2022大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試翻譯練習(xí)五Directions:Readtheunderlinedsentencescarefully,andthentranslatethemintoChinese.Youmaycheckyouranswersafteryoufinishthem.

PassageOne

Peoplecanbeaddicted（上癮）todifferentthings,forexample,alcohol,drugs,certainfoods,oreventelevision.Peoplewhohavesuchanaddictionarecompulsive（強(qiáng)迫的）;i.e.,theyhaveaverypowerfulpsychologicalneedthattheyfeeltheymustsatisfy.Accordingtopsychologists,manypeoplearecompulsivespenders.Theyfeelthattheymustspendmoney.Thiscompulsion,likemostothers,isimpossibletoexplainreasonably.Forcompulsivespenders,chargeaccounts（賒購(gòu)帳戶(hù)）areevenmoreexcitingthanmoney.Inotherwords,compulsivespendersfeelthatwithcredit,theycandoanything.Theirpleasureinspendingenormousamountsisactuallygreaterthanthepleasurethattheygetfromthethingstheybuy.

Thereisevenaspecialpsychologyofbargainhunting.Tosavemoney,ofcourse,mostpeoplelookforsales,lowprices,anddiscounts.Compulsivebargainhunters,however,oftenbuythingsthattheydon’tneedjustbecausetheyarecheap.Theywanttobelievethattheyarehelpingtheirbudgets,buttheyarereallyplayinganexcitinggame.Whentheycanbuysomethingforlessthanotherpeople,theyfeelthattheyarewinning.Mostpeople,expertsclaim,havetworeasonsfortheirbehavior:agoodreasonforthethingsthattheydoandtherealreason.

Itisnotonlyscientists,ofcourse,whounderstandthepsychologyofspendinghabits,butalsobusinesspeople.Stores,companies,andadvertisersusepsychologytoincreasebusiness:Theyconsiderpeople’sneedsforlove,power,orinfluence,theirbasicvalues,theirbeliefsandopinions,andsoonintheiradvertisingandsalesmethods.

Psychologistsoftenuseamethodcalled“behaviortherapy”tohelpindividualssolvetheirpersonalityproblems.Inthesameway,theycanhelppeoplewhofeelthattheyhaveproblemswithmoney.

PassageTwo

Forcenturiesmandreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.Chineschildrenplayedwithafanliketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceived（構(gòu)思）thefirstmechanicalapparatus（裝置）,calleda“Helix”,whichcouldcarryamanstraightup,butthiswasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.

Theancientdreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianimmigrant,anaeronauticalengineer,pilotedastrange-lookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thatvehiclewascalledahelicopter.

Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofcommutingtoworkintheirownpersonalhelicopter.Everymanwouldhaveoneinhisbackyard.Peopleanticipatedthatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.

Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyversatile（多樣化）machine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasofficesintheair,manybigcitiesusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies:Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to–get–toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirotherkindsofuses,theydeliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwantedpersons.

PassageThree

Mostofustrademoneyforentertainment.Movies,concertsandshowsareenjoyablebutexpensive.Ifyouthinkthatyoucan’thaveagoodtimewithoutspendingalotofmoney,readon.Alittleresourcefulness（豐富資源）andafewminutesofnewspaper-scanningshouldgiveyousomepleasantsurprises.

Peoplemaybethemostinterestingshowinalargecity.Strollthroughbusystreetsandseewhateverybodyelseisdoing.Youwillprobablyseepeoplefromallovertheworld;youwillcertainlyseepeopleofeveryage,size,andshape,andyou’llgetafreefashionshow,too.Window-shoppingisalsoasafesport-ifthestoresareclosed.

Checkthelistinginyourneighborhoodpaper.Localcollegesorschoolsoftenwelcomethepublictohearaninterestingspeakeroragooddebate.Thefilmorconcertseriesatthelocalpubliclibraryprobablywon’tcostyouapenny.Besuretocheckcommercialadvertisementstoo.Afleamarket（跳蚤市場(chǎng)）canprovidehoursofpleasantbrowsing（掃瞄）.Perhapsyoucanfindafreecookingorcraftsdemonstrationinadepartmentstore.

Planaheadforsomeactivities.Itisalwaysmorepleasantnottohavepeopleinfrontofyouinamuseumoratazoo.Youmaysavemoney,too,sincetheseplacesoftensetasideoneortwofreeadmissiondaysatslowtimesduringtheweek.Pretendthatyouareatouristfromtimetotime,andgettoknowyourcityalloveragainincludingtheindispensablesightsthatpeopletravelmilestosee.Ifyoufeelliketakinganinterestingwalk,findafreewalkingtour,orplanoneyourself.Youwillseeyourcityinanewperspectiveonceyouknowmoreaboutitshistoryoritsarchitecturaltreasures.Withimaginationandaspiritofadventureyoucanquiteeasilyfindgoodentertainmentatnocostatall.

PassageFour

Ifyouwanttostayyoung,sitdownandhaveagoodthink.ThisistheresearchfindingofateamofJapanesedoctors,whosaythatmostofourbrainsarenotgettingenoughexercise-andasaresult,weareagingunnecessarilysoon.

ProfessorTaijuMatsuzawawantedtofindoutwhyotherwisehealthyfarmersinnorthernJapanappearedtobelosingtheirabilitytothinkandreasonatarelativelyearlyage,andhowtheprocessofagingcouldbesloweddown.

WithateamofcolleaguesatTokyoNationalUniversity,hesetaboutmeasuringbrainvolumesofathousandpeopleofdifferentagesandvaryingoccupations.

Computertechnologyenabledtheresearcherstoobtainprecisemeasurementsofthevolumeofthefrontandsidesectionsofthebrain,whichrelatetointellect（智能）andemotion,anddeterminethehumancharacter.(Therearsectionofthebrain,whichcontrolsfunctionslikeeatingandbreathing,doesnotcontractwithage,andonecancontinuelivingwithoutintellectualoremotionalfacultiesorfunctions.)

Contractionoffrontandsideparts-ascellsdieoff-wasobservedinsomesubjectsintheirthirties,butitwasstillnotevidentinsomesixty-andseventy-year-olds.

Matsuzawaconcludedfromhisteststhatthereisasimpleremedytothec