。3.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句基本用法：(1)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞之間是比較松散的關(guān)系。在口語(yǔ)中有停頓，在書(shū)寫(xiě)中常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。Tomcametothepartyinpatchedjeans,whichsurprisedtheotherguestsfortheywereallwearingeveningsuits.湯姆穿著打補(bǔ)丁的牛仔褲來(lái)參加了宴會(huì)，這把其他客人都驚到了，因?yàn)樗麄兇┑亩际峭矶Y服。(2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞通常是who,whom,whose和which等wh-詞，不用that和why來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如果表原因，要用forwhich來(lái)替代why引導(dǎo)的從句。Thesailor’sdaughter,whosenameisAnn,gavemeapatientsmile.那個(gè)水手的女兒耐心地沖著我微笑，她的名字叫安。(3)關(guān)系副詞where和when也能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。I’mseeingthemanagertomorrow,whenhewillbebackfromNewYork.我明天要去見(jiàn)經(jīng)理，他明天要從紐約回來(lái)。限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別AspectRestrictiveRelativeClauseNon-restrictiveRelativeClause形式上主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)也不停頓。與主句之間通常有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)有停頓。功能上用于對(duì)先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識(shí)別，如果去掉，就會(huì)造成句意不完整或概念不清。用于對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。翻譯上翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前，如：他就是那個(gè)一只腿骨折了的學(xué)生。從句與主句分開(kāi)翻譯，如：我邀請(qǐng)了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。含義上Ihaveabrotherwhoisapolice.我有一個(gè)當(dāng)警察的哥哥。（哥哥不止